Dietary Choices Research Articles

Measuring associations between the food environment and dietary habits: comparing the proportion and density of food outlets

BackgroundThe food environment plays a crucial role in shaping our dietary choices and overall health. Spatial measures provide distinct perspectives on the physical food environment and its impact on diet. While proportion measures are theoretically considered to provide a more accurate representation of the overall physical food environment than density measures, it is important to recognize that the association between food environments and diet can vary depending on the context. Therefore, relying solely on one measure may not be appropriate.MethodsWe systematically assessed the density and proportion of multiple food outlet types (fast-food outlets, convenience stores, supermarkets, and restaurants) around individuals homes using a large cross-sectional Danish study (N = 71,840). Densities were modeled in separate multilevel linear regression models, incorporating random intercepts from linear splines for each of the four food outlet types. Proportions were modeled without splines. Through the association with a dietary quality score (DQS), we examined the impact of quantifying the foodscape from density versus proportion measures. Associations were compared using parameter estimates, p-values, Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) values, and Akaike weights.ResultsAIC values and Akaike weights were in favor of models including density measures. Across all outlet types, density measures were consistently negatively associated with the DQS until reaching densities of 3–5 (count/km2), at which point the direction of association became positive, indicating a shift towards a healthier DQS. After correcting for multiple comparisons, the most significant effect was observed for the sole significant proportion measure. A 10% increase in the proportion of fast-food outlets among "eating out options" was associated with a 7% decrease in the DQS, towards poorer dietary quality.ConclusionsThe associations highlight that choosing food outlet density versus proportions to quantify the foodscape impact findings of substantial importance when considering the significance level and direction of association. Findings suggests a threshold effect when using density measures indicating abundance of many food outlets, at which the association with dietary quality alters significantly towards healthier diet quality.

Societal acceptance and environmental impact of sustainable diets: A comparative study of vegetarian, vegan, and flexitarian diets with similar transportation distances

The study examines the acceptance and sustainability of vegetarian, vegan, and flexitarian diets, focusing on the health and environmental benefits of reducing animal-derived proteins. Our objective was to investigate the level of acceptance of these dietary trends across different age groups and health statuses and understand how sustainability awareness and health consciousness impact dietary decisions. We used a mixed-method approach to achieve this, conducting eight in-depth interviews and a survey with 329 participants from various demographic backgrounds. Our qualitative analysis revealed that individual and family health consciousness, along with sustainability considerations, play a significant role in dietary choices, particularly among younger generations who are more open to sustainable eating. Quantitative results show that access to information and educational resources strongly influences dietary decisions, further supporting the spread of environmentally conscious eating habits. The practical significance of our research lies in highlighting the importance of educational campaigns and public health policies that can foster broader societal acceptance of sustainable diets. Educational institutions and community organizations can help facilitate the transfer of knowledge necessary for adopting such diets. Our findings emphasize the role of targeted communication strategies in increasing awareness of the benefits of plant-based diets. Furthermore, these insights underline the potential of policy interventions to make sustainable food choices more accessible and appealing to a wider population. Future research could focus on exploring economic incentives and examining long-term health and environmental outcomes associated with these diets.

The Provision of Browse and Its Impacts on the Health and Welfare of Animals at the Zoo: A Review.

Browsers are animals that consume significant proportions of leaves, twigs, and bark from woody plants. These species have evolved morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations to subsist on a specialized diet. In zoos and other managed care facilities, the provision of browse in appropriate amounts helps promote positive animal welfare. Feeding on browse fulfills behavioral needs and reduces stereotypies, promotes satiety, and provides opportunities for dietary choice and control. However, there are several obstacles that can prevent institutions from providing browse, including physical and chemical hazards, palatability issues, and the difficulty in quantifying the nutritional value of browse. In addition, providing large enough quantities of browse can be challenging, and fresh browse may be especially difficult to provide for zoos in temperate climates. We describe the methods currently utilized to preserve browse and discuss their strengths and weaknesses. We recommend areas of future research for browse provision in zoos.

Dietary Influences on the Longevity and Reproductive Success of Anopheles aquasalis in Laboratory Studies: Sucrose vs. Honey

Malaria continues to be a major public health challenge in tropical and subtropical regions. Anopheles aquasalis, a key laboratory model for malaria research, plays a critical role in the study of vector–parasite interactions. Although vector life traits and environmental factors such as age and resource availability can influence the transmission potential of mosquitoes for Plasmodium parasites, the impact of different adult diets on their survival and reproductive fitness remains underexplored. This study investigates the effects of sucrose and honey diets on the longevity, fertility, and fecundity of Anopheles aquasalis under controlled laboratory conditions. Our results demonstrate that the type of diet significantly affects mosquito survival and reproductive output. Specifically, mosquitoes consuming honey exhibited a substantially longer lifespan and higher fecundity compared to those fed on sucrose. Additionally, eggs laid by honey-fed females had notably higher hatching success rates than those from sucrose-fed females. These findings underscore the profound impact of dietary choices on the reproductive fitness of Anopheles aquasalis, with important implications for laboratory studies focusing on vector–parasite interactions. This study highlights the need for a careful consideration of diet in vector research to ensure accurate assessment of vector competence and disease transmission.

Associations among chronotype and eating habits in adolescents are affected by study shift: A cross-sectional study.

We investigated the influence of chronotype on eating habits among adolescents attending schools with morning (07:00 hours-12:00 hours) or afternoon (13:00 hours-18:00 hours) shifts, hypothesizing that incompatibility of study schedules may be related to dietary choices. In this cross-sectional study, 734 adolescents (aged 14-19 years) completed an online questionnaire covering eating habits, chronotype, sleep duration, social jet lag, socioeconomic data, physical activity and anthropometric measures. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were estimated using adjusted logistic regression, stratified by study shift. In the morning shift, a morning chronotype was associated with higher odds of breakfast (odds ratio: 3.47; 95% confidence interval: 1.13-10.71) compared with an evening chronotype. Both morning and intermediate chronotypes were associated with higher odds of morning snack (odds ratio: 3.52; 95% confidence interval: 1.13-10.93; and odds ratio: 2.87; 95% confidence interval: 1.18-6.99) and lower odds of fast foods (odds ratio: 0.09; 95% confidence interval: 0.02-0.49; and odds ratio: 0.19; 95% confidence interval: 0.58-0.62). In the afternoon shift, a morning chronotype was associated with higher odds of breakfast (odds ratio: 5.22; 95% confidence interval: 1.85-14.72), beans (odds ratio: 3.57; 95% confidence interval: 1.19-10.74), vegetables (odds ratio: 3.52; 95% confidence interval: 1.28-9.69) and fruits (odds ratio: 4.50; 95% confidence interval: 1.55-13.07) compared with an evening chronotype. Intermediate chronotype was associated with higher odds of breakfast (odds ratio: 3.71; 95% confidence interval: 2.03-6.77), morning snacks (odds ratio: 2.45; 95% confidence interval: 1.09-5.50), vegetables (odds ratio: 1.92; 95% confidence interval: 1.03-3.58) and fruits (odds ratio: 2.50; 95% confidence interval: 1.27-4.89), and lower odds of high-energy intake post-dinner (odds ratio: 0.43; 95% confidence interval: 0.22-0.85). Adolescents with an evening chronotype had lower odds of having breakfast. Both chronotype and study shifts influenced specific food consumption habits.

Are Consumers Ready to Consider Insect-Based Foods as a Sustainable Food Choice? An Application of the Extended Protection Motivation Theory to Italian Consumers

Adopting sustainable food choices is crucial to mitigating the environmental impacts of food production. Insect-based foods offer a promising alternative with low resource requirements and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. This study examines the psychological factors influencing consumers’ intentions to purchase insect-based foods using an extended protection motivation theory (PMT) model that includes disgust as a critical factor. Data from 233 Italian participants were analyzed through partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Results indicate that perceived response efficacy—the belief in the environmental benefits of insect consumption—and self-efficacy—confidence in one’s ability to incorporate insect-based foods—positively influence purchase intentions. However, strong aversions rooted in disgust and low intrinsic motivation present major barriers, highlighting cultural resistance to entomophagy in Western contexts. Extrinsic motivators such as social recognition, perceived costs, and perceived severity or vulnerability to environmental issues had no significant effect. The findings suggest that effective strategies should focus on reducing disgust and strengthening consumer confidence, emphasizing the environmental benefits to shift attitudes toward sustainable dietary choices.

Association of Physical Fitness and Diet with Body Weight in Austrian Adolescents

Background/Objectives: Physical fitness and diet along with body weight are key determinants of health. Excess body weight, poor dietary choices, and low physical fitness, however, are becoming increasingly prevalent in adolescents. In order to develop adequate intervention strategies, additional research on potential interaction effects of these entities is needed. Therefore, this study examined the combined association of physical fitness and diet with body weight in Austrian adolescents. Methods: A total of 164 (56% male) adolescents between 11 and 14 years of age completed the German Motor Test, which consists of eight items that assess cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular endurance and power, speed and agility, flexibility, and balance, along with body weight and height measurements. Additionally, participants completed a standardized food frequency questionnaire. Results: Spearman correlation analyses showed an inverse association between physical fitness and processed foods consumption (rho = −0.25, p < 0.01), while sweet consumption was positively associated with physical fitness (rho = 0.17, p = 0.03). No significant interaction effects between diet and physical fitness on body weight were observed. However, both higher physical fitness and greater sweet consumption were associated with lower body weight (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The present study emphasizes the independent and combined interactions of key correlates of health. It also suggests that high fitness may offset detrimental effects of poor dietary choices. In order to address potential health risks early in life and facilitate future health and well-being, it is important to monitor and control physical fitness, diet, and body weight during adolescence.

Digital nudging at the university canteen: an online study with American young adults

Resource scarcity, the effects of climate change, food insecurity, and health issues related to dietary choices have prompted policymakers to develop new strategies to encourage populations to opt for healthy and sustainable (HS) diets. In this context, nudging strategies are promising tools to promote healthy and sustainable dietary behaviors. However, nudges are context-dependent as a specific nudging intervention should be employed in a specific context. This research aims at determining the effects of different nudges on students’ food choices in the context of a hypothetical online pre-ordering system of the college canteen. An experimental study was conducted in the USA with 1400 American college students (18–24 years old). We used a between-subject design with one control and three treatment groups—i.e., a HS logo to identify HS dishes, dish placement (the order in which dishes are displayed on the menu), and a combination of the two nudges. Our main results showed that the logo and logo plus placement led to a significantly increased selection of HS dishes among students who already had strong HS eating behaviors. In addition, individual characteristics (e.g., being flexitarian or vegetarian, being on a low-calorie diet, being a graduate student, and living in dormitories on college campuses) also affected their HS food choices; thus, the population traits, living conditions, and eating habits should be taken into consideration in order to establish successful nudging techniques.

Which factors influence emotional overeating among workers and students? Is online food delivery consumption involved? Results from the DELIvery Choice In OUr Society (DELICIOUS) cross-sectional study.

Emotional overeating (EO) is a complex behavior that involves consuming excessive food in response to emotions, presenting health risks due to poor dietary choices. Research indicates a notable prevalence of EO, especially among females, and its association with disordered eating behaviors like binge eating (BE). The rise of online food delivery (OFD) services has raised questions about their potential role in exacerbating EO. This study aimed to explore EO behaviors among Italian workers and students, assessing the influence of various personal, socio-demographic, and lifestyle factors, including OFD. This study is a secondary data analysis utilizing the DELICIOUS survey data, conducted nationwide through social media platforms from July 12, 2022, to February 1, 2023. Participants completed validated questionnaires, including the EO Questionnaire (EOQ-5). The sample was stratified according to worker/student status. Statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics (chi-squared tests, Mann-Whitney tests) and multivariable logistic regression, were performed to assess the influence of key variables on EO. The sample comprised 2853 workers and 898 students, with almost 75% exhibiting EO behavior above the threshold. Several factors were significantly related to a higher occurrence of EO. Positive associations included bad health literacy, female gender, occasional smoking, higher BMI, depression risk for students, and low work-life balance, job dissatisfaction, screen time while eating, and depression risk for workers. Surprisingly, OFD usage showed no relationship with EO. While some findings align with previous research, like the depression-EO link, others, such as the absence of a link between OFD and EO, were unexpected. The results suggest that personal, socio-demographic, and lifestyle factors significantly influence EO, with OFD serving more as a means of food access influenced by individual characteristics, rather than a direct EO risk factor.

Evaluation of the Usage of Graph Database in a Nutrition App for Determining Potential Nutrient Inhibition

Abstract In recent years, the popularity of veganism has surged, prompting a growing interest in its health implications. While vegan diets offer numerous benefits, they also pose challenges due to potential deficiencies in essential nutrients and the presence of anti-nutrients in plant-based foods. This paper addresses the need for a comprehensive understanding of nutrient interactions, particularly those involving antinutrients, by creating a Knowledge Graph. Utilizing Natural Language Processing techniques, essential nutritional entities were extracted from unstructured texts, and a custom Named Entity Recognition model was implemented. These data were then used to construct a Knowledge Graph using Neo4j, a leading graph database. Despite the potential of the developed Knowledge Graph to visualize nutrient interactions, limitations persist due to the scarcity of available data on antinutrient interactions. Nonetheless, the Knowledge Graph provides a promising avenue for exploring and understanding the complexities of nutrient interactions, facilitating future research and informing dietary choices.

Improving Food-Related Inhibitory Control Through an mHealth Intervention-A Secondary Outcome Analysis of an RCT.

Experimental studies reveal that deficits in food-related inhibitory control, rather than general impulsiveness, are closely linked to overweight and obesity. To date, the real-world implications remain unknown, and it is unclear whether these results are supported in the clinical field. To examine the effectiveness of a mobile health (mHealth) intervention with cognitive and behavioral therapeutic elements in altering impulsiveness and food-related inhibitory control. Prespecified secondary outcome analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Participants with overweight/obesity (BMI: M=33.35kg/m2, SD=3.79kg/m2, N=213) were randomly assigned to either a 12-week mHealth intervention (n=116) or wait-list control group (n=97). The Barratt-Impulsiveness-Scale (BIS-15) and the Food-Related Inhibitory Control Scale (FRIS) were administered at baseline (T0) following the intervention (T1), at 9 and 15 month post baseline (T2, T3). Multi-level analyses were calculated. Compared to the control group, the intervention group reported higher food-related inhibitory control on several subscales of the FRIS: In Withholding in Social Situations at T1 (95% CI: 0.06-0.46) and T2 (95%CI: 0.09-0.50), Action Cancellation at T1 (95%CI: 0.05-0.45), Resisting despite Craving at T1 (95% CI: 0.07-0.49), Withstanding Rewarding Food at T2 (95%CI: 0.08-0.55) and Action Withholding at T3 (95% CI: 0.01-0.55). No differences were found for trait impulsiveness (T1: 95%CI: -1.91-0.47; T2: 95%CI: -1.65-0.84; T3: 95%CI: -0.88-1.67). Food-related inhibitory control, rather than global measures of impulsiveness, addresses the critical association between inhibitory control and health-conscious dietary choices and can be improved by mHealth intervention. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04080193.

Effects of specially designed meal boxes on plant-forward dietary choice

Effects of specially designed meal boxes on plant-forward dietary choice

Forging a Sustainable Agricultural Future: Tradition and Innovation in Shaping Acceptance of Insect-Based Foods

This study investigates the potential for a sustainable future in agriculture, examining how the interplay between tradition and innovation influences the acceptance of insect-based foods. As global demand for alternative protein sources rises, it is important to understand how individuals’ attitudes toward traditional “disgusting” dishes and their sensitivity to environmental sustainability interact to shape attitudes toward new insect-derived products.The main research aim was to identify profiles of consumers possessing different attitudes toward traditional “disgusting” dishes and new insect-derived products. A survey of 1402 Italian participants was thus conducted to detect the relationships between i) opinions toward traditional “disgusting” food and insects-containing food, and ii) orientation toward both environmental issues and traditional food. A Cluster Analysis was performed on the basis of a previous Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in order to identify distinct consumers’ profiles based on their environmental concern and food system opinions. The four emerged clusters, - i.e. Earth-Balance responsibles, Green consumers, Indifferents and Selective eco-conscious consumers - differ for socio-demographic features and attitudes toward traditional “disgusting” food and insect-based alternatives, that were detected through a photo-choice task including 10 traditional Italian foods and 11 insect-based options. Correlation and Correspondence analyses verified the relationship between preferences for traditional foods and their insect-based counterparts within each cluster. Results show that environmental concern toward food systems influenced the acceptability of insect-based foods differently across the identified clusters. Additionally, socio-demographic features and ties to culinary traditions significantly influenced innovative food choices.In sum, this study provides insights for the sustainable integration of insect-based foods into mainstream dietary choices, emphasizing the crucial role of a harmonious blend of tradition and innovation in this evolving landscape. Furthermore, care for the visual aspects is suggested for product development within the emerging insect-based foods market.

Effects of Baseline Blood Zinc Levels on the Humoral Immune Response After COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination: A Prospective Study in a Japanese Population

Background/Objectives: Although the protective effects of zinc against COVID-19 are documented, its impact on COVID-19 vaccine immunogenicity remains unknown. Methods: We conducted a prospective study involving a cohort of 79 Japanese individuals (aged 21–56 years; comprising three subcohorts) and measured their serum zinc levels pre-vaccination and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG levels pre- and post-vaccination over 4 months. Results: Serum zinc concentrations ranged between 74–140 and 64–113 μg/dL in male and female individuals, respectively, with one male and 11 female participants exhibiting subclinical zinc deficiency (60–80 μg/dL). Mixed models for antibody titers, accounting for the subcohorts, repeat measurements, and covariates (e.g., vaccine type, sex, age, height, steroid use, medical history, smoking and drinking habits, perceived stress, and sleep disturbances) showed positive effects of zinc on IgM (p = 0.012) and IgG (p = 0.013) in 45 female individuals with 255 observations. However, a similar association was not found in the 34 male participants with 162 observations. This discrepancy may be attributed to one participant being included in the subcohort with frequent repeat measurements (10 repeats in 4 months). COVID-19 mRNA vaccine immunogenicity was enhanced in the participants with high baseline blood zinc levels within the reference range. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the relevance of maintaining adequate zinc levels before vaccination, which can be achieved through a balanced diet and healthy lifestyle choices.

Analysis of the Factors Influencing Soybean Demand in North Sumatra Province

The goal of the food diversification program is to encourage Indonesians to expand their dietary choices beyond rice. This initiative is not meant to replace rice but to shift consumption patterns, promoting the inclusion of a broader range of foods. Indonesia has a wealth of agricultural products, such as soybeans, corn, and potatoes, that can serve as staple foods and support the diversification effort. Given the limited purchasing power of many Indonesians, the program emphasizes food products that are both highly nutritious and relatively affordable for the general population. Legumes, including soybeans, peanuts, winged bean seeds, and koro beans, are commonly used to meet dietary needs. Among these, soybeans are particularly important as a rich source of vegetable protein. The public has increasingly turned to soybean-based products such as tofu, tempeh, soy sauce, and soy milk to boost their intake of plant-based protein. Additionally, soybeans are versatile, serving not only as food for direct consumption but also as ingredients in animal feed for poultry and fish.

Food for thought: optimal diet in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Nutritional intake plays a major role in the management of lung health. This review provides the latest perspective on how dietary choices can modulate lung function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. The pathophysiology of COPD and asthma is driven by oxidative stress and inflammation of the airways, which is exacerbated by modifiable risk factors such as cigarette smoking and diet. Various foods can influence patient symptoms; highly processed foods increase the production of reactive oxygen species that augment airway inflammation, whereas foods rich in antioxidants, fiber and protein combat oxidative stress and muscle wastage. Patients with COPD or asthma are at increased risk of developing metabolic comorbidities, including cachexia and obesity that complicate disease phenotypes, leading to greater symptom severity. While clinical findings suggest a role for antioxidant and macronutrient support of lung function, comprehensive translational and clinical studies are necessary to better understand the mechanisms underlying nutrient interaction and lung structure-function. Understanding the nutritional requirements that protect lung health and support weight management in COPD and asthma is imperative to providing personalized dietary recommendations and reducing patient morbidity.

Information Framing Effects on Diet Choices Among Chinese Urban Residents

Information Framing Effects on Diet Choices Among Chinese Urban Residents

Real-Time Vegetable Identification and Detection Implementing Yolo

Fruits and vegetables are essential sources of nutrition, crucial for preventing chronic diseases like diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular issues. Maintaining a healthy diet, including the recommended servings of vegetables and fruits, is important for overall well-being. However, many individuals, particularly those unfamiliar with grocery shopping, struggle to distinguish between different types of vegetables due to their similar physical characteristics, leading to confusion and poor dietary choices. Therefore, this project aims to design and develop a real-time vegetable detection and identification system through a mobile application using deep learning and provide healthy recipes based on the identified vegetable. This project used the YOLOv5 object detection algorithm for vegetable detection, utilizing manually captured vegetable images from phones as the dataset. The collected data were organized into a unified folder. The Modified Waterfall model was adopted as the methodology, excluding the maintenance phase, encompassing requirement gathering, design, implementation, and testing. The testing phase demonstrated that the model met all the project’s objectives and successfully identified and detected vegetables with a mAP of 95.7%. All functionality test cases and an accuracy test confirmed that the system effectively resolved the problem. The system was developed as a mobile application to enhance accessibility for target users. Future enhancements could include refining the detection model and incorporating a wider range of vegetables or including other ingredient datasets to broaden its scope.

Insights into carbon and nitrogen footprints of large-scale intensive pig production with different feedstuffs in China

Through the whole process of large-scale pig production, feed production puts great environmental pressure in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and nitrogen (N) emission. Additionally, different feedstuffs will have different results. While previous studies seldom analyzed carbon footprint and nitrogen footprint from feed components or diet choices. Thus, we selected China, the largest producer and consumer of pork in the world, to analyze both nitrogen footprint and carbon footprint through the life cycle of pig production with different feed components. We used life-cycle environmental footprint and scenario analysis to compare carbon footprints, nitrogen footprints, and feed prices of large-scale pig production with different feedstuffs in China. The life cycle of the pig production includes feed crop cultivation, feed processing, pig raising, and manure management. The functional unit is the weight of 1 kg of live pig. The results showed that the carbon footprints, nitrogen footprints, and feed prices ranged from 1.67 kg CO2-eq FU−1 to 1.70 kg CO2-eq FU−1, 35.3 g Nr FU−1 to 38.9 g Nr FU−1, and 1.42 CNY kg −1 to 2.15 CNY kg −1, respectively. Feed crop production and manure management contributed the largest carbon footprint (54%) and the largest nitrogen footprint (64%), respectively. The four scenarios exhibited various results. Scenario 3 (S3), substituting soybean meal in the original feed with distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS), presented a more favorable outcome with respect to carbon and nitrogen footprints as well as feed prices. This was mainly attributed to feed crop cultivation, manure management, crude protein contents of feeds, and prices of the feed crops. Concerning the uneven feed crop production, number of pig farrowed, feed consumption, and inter-provincial transportation across China, we conducted the spatial analysis under the optimal S3. It revealed that the northern provinces in China exhibited both higher carbon and nitrogen footprints than the southern provinces, due to the northern regions cultivating the crop feed. Finally, we proposed recommendations from perspectives of cultivation practice, feed adjustment, manure management, and strategic zoning. The study not only highlighted the importance of environmental footprint for analyzing environmental impacts of pig production, but also provided the implications for enhancing the sector’s environmental sustainability from perspective of feed adjustment.

Associations between Multiple Food Consumption Frequencies and the Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease in High Cardiac Risk Subjects.

Dietary choices are inextricably linked to the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), whereas an optimal dietary pattern to minimize CVD morbidity in high-risk subjects remains challenging. We comprehensively assessed the relationship between food consumption frequencies and CVD in 28,979 high-risk subjects. The outcome was defined as the composite of the incidence of major CVD events, including coronary heart disease and stroke. Risk factors associated with CVD were screened through a shrinkage approach, specifically least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression. Hazard ratios (HRs) for various dietary consumption frequencies were assessed using multivariable Cox frailty models with random intercepts. Increased egg and seafood consumption were associated with a lower risk of CVD (daily vs little, HR 1.70, 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.79-3.64, p trend = 0.0073 and HR 1.86, 95% CI: 1.24-2.81, p trend = 0.024, respectively). 6 non-food (age, sex, smoke, location, heart ratio, and systolic blood pressure) and 3 food (fruit, egg, and seafood) related risk factors were included in the nomogram to predict 3 and 5-year incidence of CVD. The concordance indexes of the training and validation cohorts were 0.733 (95% CI: 0.725-0.741) and 0.705 (95% CI: 0.693-0.717), respectively. The nomogram was validated using the calibration and time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curves, demonstrating respectable accuracy and discrimination. Guided by the concept of "food as medicine", this nomogram could provide dietary guidance and prognostic prediction for high cardiac risk subjects in CVD prevention.