Chlorine In Swimming Pools Research Articles

Epithelial barrier theory in the context of nutrition and environmental exposure in athletes.

Exposure to toxic substances, introduced into our daily lives during industrialization and modernization, can disrupt the epithelial barriers in the skin, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems, leading to microbial dysbiosis and inflammation. Athletes and physically active individuals are at increased risk of exposure to agents that damage the epithelial barriers and microbiome, and their extreme physical exercise exerts stress on many organs, resulting in tissue damage and inflammation. Epithelial barrier-damaging substances include surfactants and enzymes in cleaning products, laundry and dishwasher detergents, chlorine in swimming pools, microplastics, air pollutants such as ozone, particulate matter, and diesel exhaust. Athletes' high-calorie diet often relies on processed foods that may contain food emulsifiers and other additives that may cause epithelial barrier dysfunction and microbial dysbiosis. The type of the material used in the sport equipment and clothing and their extensive exposure may increase the inflammatory effects. Excessive travel-related stress, sleep disturbances and different food and microbe exposure may represent additional factors. Here, we review the detrimental impact of toxic agents on epithelial barriers and microbiome; bring a new perspective on the factors affecting the health and performance of athletes and physically active individuals.

Pinkeye and Your Child

Patient Education| 2021 Pinkeye and Your Child Connected Content Translation: La conjuntivitis y su hijo Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Pinkeye and Your Child. Pediatric Patient Education 2021; 10.1542/ppe_document113 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All AAP SitesAll PublicationsPediatric Patient Education Search Advanced Search Pinkeye (acute contagious conjunctivitis) occurs when the thin tissue covering the white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelids is red or swollen (inflamed). Pinkeye may be caused by bacteria or viruses. Pinkeye may also be caused when one eye or both eyes are in contact with things that can irritate the eyes, such as swimming pool chlorine, pollen, and sand. This publication will focus on bacterial pinkeye and viral pinkeye. Both are contagious and can spread easily in schools and child care settings. Read on to learn more from the American Academy of Pediatrics about the signs and symptoms of pinkeye, how pinkeye is treated, and how to limit the spread of pinkeye. Signs and symptoms of pinkeye can vary depending on the cause. In general, here are signs to look for in one eye... © 2018 American Academy of Pediatrics. All rights reserved. You do not currently have access to this content.

Public health investigation of swimming pool chlorine gas disinfection systems

In February 2012, a chlorine gas leak at a public pool facility in the British Columbia southern interior sent 70 people to hospital for assessment and treatment. As part of the follow-up investigation, the Interior Health (IH) public health engineering team undertook a comprehensive review of chlorine gas disinfection systems in public pools throughout the region. Deficiencies in the capacity to safely capture and release gas leaks were found in all 19 systems inspected. The engineering team subsequently worked with facility owners and area Environmental Health Officers to mitigate high-risk issues. However, less than half of the facilities were changed to on-site chlorine generation systems. Chlorine gas in public pool facilities poses an inherent risk to public health, and regional health authorities are responsible for routinely inspecting and overseeing these systems. The IH public engineering team continues to advocate for transitioning all public pool chlorine gas systems to less hazardous means of disinfection.

Oxidation of 4-tert-Butylcyclohexanol with Swimming Pool Bleach

4-tert-Butylcyclohexanol is rapidly converted to 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone with swimming pool bleach in a homogeneous reaction at room temperature. This process introduces students to a heterocyclic compound not normally discussed in the introductory course and has significant advantages over standard procedures using swimming pool chlorine or household bleach. Secondary products are removed by filtration and extraction. Product purity can be determined by thin layer chromatography. Solvent evaporation provides a pure product in high yield that can be characterized by melting point, IR spectroscopy, and/or NMR spectroscopy.

Sweetened Swimming Pools and Hot Tubs

Nitrogenous organics in urine can react with chlorine in swimming pools to form volatile and irritating N-Cl-amines. A urinary marker is desirable for the control of pool water quality. The widespread consumption of acesulfame-K (ACE), a stable synthetic sweetener, and its complete excretion in urine, makes it an ideal urinary marker. Here we report the occurrence of ACE and its potential application in swimming pools and hot tubs. First, we developed a new method for achieving high-throughput analysis of ACE without preconcentration or large-volume injection. Analysis of more than 250 samples from 31 pools and tubs from two Canadian cities showed ACE in all samples. Concentrations ranged from 30 to 7110 ng/L, up to 570-fold greater than in the input tap water. The level of dissolved organic carbon was significantly greater in all pools and tubs than in the input water. Finally, we determined the levels of ACE over 3 weeks in two pools (110000 and 220000 U.S. gallons) and used the average ACE level to est...

Chlorine in swimming pools

To the Editor: As a former competitive swimmer who is now involved in the health and fitness industry, I am often approached by swimmers and coaches to get my opinion on the water quality in swimming pools used for training by competitive swimmers. Many swimming clubs train in heated indoor pools, mostly in a gym environment, and most of the swimmers complain of a number of symptoms such as sinus problems, itchy skin and itchy ear channels as a result of spending several hours per week exposed to chlorinated water. The scientific literature around the topic of swimming and water quality focuses on asthma and allergies caused by chlorine in swimming pools. However, none of the studies mention any normative values for chemical levels in swimming pools.

Occupational Exposure to Trichloramine and Trihalomethanes in Swedish Indoor Swimming Pools: Evaluation of Personal and Stationary Monitoring.

Introduction:Chlorination is a method commonly used to keep indoor swimming pool water free from pathogens. However, chlorination of swimming pools produces several potentially hazardous by-products as the chlorine reacts with nitrogen containing organic matter. Up till now, exposure assessments in indoor swimming pools have relied on stationary measurements at the poolside, used as a proxy for personal exposure. However, measurements at fixed locations are known to differ from personal exposure.Methods:Eight public swimming pool facilities in four Swedish cities were included in this survey. Personal and stationary sampling was performed during day or evening shift. Samplers were placed at different fixed positions around the pool facilities, at ~1.5 m above the floor level and 0–1 m from the poolside. In total, 52 personal and 110 stationary samples of trichloramine and 51 personal and 109 stationary samples of trihalomethanes, were collected.Results:The average concentration of trichloramine for personal sampling was 71 µg m−3, ranging from 1 to 240 µg m−3 and for stationary samples 179 µg m−3, ranging from 1 to 640 µg m−3. The air concentrations of chloroform were well below the occupational exposure limit (OEL). For the linear regression analysis and prediction of personal exposure to trichloramine from stationary sampling, only data from personal that spent >50% of their workday in the pool area were included. The linear regression analysis showed a correlation coefficient (r 2) of 0.693 and a significant regression coefficient β of 0.621; (95% CI = 0.329–0.912, P = 0.001).Conclusion:The trichloramine exposure levels determined in this study were well below the recommended air concentration level of 500 µg m−3; a WHO reference value based on stationary sampling. Our regression data suggest a relation between personal exposure and area sampling of 1:2, implying an OEL of 250 µg m−3 based on personal sampling.

One-flow feed divided electrochemical reactor for indirect electrolytic production of hypochlorite from brine for swimming pool treatment-experimental and theoretical optimization

• Optimization of an electrochemical chlorinator for swimming pool. • Divided asymmetric electrochemical continuously stirred reactor. • Convective transfer of the anolyte across the separator to the cathodic compartment. • The brine (5 M NaCl) conversion reaches 50% under 3 kA m −2 with a faradic yield of 80%. • Correlation of current density versus chloride concentration for concentrated brine. A ‘two-compartment’ asymmetric electrochemical reactor, operating without electrodes polarity inversion, was designed and optimized for the chlorination of swimming pools. Gaseous chlorine, produced at the anode and absorbed in the alkalinized catholyte, provides the hypochlorite solution. Empiric equations providing the chloride concentration dependence on the initial current density magnitude were established. Experimental optimization of the effect of the various operating parameters allows a chloride conversion close to 50% with faradic yields higher than 80%, and a chlorine production of 1 kmol/day/m 2 to be achieved. Macroscopic mass balance, was performed and the obtained theoretical results correlate with the experimental ones ( X theor . Cl - - X exper . Cl - < 10%).

Chlorine in swimming pools

To the Editor: As a former competitive swimmer who is now involved in the health and fitness industry, I am often approached by swimmers and coaches to get my opinion on the water quality in swimming pools used for training by competitive swimmers. Many swimming clubs train in heated indoor pools, mostly in a gym environment, and most of the swimmers complain of a number of symptoms such as sinus problems, itchy skin and itchy ear channels as a result of spending several hours per week exposed to chlorinated water. The scientific literature around the topic of swimming and water quality focuses on asthma and allergies caused by chlorine in swimming pools. However, none of the studies mention any normative values for chemical levels in swimming pools.

Deleterious Effects of Swimming Pool Chlorine on the Corneal Epithelium

To study the effect of rinsing with tap and pool water on the ocular surface epithelium. Twenty eyes of 10 volunteers were irrigated in the following order with 250 mL (50 seconds) of physiological salt solution (PSS), distilled water (DW), tap water, or PSS with chlorine (0.5 mg/L). The pH of each fluid was 6.4, 6.8, 6.8, and 6.4, respectively. Vital staining, fluorophotometric assessment, and confocal microscopy were performed before and after irrigation with each fluid. Eyes irrigated with PSS with chlorine showed an increase in fluorescein scores, and eyes washed with both tap water and PSS with chlorine showed an increase in Rose Bengal scores. Corneal fluorescein uptake measured by anterior fluorometer was not altered by eye irrigation with PSS, DW, or tap water. However, PSS with chlorine resulted in a significant increase in corneal fluorescein uptake. Confocal microscopy showed corneal epithelial cell damage in eyes rinsed with PSS with chlorine. Chlorine was determined to be potentially harmful to the corneal epithelial barrier. This study indicated the possibility that swimming without goggles might become a risk factor for corneal epithelial integrity, suggesting encouragement of goggle wear while swimming.

Occurrence and production of chloramines in the chlorination of creatinine in aqueous solution

Occurrence and production of stable chloramines in the chlorination of creatinine, a constituent of perspiration and urine, in aqueous media were studied. Creatinine (5 x 10(-5)M) was treated with free chlorine in aqueous solutions at molar ratios of 0.5-8 (chlorine/creatinine) at pH 7.0 at room temperature for several days. At lower ratios of chlorine, two stable N-chlorocreatinine derivatives, which were determined as dichloramine fractions by the DPD method, were isolated by HPLC and identified by EI-MS and (1)H-NMR. One was 2-chloroamino-1-methylimidazolin-4-one (creatinine chloramine) and the other was 2-chloroamino-5-hydroxy-1-methylimidazolin-4-one (hydroxycreatinine chloramine). In addition, the formation of methylamine was identified by GC-MS analyses of its imine derivative formed with pentafluorobenzaldehyde. Methylamine forms stable chloramines, which might be determined as mono- and/or di-chloramine fractions together with free chlorine by the DPD method in the reaction mixtures at higher molar ratios of chlorine. In practice, small amounts of methylamine (ca. 19 microg/L) were detected in water samples collected from several swimming pools. Hence, methylamine may be an origin of elusive organic chloramine formed in the chlorination of swimming pools. A probable mechanism of the occurrence and processing of chlorination products of creatinine is suggested.

Le sport fabrique-t-il des asthmatiques ?

Asthmatic athletes have first been considered as examples of personal achievement despite adverse health impairment. More recently, several reports clearly delineated a significantly high prevalence of asthma symptoms and bronchial hyperreactivity in highly trained and extremely fit subjects. The achievements in understanding both the pathophysiology of asthma and the mechanisms of exercise-triggered asthma make it possible to recognize how extreme training may contribute to the inflammatory remodelling of airway mucosa. The contribution of irritant conditions has been unveiled as, e.g., ozone pollution, breathing extremely dry (cold) air, or the chlorine in swimming pools. Personal factors such as an infant or childhood history of airway symptoms and atopic status also appear to be determinant. These data should be useful in better delineating the conditions of the beneficial/adverse effects of athletic activities, which may prove useful not only to athletes but also to a large number of people who just want to improve their health or their quality of life through sports.

The Discovery-Oriented Approach to Organic Chemistry. 2. Selectivity in Alcohol Oxidation. An Exercise in 1H NMR Spectroscopy for Sophomore Organic Laboratories

We have developed a simple oxidation experiment that presents the student with a puzzle and is a good exercise in 1H NMR spectroscopy. The experiment, which illustrates the important concept of selectivity in organic synthesis, involves selective oxidation of a mixture of 1-heptanol and 2-heptanol using commercial swimming pool chlorine. 1H NMR analysis of the product mixture allows the student to determine the selectivity exhibited by the reagent.

Human Exposure and Body Burden for Chloroform and Other Trihalomethanes

ABSTRACTExisting information on human exposure to chloroform and other trihalomethanes (THMs) in air, water, and food is summarized. Three major surveys have collected data on chloroform levels in finished water at treatment plants. EPA's TEAM Studies have measured concentrations of THMs in residential drinking water and in personal, indoor, outdoor, and expired air from about 800 participants in eight cities. The Food and Drug Administration has surveyed chloroform levels in food and beverages. Recently, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) have completed measuring blood levels of THMs in about 1000 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).Exposure occurs through ingestion (drinking tap water and soft drinks and eating certain dairy foods), inhalation (breathing peak amounts of chloroform emitted during showers or baths, and lower levels in indoor air from other indoor sources), and dermal absorption (during showers, baths, and swimming). Each of these routes of exposure appear to be potentially substantial contributors to total exposure.The major source of exposure to chloroform is chlorination of water supplies. This results in exposure through ingestion of drinking water, but also through inhalation and skin absorption as a result of the myriad other uses of chlorinated water in the home: showers, baths, washing clothes and dishes, etc. Because chlorinated water supplies are used by bottling plants of soft drink manufacturers, even the chloroform found in beverages may be partially due to the chlorination of water supplies. Other sources of exposure, which can be important for specific groups of people, include chlorination of swimming pools, industrial production and use, and use of bleach during clothes washing.

The Explosive Reaction Between Swimming Pool Chlorine and Brake Fluid

Abstract Granular swimming pool chlorine (calcium hypochlorite) and brake fluid (polyethylene glycol) react violently when mixed together, producing a fierce fireball. This paper proposes a mechanism which explains the production of the flammable products of the reaction by means of a radical fragmentation of polyethylene glycol.

Bacteriological Evaluation of Two Test Methods for Chlorine in Swimming Pools

It was found that orthotolidine and plastic test strips containing a mixture of syringaldazine and vanillinazine gave different results as to chlorine content of water samples containing urine or large amounts of bacteria while giving consistently similar results with water samples having only sodium hypochlorite added. Orthotolidine was found to give erroneously "safe" readings when in fact viable bacteria were observed on membrane filters after filtration.

Easy chlorination of swimming pools

Easy chlorination of swimming pools

Preliminary Communication on the Use of Liquid Chlorine in Swimming Pools

Preliminary Communication on the Use of Liquid Chlorine in Swimming Pools