Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Research Articles

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПОСТОЯННОГО ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОГО ПОЛЯ НА СТРУКТУРУ И СВОЙСТВА ПЛЁНОК ХЛОРСУЛЬФИРОВАННОГО ПОЛИЭТИЛЕНА В ПРОЦЕССЕ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ИЗ РАСТВОРА

The article studies the features of structural formations and their influence on the properties of chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE) films in the process of preparation from solutions in carbon tetrachloride under the action of a constant electric field. It is shown that films formed in a directed constant electric field have a higher electrical resistance and lower values of electrical capacity, heat capacity, and electrical loss tangent compared to films formed outside the field.

Use of Nonlinear Optics for Assessment of Cable Polymer Aging

Polymer jackets play an important protective role in distribution cabling by providing structure and resistance to moisture, heat, and exposure to harmful chemicals. Current methods of structural assessment, such as elongation at break (E-at-B), are inherently destructive. While other non-destructive methods such as indenter evaluation are available, they are not suitable for in-service use. We propose that second harmonic generation (SHG) could provide a non-destructive means of characterizing the aging of chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE) cable jackets. SHG was used to study cables previously aged and characterized by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). Comparative data between the SHG results and indenter modulus tests suggest that SHG can be used to qualitatively differentiate between minimally and significantly aged CSPE cable jackets. The results of this proof-of-concept study suggest additional work that could be done to better understand the mechanisms of the aging of CSPE cable jackets and how SHG could be used to monitor the aging process.

Application of Cable Condition Monitoring Technologies to Assess Age-Related Degradation of Industrial Cables Installed in Harsh Environments

The aging of electrical cables has been the subject of substantial research and development (R&D) projects performed by national and international laboratories, universities, and private organizations for many years. This R&D was conducted to develop guidance, equipment, and techniques to support aging management of in-service cables in industrial facilities such as nuclear power plants, research reactors, waste facilities, and fuel fabrication plants. Through these research efforts, condition monitoring technologies have been developed that can determine the severity of age-related degradation that occurs in industrial cables and insulation polymers during service. This paper summarizes the results of aging assessments that were performed for cables installed in two U.S. nuclear power plants, one a pressurized water reactor and one a boiling water reactor. These cables had been in service for over 40 years and during plant operation were exposed to harsh environmental conditions including elevated temperatures and radiation. For these assessments, a comprehensive series of measurements was performed to assess the aged condition of the cables. These cables came from different manufacturers, were manufactured in different years, and were constructed with a variety of jacket and insulation polymers including chloro-sulfonated polyethylene (CSPE), cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE)/cross-linked polyolefin (XLPO), neoprene, and ethylene propylene rubber (EPR). The goal of these assessments was to determine the current aged condition of the cable polymers and provide an estimate of how long the cable insulation materials could remain exposed to their in-service environmental conditions before reaching their end-of-life condition. Both nuclear power plants have received license renewals to extend their operation from 40 to 60 years, and the utilities need objective evidence to show that critical components such as cables will be able to function safely and reliably during the extended operating period. The results of these assessments showed that the cables exhibited different aged conditions depending on the type of polymers they were constructed with and the environment they were exposed to during service. Some of the cables and insulation polymers showed signs of significant age-related degradation and were estimated to have approximately 5 years of remaining service life. Other cables exhibited no signs of significant age-related degradation and were estimated to have 50 years or more of remaining service life. Using the results of these cable aging assessments, plant personnel were able to (1) determine the overall aged condition of cables and insulation polymers using objective test results, (2) identify aged or degraded cables before they caused operability issues, and (3) avoid unnecessary and costly replacement of cables that can continue to operate safely and reliably.

Slowing down the corrosion of metal structures using polymeric materials

This article examines the resistance of corrosion-resistant polymeric materials to chemical reagents and the degree of corrosion, taking into account the direction of corrosion processes. One of the main factors that determined the corrosion rate is air humidity and dust released into the atmosphere during industrial emissions. Mixtures based on polymer materials can be used to gum up chemical apparatus and equipment; for corrosion protection, expensive materials are required. The sample is conditioned for 30 months at (23 ± 2) 0С, relative humidity (50 ± 5) %, and the thickness of the sample is determined. Resistance to chemical reagents the change in mass of samples of polymeric materials at a temperature of 35 0C for 3 months was analyzed. It was also found that by determining the corrosion rate (grade St3) by storing steel plates in a different exposure environment for 50 days. As a result, the corrosion rate of steel anti-corrosion coatings is lower than the control sample. According to the data obtained, it was found that the chloro-sulfonated polyethylene compositions are resistant to various organic solvents, acids, alkalis, oxidizing agents, and others.

The Behavior Variation of the Ion Viscosity and the Compressive Strength of the Seawater and Freshwater Flooded Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene After Accelerated Thermally Ageing

The Behavior Variation of the Ion Viscosity and the Compressive Strength of the Seawater and Freshwater Flooded Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene After Accelerated Thermally Ageing

Homolytic Decomposition of Sulfonyl Chlorides

The products, kinetic parameters, and activation entropy of thermal decomposition of sulfonyl chloride groups in chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE) have been studied for the first time, and it has been demonstrated that the decomposition mechanism involves simultaneous cleavage of two bonds (carbon–sulfur and sulfur–chlorine) to give an SO2 molecule and two free radicals, which can be useful in the process of polymer structuring. The radical mechanism has been confirmed by the formation of 2,3-diphenyl-2,3- dimethylbutane on heating CSPE in isopropylbenzene. The simultaneous cleavage of two bonds is supported by the low activation energy and pre-exponential factor in the Arrhenius equation, as well as by negative activation entropy values.

Polymer modifiers for bituminous waterproofing materials

Issues of improving the quality of waterproofing bituminous materials by modifying them using chlorosulfonated polyethylene and epoxy oligomer are considered. The presented results confirm that it is possible to retain the stability of the properties of a modified bituminous binder in the process of its operation and increase the working-temperature range.

Preparation and properties of cation-exchange membranes based on commercial chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSM) for diffusion dialysis

Cation-exchange membranes for diffusion dialysis (DD) were prepared by selecting chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSM) and methacrylic acid (MAA) as framework and functional monomer, respectively. An interpenetrating network structure (IPN) was formed by free radical polymerization and consequent crosslinking reaction. The membranes possessed ion exchange capacities (IECs) of 1.98–3.12 mmol/g, water uptake (WR) of 12.7–34.8%, swelling degree of 72.7–170% as well as favorable thermal stability and alkali resistance (almost zero mass loss in hot alkali solution). The membranes were applied for DD process to recover alkali from NaOH/Na2WO4 system at 25 °C and 65 °C. Results indicated that coefficients for OH− (UOH) were in the range of 0.0015–0.018 m/h and separation factors (S) were in the range of 9–33 at 25 and 65 °C, respectively.

열경화성 분석을 위한 가속열화 된 Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene의 경년특성 연구

열경화성 분석을 위한 가속열화 된 Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene의 경년특성 연구

가속열화 된 CSPE의 경화특성에 미치는 해수 담수 침지의 영향

The accelerated thermal aging of CSPE (chlorosulfonated polyethylene) was carried out for 33.64 and 67.27 days at 110[°C], equivalent to 40 and 80 years of aging at 50[°C], respectively. These samples were referred to as CSPE-0y, CSPE-40y and CSPE-80y, respectively. As the accelerated thermally aged years of the CSPE increase, the insulation resistance[Ω] at 20[Hz], 500[Hz], and 2[KHz], and the percent elongation [%EL] of the CSPE decrease. However, the dissipation factor(tanδ) at 20[Hz], 500[Hz], and 2[KHz], the apparent density[g/㎤], the glass transition temperature and the melting temperature of the CSPE were increased. The period of time that the voltage has to be applied until electric breakdown of the CSPE-0y is longer than that of the CSPE-40y, and the CSPE-80y, but the dielectric strength of the CSPE-80y is lower than that of the CSPE-0y and the CSPE-40y. The differential temperatures after the AC and DC voltages are applied to CSPE-0y, CSPE-40y and CSPE-80y are 0.026∼0.028[℃], 0.030∼0.042[℃], 0.018∼0.045[℃], respectively. The variations of temperature for the AC voltage are higher than those for the DC voltage when an AC voltage is applied to CSPE-0y, CSPE-40y and CSPE-80y. It is found that the dielectric loss owing to the dissipation factor[tanδ] is related to the electric dipole conduction current. It is ascertained that the ionic (electron or hole) leakage current is increased by the separation of the branch chain of CSPE polymer from the main chain of the polyethylene as a result of thermal stress due to accelerated thermal aging as well as by conducting ions such as NaSUP+/SUP, ClSUP-/SUP, MgSUP2+/SUP,SO₄SUP2-/SUP, CaSUP2+/SUPand KSUP+/SUP after seawater soaking.

해수범람 전·후의 CSPE 특성변화

Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE) was not flooded seawater and flooded seawater & freshwater for 5 days, respectively, and these samples are referred to as BSF(before seawater flooding) and ASFF(after seawater & freshwater flooding), respectively. The apparent density, dissipation factor, relative permittivity, melting temperature, dielectric breakdown time and increased time of applied voltage are higher than those of BSF, but the insulating resistance, dielectric strength, percent elongation and glass transition temperature of ASFF are lower than those of BSF. The differential temperature of those is after AC and DC voltage is applied to ASFF, respectively, and the differential temperature of those is after AC and DC voltage is applied to BSF, respectively. In the case AC and DC voltage is applied to ASFF as well as BSF, the variations in temperature of AC voltage are higher than those of DC voltage. It is investigated that dielectric loss due to dissipation factor () is related to electric dipole conduction current. It is certain that the ionic (electron or hole) leakage current was increased by conducting ions such as , , , , and , those are related to cured atoms of O and S that relatively increased after seawater flooding.

Effect of graphene oxide on the physical, mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties of neoprene and chlorosulfonated polyethylene vulcanizates

The present research work demonstrated the effect of graphene oxide (GO) on the physical, mechanical, thermo-mechanical etc., properties of neoprene (CR) and chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE) vulcanizates. CR and CSPE based nanocomposites were prepared by both solution intercalation and melt intercalation methods. The changes obtained in the morphology, cure characteristics, mechanical, thermal, thermo-mechanical properties of the rubber nanocomposites have been widely investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis of the samples revealed partial exfoliated structure of GO containing rubber composites. Mechanical, thermal, cure and thermo-mechanical properties of the elastomeric nanocomposites were improved compared to the neat rubbers.

Effects of Dried Days on Properties of Seawater and Freshwater Flooded CSPE in NPPs

Accelerated thermal aging of chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE) was performed for 0 days, 80.82 days, and 161.63 days at 100°C, which is equivalent to 0 y, 40 y, and 80 y of aging, respectively, at 50°C. After freshwater flooding, the volume electrical resistivity of CSPE was highest after 180 days of drying, and its insulating property recovered when dried for more than 300 days. The dielectric constant of the CSPE was not measured after seawater flooding. The dielectric constant of the accelerated thermally aged CSPE was higher after freshwater flooding than that before seawater flooding. The bright, open pores of CSPE were converted into dark, closed pores after seawater flooding, and the dark, closed pores of the accelerated thermally aged CSPE samples were partly converted into bright, open pores after freshwater flooding. The apparent density of CSPE increased slightly whereas its elongation at break (EAB) decreased until 80 y of accelerated thermal aging before seawater flooding. The peak binding energies of oxygen in the non-accelerated and accelerated thermally aged CSPE for 40 y and 80 y were shifted by more than 1.0 eV after seawater and freshwater flooding. The CH2 content in the non-accelerated and accelerated thermally aged CSPE for 40 y and 80 y after seawater flooding for 5 days was lower than that before seawater flooding whereas atoms such as Cl, O, Pb, Al, Si, Sb, and S that are related to conducting ions such as Na + , Cl - , Mg 2+ , SO4 2- , and K +

A Study on the Properties of CSPE According to Accelerated Thermal Aging Years

The accelerated thermal aging of CSPE (chlorosulfonated polyethylene) was carried out for 40.41, 121.22, and 202.04 days at <TEX>$100^{\circ}C$</TEX>, which are equivalent to 20, 60, and 100years of aging at <TEX>$50^{\circ}C$</TEX>, respectively. The volume electrical resistivities of the accelerated thermally aged CSPE samples for 0, 40.41, 121.22, and 202.04 days were <TEX>$1.107{\times}10^{14}-2.097{\times}10^{14}$</TEX>, <TEX>$7.752{\times}10^{13}-1.556{\times}10^{14}$</TEX>, <TEX>$7.693{\times}10^{13}-1.521{\times}10^{14}$</TEX>, and <TEX>$7.380{\times}10^{13}-1.304{\times}10^{14}{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$</TEX>, respectively, at room temperature. The permittivities of the accelerated thermally aged CSPE samples for 0, 40.41, 121.22, and 202.04 days were <TEX>$2.89{\times}10^{-11}-3.65{\times}10^{-11}$</TEX>, <TEX>$3.4</TEX><TEX>0{\times}10^{-11}-3.70{\times}10^{-11}$</TEX>, <TEX>$3.50{\times}10^{-11}-3.82{\times}10^{-11}$</TEX>, and <TEX>$3.76{\times}10^{-11}-4.13{\times}10^{-11}$</TEX> F/m, respectively, at room temperature. The EAB (elongation at break) of the accelerated thermally aged CSPE samples for 0, 40.41, 121.22, and 202.04 days were 98.8-101.3, 59.5-60.3, 37.8-39.2, and 41.8-44.3%, respectively, at room temperature. The apparent densities of the accelerated thermally aged CSPE samples for 0, 40.41, 121.22, and 202.04 days were 1.603-1.614, 1.611-1.613, 1.622-1.628, and <TEX>$1.618-1.620g/cm^3$</TEX>, respectively, at room temperature. The measured currents of the accelerated thermally aged CSPE and the standard sample were almost constant after 5 min of applying a 300-V/mm electric field to the CSPE. The V-I slope of the accelerated thermally aged CSPE sample was increased if the applied electric field was increased at room temperature, and the V-I slope of the accelerated thermally aged CSPE was higher than that of standard CSPE.

Effect of the compatibilizer, on the engineering properties of TPV based on Hypalon® and PP prepared by dynamic vulcanization

ABSTRACTElastomeric Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (Hypalon®) and thermoplastic Polypropylene (PP) based thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) were prepared in presence of different doses of compatibilizer, maleic anhydride grafted PP (PP‐g‐MA) by employing dynamic vulcanization technique. The effect of incorporation in different proportions of compatibilizer on mechanical, spectral, morphological, thermal, and rheological properties of such TPVs was studied and the same were compared to that of virgin PP and amongst themselves. The mechanical analysis of the prepared TPVs exhibited significant improvements in stress at 25% modulus, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and hardness values. FTIR studies revealed that a chemical interaction had taken place between Hypalon® and functionalized compatibilizer during the process of dynamic vulcanization which led to an enhancement of interfacial adhesion between them. The two‐phase morphologies were clearly observed by scanning electron microscopic studies. The Tg values of Hypalon® was modified in the TPVs as exhibited by differential scanning calorimetric studies. TGA studies indicated the increase in thermal stability of all TPVs with respect to the elastomeric Hypalon®. Rheological properties showed that the compatibilizer reduces the melt viscosity of TPVs and thus facilitates the processibility of such TPVs. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40312.

Development of adhesive ozone-resistant compositions based on chlorosulfonated polyethylene for elastomeric materials

Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE) is modified by a Diafen FP amine-containing compound. It is shown that compositions based on modified CSPE can be used as adhesive compositions for rubber splicing and coatings for rubber protection from ozone aging.

Chlorosulfonated polyethylene–polypropylene thermoplastic vulcanizate: Mechanical, morphological, thermal, and rheological properties

AbstractDifferent thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) blends were prepared from elastomeric chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSM) and thermoplastic polypropylene (PP) by employing dynamic vulcanization technique. The mechanical properties of such blends were compared in respect of their stress at 25% modulus (25%M), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), percent elongation at break, and hardness to those of pure CSM. The mechanical analysis showed substantial improvement in stress at 25%M, UTS, and hardness values with the incorporation of 15–40 parts of thermoplastic contents (PP) (per hundred parts of blend). The two‐phase morphologies were clearly observed by scanning electron microscopy studies. The thermal properties were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). DSC studies showed a decreasing trend in glass transition temperature (Tg) and TGA studies indicated the increase in thermal stability of all TPV blends with respect to the elastomeric CSM. Rheological studies showed that there is an increasing trend in shear melt viscosity of TPV blends with the increase in PP amount as the higher content of isotactic PP used in the present case increases the melt viscosity. The TPVs obtained after the rheotron studies displayed identical shear stress/strain pattern when further subjected to the same study. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013

Preparation and properties of chlorosulfonated polyethylene/organomontmorillonite nanocomposites

Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE)/organomontmorillonite (OMMT) nanocomposites were prepared by a melt intercalation method. The microstructure of the nanocomposites was characterized by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The effects of the OMMT content on the mechanical properties and swelling behavior of the nanocomposites were investigated. The improvement in the thermal stability of the nanocomposites was determined by thermogravimetric analysis. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction showed that CSPE was intercalated into OMMT. When the OMMT content was lower than 12 wt %, the nanocomposites showed excellent tensile properties, which was attributed to nanometer-scale dispersion. The introduction of a small amount of OMMT also improved the thermal stability and swelling behavior, which was attributed to the gas barrier action of the OMMT layers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010

Hydrin offered to replace phased-out CSM Hypalon

Hydrin offered to replace phased-out CSM Hypalon

Synthesis and characterization of maleated ionomers via ring‐opening reaction of epoxidized styrene‐butadiene rubber with potassium hydrogen maleate and study of their behavior as compatibilizer

AbstractA novel method for synthesizing maleate ionomer of (styrene‐co‐butadiene) rubber (SBR) from epoxidized SBR was developed. The epoxidized SBR was prepared via epoxidation of SBR with performic acid formed in situ by H2O2 and formic acid in cyclohexane. The maleated ionomer was obtained by ring‐opening reaction of the epoxidized SBR solution with an aqueous solution of potassium hydrogen maleate. The optimum conditions were studied. It was found that it is necessary to use phase transfer catalyst and ring‐opening catalyst for enhancing the epoxy group conversion. To obtain 100% conversion addition of dipotassium maleate is important. The product was characterized by FTIR spectrophotometry and transmission electron microcroscopy (TEM). The results showed that the product was really an ionomer with domains of maleate ionic groups. Some properties of the ionomer, such as water absorbency, oil absorbency and dilute solution behavior were studied. With increasing ionic groups, the water absorbency of the ionomer increases, whereas the oil absorbency decreases. The dilute solution viscosity of the ionomer increases abruptly with increasing ionic group content. The ionomer can be used as a compatibilizer for the blends of SBS and chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE). Addition of a small amount of the ionomer to the blend can enhance the mechanical properties of the blends. 3 wt % ionomer based on the blend can increase the tensile strength and ultimate elongation of the blend nearly twice. The compatibility of the blends enhanced by adding the ionomer was shown by scanning electron microscopy. The blend of equal parts of SBS and CSPE compatibilized by the ionomer behaves as an oil resistant thermoplastic elastomer. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 792–798, 2006