Choice Justification Research Articles

Choice Bolstering Changes Attribute Importance and Affects Future Choices

ABSTRACTPrior research has established that decision‐makers engage in a bolstering process by magnifying the value of a previously made choice in order to justify their choices. The current research examines the impact of bolstering on attribute importance weights and future choices. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrate that after making a choice between a priori comparable options, consumers prefer attributes (e.g., sunlight in an apartment) that they associate with positive features of their chosen option (lot of sunlight) more than attributes they associate (a) with negative features of their chosen option or (b) with positive features of their nonchosen option. These postchoice associations and altered attribute importance weights drive subsequent preferences. In an incentive‐compatible study, Experiment 3 demonstrates that bolstering goes beyond choice justification and impacts subsequent choice. After an initial choice, participants choose new products that have positive features consistent with their original chosen option rather than products with positive features consistent with their original nonchosen option. This research contributes to the literature on preference construction by examining the impact of justification for one's previous choices on constructed attribute preferences and subsequent choices.

Choice justification of the fruit and berry raw materials to produce pasta of the functional purpose

Abstract The article presents the results of the chemical composition study of the whortleberry berries (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) and common sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L), naturally growing in the forest-steppe zone of the Krasnoyarsk territory. It is shown that the studied biomass contains a rich mineral-vitamin complex, represented by vitamins A, C, group B and P-active substances, as well as magnesium, iron, phosphorus. This circumstance makes it possible to recommend the indicated vegetable raw materials in the production of functional food products. Based on the use of dry powders of the meal of the berries of these plants, a recipe for functional pasta has been developed. It has been established that the introduction of 5 to 10 wt.% of dry powders of the whortleberry berries and sea buckthorn into the classic pasta dough recipe makes the organoleptic properties and nutritional value of the finished product optimal. Consumption of 100 g of the product provides the body with, mg: ascorbic acid - 10.5-21.0; P-active substances - 1.5-6.4; magnesium - 18-30; phosphorus - 9-18; iron - 0.4-1.4. The expert evaluation of organoleptic indicators revealed compliance with regulatory requirements, while the experts noted a pleasant, harmonious taste of the product.

The Price Entitlement Effect: When and Why High Price Entitles Consumers to Purchase Socially Costly Products

This research investigates when and why consumers purchase products with social costs (e.g., environmental harm). Six studies demonstrate that upper-class consumers are more likely to purchase a product with social costs when it has a higher price because they experience greater entitlement, which the authors term the “price entitlement effect,” allowing for purchase justification. In contrast, lower-class consumers do not feel entitled to purchase a product with social costs when it is higher-priced. This effect occurs because upper-class consumers tend to have a greater self-focus, with a higher price entitling them to more resources than others. Consistent with the entitlement mechanism, when egalitarian values are made salient, the price entitlement effect is mitigated, reducing upper-class consumers’ purchase of socially costly products. Notably, the price entitlement effect occurs only when products have social costs rather than for all higher-priced products. However, when the social costs of a product are severe, price entitlement does not sufficiently justify product purchase. This research provides theoretical and practical insights regarding when and why higher price entitles purchase of socially costly products, contributing to research on social class and socially responsible (vs. costly) consumption as well as choice justification.

Математична модель антени з нелінійними характеристиками для розрахунку елект-ромагнітного поля у зоні Френеля

The paper presents a mathematical model of radio-electronic systems (RES), which include antennas and their excitation paths with nonlinear characteristics. The model provides acceptable accuracy of RES quality indicator analysis and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) for further practical design. General purpose: the development of a mathematical model of a transmitting multi-input radiating structure with nonlinear characteristics under the Fresnel zone. Objective: choice justification of a structural schema of a radiating multi-input system with a radiator that has a distributed nonlinear surface impedance; obtaining the nonlinear integral equations (NIE) related to the current density for radiators with distributed nonlinearity, excited by an arbitrary field distribution for solving the general analysis problem; obtaining a ratio for calculating focused electromagnetic fields (EMF) created by multi-input radiating structures with nonlinear characteristics in the Fresnel zone. The methods used in the paper are mathematical methods of electrodynamics and antennas theory with nonlinear elements (ANE), theory of microwave circuits, and multipoles. The following results were obtained. An electrodynamics approach is proposed to analyze the entire set of nonlinear effects arising in transmitting multi-input radiating structures with nonlinear characteristics. It allows considering the mutual influence of the transmitting and receiving antennas with nonlinear characteristics in the system itself and the electrodynamics interaction of the transmitting antenna with nonlinear characteristics with RES for other purposes. Component equations (NIE) of multi-input radiating structures that establish the relationship of amplitude-phase distribution at the inputs of radiators with distributed nonlinearity and amplitude-phase distribution on their surfaces are obtained. A mathematical model of multi-input radiator structures with nonlinear characteristics in the Fresnel zone for analysis purposes has been produced. Conclusions. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is as follows: a generalized theory of transmitting antennas of arbitrary configuration with nonlinear characteristics in the Fresnel zone, which makes it possible to analyze the characteristics of these antennas considering the positive and negative (beneficial and adverse) nonlinear effects that arise in them.

ASSESSMENT OF ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY AT THE DESIGN STAGES OF FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURE SYSTEMS

Based on the analysis of economic and technical indicators of the efficiency of the flexible manufacture system (FMS), the criteria for choosing a cost-effective project of the hydraulic system were determined, taking into account the minimization of automated technical systems, technological equipment and increasing the productivity of the designed enterprise. The ranking method is used to decide the correct choice of the most effective FMS project. An algorithm is proposed to substantiate economic efficiency by minimizing the costs of the selected active elements and increasing the productivity of the investigated production. On the basis of a sequential, parallel and parallel-circular layout diagram of the production modules of the FMS, a study is carried out on their choice and economic justification. To determine specific comparative economic indicators from the point of view of minimizing the number of active elements and their temporal indicators of technological operations, an algorithm for choosing a layout diagram of a FMS production module is proposed. The developed algorithm makes it possible to evaluate the economic efficiency taking into account the number of active elements, their types and types of technological operations. The process of selection of the parallel-circular layout scheme of FMS depending on the number of finished products has been substantiated which ensures high performance of the parallel-circular layout scheme of FMS.

MULTICRITERIA ANALYSIS AS A METHOD OF CHOICE JUSTIFICATION FOR ENGINEERING AND PLANNING DECISIONS OF CITY HIGHWAYS’ INTERSECTIONS

This article aims to familiarize the reader with multi-criteria analysis as one of the methods of choice justification of engineering design solutions for urban highways intersections. This method is widely used abroad, as it allows to compare different quantitative and qualitative indicators with different vectors of "positive decision" (maximum or minimum).
 Multiple criteria decision analysis – MCDA, as fact-based quantitative method is more appropriate way to evaluate several indicators simultaneously for each of planning decisions – opposed to more popular in Ukraine “expert evaluation”. In transport planning, type of multicriteria analysis method, which should be used for evaluation of urban highways’ intersections planning decisions, depends on specific conditions and chosen scales of evaluations.
 Article includes description of one of MCDA’s types: TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) and illustrates algorithm of its calculation. As an example, four variants of planning decisions of right-bank approaches to the Podilsko-Voskresensky bridge intersection in the city of Kyiv are analyzed. As a result, a rating of design scenarios of intersection planning solutions according to the TOPSIS method was obtained.

Mental budgeting and the malleability of decision-making

Financial difficulties commonly occur in college students' lives. Problems might be caused by a lack of understanding about managing money, such as falling into the temptation of buying unnecessary discounted goods or choice justification. The research aims to understand how mental budgeting influences purchasing discounted items and choice justification. In the study, two experiments were undertaken to explain the reaction of discount, and two others to describe choice justification (N=169 in Indonesia, N=168 in China). Mann-Whitney U and ANOVA tests were used to analyze the experiments. Mental budgeting scales were also employed in experiments 3 and 4. The results show that when individuals receive a discounted offer for luxury goods, they will fall into the temptation of buying them. This takes place because they do not want to lose the opportunity to obtain such goods at a cheap price. In addition, when individuals receive offers related to physiological needs (i.e., food), they will practice choice justification. This means that all people need to understand the concept of mental budgeting and make realistic budgets.

Software libraries comparison used for 3D radar images visualization

This article compares open source software libraries to solve the radar image 3D visualization tasks and supporting software development using a C++ programming language. The article grounds advantages of presenting the processing radar data results in the 3D model form instead of 2D images. The article describes the 3D image formation specificity. The detailed description of each library is given, their advantages and disadvantages revealed during 3D visualization process are presented. The comparative analysis result was the library choice justification in according with the computer capabilities. Choosing of the right software library will allow develop high-quality software for generating of 3D radar image and speed up the radar data processing analysis.

Biopharmaceutical choice justification of basis for dermatological ointment

Biopharmaceutical choice justification of basis for dermatological ointment

Features calibration of the dynamic force transducers

The article discusses calibration methods of dynamic forces measuring instruments. The relevance of work is dictated by need to valid definition of the dynamic forces transducers metrological characteristics taking into account their intended application. The aim of this work is choice justification of calibration method, which provides the definition dynamic forces transducers metrological characteristics under simulation operating conditions for determining suitability for using in accordance with its purpose. The following tasks are solved: the mathematical model and the main measurements equation of calibration dynamic forces transducers by load weight, the main budget uncertainty components of calibration are defined. The new method of dynamic forces transducers calibration with use the reference converter “force-deformation” based on the calibrated elastic element and measurement of his deformation by a laser interferometer is offered. The mathematical model and the main measurements equation of the offered method is constructed. It is shown that use of calibration method based on measurements by the laser interferometer of calibrated elastic element deformations allows to exclude or to considerably reduce the uncertainty budget components inherent to method of load weight.

Excipients choice justification for the creation of Adamantane-1ammonium 2-((5-(adamantane-1-yl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetate tablets by the method of wet granulation (part 2)

Introduction. The compound adamantane-1-ammonium 2-((5-(adamantane-1-yl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetate was first synthesized at the Department of Toxicology and Inorganic Chemistry (Zaporizhya State Medical University), and received the name “Adatryn”. According to pharmacological studies, it shows neuroleptic properties and can be used in pill form, as most neuroleptics. Thus it is important to develop pills technology of adamantane-1-ammonium 2-((5-(adamantane-1-yl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetate. During pharmacological studies the optimum dose at one time was 70 mg.The aim of this work was to study the effect of different groups of excipients on pharmaco-technological properties of adamantane-1-ammonium 2-((5-(adamantane-1-yl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl) thio) acetate tablets.Materials and methods. In the process, we studied four groups of adjuvants, which have various physical and technological properties. In the study of four qualitative factors we used one of dispersion analysis plans – four-factor experiment based on hyper-Greco-Latin square. 16 Excipients were studied, most of which have appeared on the market in recent years and there is no information about their use in pharmaceutical technology in creation of tablet dosage forms. In the experiments we used modern equipment to determine the mass uniformity of drugs, abrasion (abrasion device to determine Pharmatest D-63512 Hainburg, Germany), the time of disintegration (ERWEKA D-63150, Germany), and drugpres (Belorussia).Results and discussion. Given pharmaco-technological properties and the results of morphometric studies proposed a method of wet granulation to obtain adamantan-1-ammonium 2-((5-(adamantan-1-yl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetate tablets.Conclusions. The influence of four groups of auxiliary substances on the technological characteristics of the adamantan-1-ammonium 2-((5-(adamantan-1-yl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetadote tablets, has confirmed the possibility of their obtaining by method of direct pressing. Optimal excipients and the composition of the drugs have been chosen.

Connectivity between mPFC and PCC predicts post-choice attitude change: The self-referential processing hypothesis of choice justification.

Prior research shows that after making a choice, decision makers shift their attitudes in a choice-congruous direction. Although this post-choice attitude change effect is robust, the neural mechanisms underlying it are poorly understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that decision makers elaborate on their choice in reference to self-knowledge to justify the choice they have made. This self-referential processing of the choice is thought to play a pivotal role in the post-choice attitude change. Twenty-four young American adults made a series of choices. They also rated their attitudes toward the choice options before and after the choices. In support of the current hypothesis, we found that changes in functional connectivity between two putative self-regions (medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus]) during the post-choice (vs. pre-choice) rating of the chosen options predicted the post-choice shift of the attitudes toward the chosen options. This finding is the first to suggest that cognitive integration of various self-relevant cognitions is instrumental in fostering post-choice attitude change. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3810-3820, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Neural mechanisms of dissonance: An fMRI investigation of choice justification

Cognitive dissonance theory proposes that difficult choice produces negatively arousing cognitive conflict (called dissonance), which motivates the chooser to justify her decision by increasing her preference for the chosen option while decreasing her preference for the rejected option. At present, however, neural mechanisms of dissonance are poorly understood. To address this gap of knowledge, we scanned 24 young Americans as they made 60 choices between pairs of popular music CDs. As predicted, choices between CDs that were close (vs. distant) in attractiveness (referred to as difficult vs. easy choices) resulted in activations of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), a brain region associated with cognitive conflict, and the left anterior insula (left aINS), a region often linked with aversive emotional arousal. Importantly, a separate analysis showed that choice-justifying attitude change was predicted by the in-choice signal intensity of the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), a region that is linked to self-processing. The three regions identified (dACC, left aINS, and PCC) were correlated, within-subjects, across choices. The results were interpreted to support the hypothesis that cognitive dissonance plays a key role in producing attitudes that justify the choice.

When gift-giving produces dissonance: Effects of subliminal affiliation priming on choices for one's self versus close others

Past research on cognitive dissonance indicated that people from independent (e.g. European-American) and interdependent (e.g. East-Asian) cultural backgrounds show different patterns of choice justification: whereas choice made for oneself affirms the independent view of the self, choice made for close others affirms the interdependent view of the self. We hypothesized that interpersonal choice considerations may be temporally accessible even among habitually independent European-Americans. The present research provides the first experimental evidence that choice justification varies as a function of both subliminal affiliation priming and the target of choice (self vs. close others). Results from three studies indicate that subliminal priming of affiliation increases justification of a choice European-Americans made for a close other, while decreasing justification of a choice made for the self. Implications for theories related to cognitive dissonance, subliminal processing and cultural meaning systems are discussed.

How choice modifies preference: Neural correlates of choice justification

When making a difficult choice, people often justify the choice by increasing their liking for the chosen object and decreasing their liking for the rejected object. To uncover the neural signatures of choice justification, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to monitor neural activity when subjects rated their preference for chosen and rejected musical CDs before and after they made their choices. We observed that the trial-by-trial attitude change (i.e., increase of preference for chosen items and decrease of preference for rejected items) was predicted by post-choice activity in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), right temporal–parietal junction, anterior insula, and bilateral cerebellum. Furthermore, individual difference in choice justification (i.e., increased preference for chosen items minus decreased preference for rejected items) was predicted by post-choice neural activity in the dorsal MPFC, left lateral prefrontal cortex, and right precentral cortex positively. In addition, interdependent self-construal was correlated with decreased activity in the ventral MPFC in the post-choice than pre-choice sessions. These findings suggest that both negative arousal/regulation and self-reflection are associated with choice justification. This provides evidence for the self-threat theory of choice justification.

Social Eyes and Choice Justification: Culture and Dissonance Revisited

Individuals are expected to justify their choice when the choice is self-threatening. However, previous cross-cultural work suggests that the conditions in which individuals justify their choices vary across cultures. The present work aimed to determine the boundary conditions for this cultural difference. Experiment 1 showed that Japanese justified their choice when an impression of “social eyes” was primed during the choice, but not when it was primed at a later point. In contrast, the pattern was reversed for Americans. Experiment 2 found a similar cross-cultural pattern as a function of each participant's perception of “social eyes” in response to an ambiguous cue presented in front of him or her. Experiment 3 found that Americans justified their choice only when an observer was perceived as noninfluential. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that perceived privacy or publicity of choice interacts with culture to determine the likelihood of choice justification.

What moderates the too‐much‐choice effect?

AbstractCore theories in economics, psychology, and marketing suggest that decision makers benefit from having more choice. In contrast, according to the too‐much‐choice effect, having too many options to choose from may ultimately decrease the motivation to choose and the satisfaction with the chosen option. To reconcile these two positions, we tested whether there are specific conditions in which the too‐much‐choice effect is more or less likely to occur. In three studies with a total of 598 participants, we systematically investigated the moderating impact of choice set sizes, option attractiveness, and whether participants had to justify their choices. We also tested the moderating role of search behavior, domain‐specific expertise, and participants' tendency to maximize, in a within‐subject design. Overall, only choice justification proved to be an effective moderator, calling the extent of the too‐much‐choice effect into question. We provide a theoretical account for our findings and discuss possible pathways for future research. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Cognitive Dissonance in Negotiation: Free Choice or Counter-Attitudinal Justification?

Previous research suggests that negotiators inflate their valuation for offers they make and devalue offers they choose not to make due to the psychological process of cognitive dissonance reduction. Research outside of the negotiation context suggests that cognitive dissonance is induced either by being forced to choose among relatively equal options or by having to justify a counter-attitudinal position. A negotiation involves both choice and justification, so it is unclear which process is responsible for inducing cognitive dissonance or preference inflation. We present two studies in which the effect of choosing an opening offer is disentangled from the effects of justifying that choice. Findings indicate that choice and justification have an additive effect on negotiator preference change. We discuss implications of these results for cognitive dissonance theory and the practice of negotiation.

The Influence of Choice Justification and Stimulus Meaningfulness on the Attraction Effect

The “attraction effect” occurs when preference fora target product increases relative to a competitor when a choice option that is dominated by the target brand, but not by the competitor brand, is included in the choice set. The present article offers an explanation for this outcome in terms of two principles of consumer information processing: data deficiency and cognitive resource deficiency. Specifically, results from a lab experiment with 234 student respondents show that when product information is relatively “meaningless” and thus, data deficient, making respondents allocate greater cognitive resources to the decision task by asking them to justify their decision, increases the attraction effect. However, when the product information is quite “meaningful” and thus, not data deficient, increasing resource allocation by instructing respondents to justify choice, decreases the attraction effect. We propose that when the stimulus is less meaningful, the additional processing effort that justification induces is used to generate heuristics to justify choice, which enhance the attraction effect. However, when the stimulus is more meaningful, justification induces respondents to make choices based on a consideration of the meaningful information that is provided, without the biasing influence of the context, thus diminishing the attraction effect. The implications of these findings for marketing and future research directions are highlighted.

Long-Term Strength Criteria for Some Polymer Materials under a Plane Stress State

The problem of the choice and experimental justification of long-term failure criteria for isotropic polymer materials in creep under a plane stress state is considered. The criteria are defined by a linear two-parameter interpolation relating two stress-tensor invariants which limit the interpolation range with respect to the conditions of viscous and brittle failure and take into account the signs of principal stresses. The base experiment for determining material constants includes standard tests on long-term strength in uniaxial tension and a test on long-term strength under a plane stress state. The failure criteria have been approved in constructing unified long-term strength diagrams for thin-walled tubular specimens made of rigid polyvinylchloride and high-density polyethylene under the action of internal pressure, pressure with axial tension, torsion, and axial tension with torsion.