Chlorine Additives Research Articles

The Effect of chlorine and glass additives on heavy metal volatilization during vitrification of simulated Municipal Solid Waste Incineration fly ash

This study examines the impact of chlorine and glass additives (SiO2 and B2O3) on heavy metal volatilization during vitrification of simulated Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) fly ashes. Different simulated MSWI fly ash compositions were subjected to chloride volatilization, revealing that treating MSWI fly ash with Cl increases heavy metal volatilization especially Pb and Cu to about 40% and 20% respectively. Incorporating glass additives into fly ash with chlorine increases Pb volatilization by almost 80%, and Cu by 50%, and enables non-volatile Cd and Zn to vaporize.

Review of the Current State of Pyrolysis and Biochar Utilization in Europe: A Scientific Perspective

This scientific paper provides an overview of the current state of pyrolysis in Europe, with a focus on mapping the key research areas and technologies employed. This research relied on search equations that centered on the utilization of biomass and plastics as primary feedstocks in pyrolysis, with a particular emphasis on biochar generation and different technologies applied. The results showed that both plastic and biomass pyrolysis can contribute to reducing waste and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. However, plastic pyrolysis can release harmful pollutants due to the presence of chlorine and other additives in plastics, which requires sophisticated emission control systems to be implemented. The production of biochar from sewage sludge is identified as a promising approach for phosphorus recovery, which can subsequently be utilized as a valuable fertilizer in agricultural applications. The data from this study contribute to exploring future applications at pilot and industrial scales for pyrolysis, with a critical assessment of the use of feedstocks. Moreover, this work provides information about current companies that are already operating on a large scale with pyrolysis and a map of the principal countries in Europe engaged in pyrolysis research, correlating the characteristics of the pyrolysis processes investigated.

Application of functional metal anionic Lewis acid ionic liquids in the alkylation of chlorobenzene/SOCl2.

4,4'-Dichlorodiphenyl sulfoxide is the main raw material for the manufacture of polysulfone, polyether sulfone and other engineering plastics. It is also an intermediate for medicines, dyes and pesticides, which has been widely utilized in engineering plastics, fine chemicals and other fields. The alkylation of chlorobenzene with thionyl chloride can give 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfoxide as a product using Lewis acidic ionic liquids. In this work, metal-based methylimidazolium ionic liquids were synthesized, which were found to be efficient catalysts for alkylation reactions. The molar ratio of different metal chlorides to 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazole chloride and the influence of different metal chlorine additives on the catalytic Lewis acid center were investigated. The fissionable species of AlCl3 in ionic liquids will enhance the acidity of ionic liquids and, thus, promote the catalytic performance of ionic liquids. Under the optimized reaction conditions, the conversion rate of excess chlorobenzene was 45.3% and the selectivity of 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfoxide was 31.9%.

Modelling chloroform in indoor swimming pool air and water: the influences of internal air circulation and occupants.

The release of chloroform from water to air in an indoor swimming pool (ISP) exhibits complex physicochemical interactions among many variables, including environmental conditions, occupant activities, and geometry of the ISP. By combining the relevant variables, a structured mathematical model, the double-layer air compartment (DLAC) model, was developed to predict the level of chloroform in ISP air. A physical parameter, the indoor airflow recycle ratio (R), was incorporated into the DLAC model due to internal airflow circulation resulting in the ISP structural configuration. The theoretical R-value for a specific indoor airflow rate (vy) can be found by fitting the predicted residence time distribution (RTD) to the simulated RTD from computational fluid dynamics (CFD), showing a positive linear relationship with vy. The mechanical energies induced by occupant activities were converted into a lumped overall mass-transfer coefficient to account for the enhanced mass transfer of chloroform from the water into the air and mixing in ISP air. The DLAC model predicted that chloroform air concentrations were statistically less accurate without considering the influence ofR comparedwith the online open-path Fourier transform infrared measurements. A novel index, the magnitude of emission (MOE) from swimmers, was linked to the level of chloroform in ISP water. The capability of the DLAC model associated with the MOE concept may facilitate upgrading the hygiene management of ISPs, including the ability to administer necessary chlorine additives in pool water and monitor the chloroform in ISP air.

Identification of specific halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soils of petrochemical, flame retardant, and electronic waste dismantling industrial parks

Halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Cl/Br-PAHs) have received tremendous attention due to their high toxicity. To identify the emission pattern of Cl/Br-PAHs from various industrial productions, understand the formation mechanisms and the influence on the surroundings, this study investigated the surface soils of three typical industrial parks. Generally, traces of Cl-PAHs were much lower than Br-PAHs. The mean Cl-PAH concentrations followed the trend of petrochemical industrial park (3.12 ng/g), brominated flame retardant (BFR) manufacturing park (1.48 ng/g), and electronic waste dismantling park (0.26 ng/g). However, the BFR manufacturing park had the highest mean Br-PAH concentration (21.6 ng/g), significantly higher than the other two parks. Generally, higher levels of the chemicals were found in the parks than in their surroundings, except for the electronic waste dismantling park. The massive addition of chlorine additives in crude oil and its by-products, plus the enormous quantity of brominated brines used in BFR productions, favor Cl/Br-PAH formation. Analyzing the homolog compositions of Cl/Br-PAHs suggested that 3- or 4-ring Cl/Br-PAHs were typically come from the petrochemical industrial park and electronic waste dismantling park. Contrarily, 4- or 5-ring Cl/Br-PAHs were predominantly come from the BFR manufacturing activity. This study provides fingerprints to trace the Cl/Br-PAH emissions during industrial production and analyzes the formation mechanism.

All‐Slot‐Die‐Coated Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells in Ambient Conditions with Chlorine Additives

Large‐scale solution printing perovskite photovoltaics is one of the key technological advantages in comparison to the manufacturing of wafer‐based solar cells (Si, GaAs, etc.). Herein, all‐slot‐die‐coated perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in p–i–n (inverse) configuration with a process fully performed out of the glove box in ambient conditions are demonstrated. The successful implementation of the approach is demonstrated for devices based on the MAPbI3 and CsFAPbI3 perovskite absorbers with four slot‐die‐coated layers—NiO x /perovskite/PCBM/BCP. Noticeably, the use of Cl‐containing additives MACl and FACl in combination with vacuum quenching is found to be essential for the reproducible and controllable crystallization of the perovskite films. Moreover, vacuum quenching shows beneficial results also for the morphology of thin electron transporting layers—PCBM (40 nm) and BCP (11 nm). Finally, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the all‐slot‐die‐coated PSCs reaches the level of >16% for MAPbI3 and >17% for CsFAPbI3‐based devices. Slot‐die coating fabrication is successfully upscaled for minimodules (total active area 2.1 cm2), which demonstrates up to 14.9% of PCE. This result demonstrates the high potential of the slot‐die printing for sheet‐to‐sheet fabrication of PSCs and unravels the specifics for each functional layer in the p–i–n device.

Transformation of phosphorus by MgCl2 and CaCl2 during sewage sludge incineration.

Phosphorus (P) recovery from sewage sludge (SS) have been regarded as an effective method of P recycling. The effects of incineration temperature, incineration time, and chlorine additives on the distribution of P speciation during sludge incineration were studied. Moreover, the reactions between model compounds AlPO4 and additives (MgCl2 and CaCl2) were investigated by thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction measurements. The results demonstrated that the increase in temperature and time stimulated the volatilization of non-apatite inorganic phosphorus (NAIP) instead of apatite phosphorus (AP). MgCl2 and CaCl2 can greatly promote the conversion of NAIP to AP. Additionally, AlPO4 reacted with MgCl2 are incinerated at 500-600 °C to form Mg3(PO4)2, which is mainly due to the reaction of the intermediate product MgO and AlPO4. Reactions between AlPO4 and CaCl2 occurred at 700-750 °C and produced Ca2PO4Cl, which can be directly used with high bioavailability. These findings suggested that chlorine additives in the SS incineration process can obtain phosphorus-containing minerals with higher bioavailability to realize the resource utilization of P in sludge.

Kedudukan Pelaku Usaha dan Konsumen dalam Hukum Perlindungan Konsumen (Produk Mi Soun Mengandung Klorin)

Food is one of the primary needs of humans. In terms of producing food, it cannot be completely separated from the use of Food Additives. Article 1 paragraph (1) of Law Number 33 Year 2012 concerning Food Additives determine Food Additives are ingredients added to food to affect the nature or form of food. This indicates that Food Additives may affect the quality of the product. In practice, not all Food Additives are used by sellers safe for consumers' health. In fact, Article 4 letter a of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Law determines that consumers have the right to conveniences, security and safety in consuming goods and/or services. This is also in line with the seller's obligations that specified in Article 7 of the Consumer Law. A several cases of chlorine additives on mi soun at Klaten, Jember, and Jambi show a lack of awareness of sellers and consumers in recognizing which food additives are harmful for health. Consumer law as a progressive law strives to be a legal means that establish consumer awareness and sellers awareness in order to realize their rights and obligations. Progressive consumer law also indicates a balance between sellers and consumers in harmonizing the principles of caveat venditor and caveat emptor.

PENETAPAN KADAR KLORIN PADA BEBERAPA MERK PEMBALUT WANITA YANG ADA DI PASARAN DENGAN METODE IODOMETRI

Sanitary napkin is a device product used by women during menstruation, sanitary napkins function to absorb blood from the vagina so that the blood that comes out does not interfere. Currently, there are many problems that arise in sanitary napkins, due to the presence of chlorine additives which function as an ingredient in the initial bleaching process of sanitary napkins. The purpose of this study was to identify the color reaction test, and to determine the chlorine content by iodometry method in sanitary napkins on the market. This research is an experimental study using a sample of sanitary napkins on the market. Sampling by random sampling (random). Determination of chlorine in sanitary napkins by testing qualitatively with a color reaction and quantitatively using the iodometric method.Based on the results of the study, it was found that of the 5 (five) samples used, 3 (three) positive samples contained chlorine, namely samples A, B and sample C. The chlorine content obtained in sample A was 0.0035%, sample B was 0.0014 % and sample C is 0.0027%. According to YLKI, the normal threshold for the use of chlorine in sanitary napkins is 5-55 ppm, so the samples tested still meet the stipulated conditions.

Common Diaper Ingredient Questions: Modern Disposable Diaper Materials Are Safe and Extensively Tested.

Today's disposable diapers are high-performance and well-tested products, designed to keep skin dry and healthy. They are primarily made of biologically inert polymers, commonly used in fabrics and other materials that are in contact with skin, and in foods and cosmetics. Still, product safety and ingredients in everyday products can be a source of anxiety for new parents. This article provides the facts behind some commonly asked questions from consumers about diaper ingredients and safety, including myths and facts related to chlorine, latex, dyes, and chemical additives.

Effect of electrolyte composition on the morphological structures of dendritic copper powders prepared by a spontaneous galvanic displacement reaction

Dendritic copper powders are highly desirable in many applications, including electromagnetic interference shielding and conductive pastes, because of low cost and high conductivity. We prepared dendritic copper powders using the galvanic displacement reaction between the Al and Cu-ions in aqueous solution. This method is very simple and spontaneous at room temperature. During the process, the morphology of the copper powders is strongly affected by several variables, such as the displacement reaction rate and the amount of hydrogen evolution due to the reduction of proton. The effect of the different composition of electrolytes to morphological changes of copper powders was investigated in this study. In addition, the effects of concentration of chlorine ion, pH, termination time, and additives were monitored, which resulted in different morphology. Considering different applications, such as sensors, catalysts, and conductive pastes, the controllability of the morphology of dendritic copper powders plays an important role in achieving high performance in desired applications.

Tribological effects of chlorine-free lubricant in strip drawing of advanced high strength steel

This article investigated the tribological performance of the specially formulated chlorine-free lubricant in strip drawing of advanced high strength steel. Four different lubrication conditions (dry, chlorine-free lubricant, chlorine additive lubricant, and mineral base lubricant) at two sliding speeds (10 and 100 mm/min) were carried out to observe the friction coefficients of the die-workpiece interface in the strip drawing test. The main difference among these lubricants was the contents of chlorine and sulfur additives. The die and workpiece materials were SKD11 and JSH780R, respectively. The results showed that the combination of chlorine and sulfur additives provided the best tribological behaviors. In addition, only the small amount of sulfur content could establish a bond with metal surfaces. However, the higher sulfur content could interact with metal surfaces, because it was influenced by the increased temperature (higher sliding speed) and adsorption.

Electrode properties of lithium-barium and lithium-cesium-silicate glass with fluorine and chlorine additives

Hydrogen function of glass of the Li2O-LiHal-BaO-SiO2 and Li2O-LiHal-Cs2O-SiO2 (Hal = F, Cl) series with halogen content (from synthesis) of 0–14 mass % has been investigated. It has been established that fluorine and chlorine additives promote the increase of the hydrogen function extension for glass of the Li2O-LiHal-BaO-SiO2 series. The results concerning the halogen embedding into the alkali-slicate network have been compared with the data in the literature.

Determination of the Pb, Cr, and Cd distribution patterns with various chlorine additives in the bottom ashes of a low-temperature two-stage fluidized bed incinerator by chemical sequential extraction

A novel low-temperature two-stage fluidized bed (LTTSFB) incinerator has been successfully developed to control heavy-metal emissions during municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment. However, the characteristics of the residual metal patterns during this process are still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the metal patterns in the different partitions of the LTTSFB bottom ash by chemical sequential extraction. Artificial waste was used to simulate the MSW. Different parameters including the first-stage temperature, chloride additives, and operating gas velocity were also considered. Results indicated that during the low-temperature treatment process, a high metal mobility phase exists in the first-stage sand bed. The main patterns of Cd, Pb, and Cr observed were the water-soluble, exchangeable, and residual forms, respectively. With the different Cl additives, the results showed that polyvinyl chloride addition increased metal mobility in the LTTSFB bottom ash, while, sodium chloride addition may have reduced metal mobility due to the formation of eutectic material. The second-stage sand bed was found to have a lower risk of metal leaching. The results also suggested that, the residual ashes produced by the LTTSFB system must be taken into consideration given their high metal mobility.

Influence of Chlorine Additives on Combustion Rate of Pulverized Coal Injection

Chlorine additives are often used to improve the combustion performance of pulverized coal injection (PCI) in blast furnace. The influence of chlorine additives on pulverized coal combustion rate was analyzed and the micrograph of unburned pulverized coal (UPC) was observed by SEM in order to analyze the influence mechanism of chlorine additives. The results show that proper addition amount of CaCl2, NaCl, MgCl2 and FeCl3 respectively promotes pulverized coal combustion in different degrees. The average size of UPC is smaller and the micrograph becomes irregular when the chlorine additives are increased. While beyond the appropriate addition amount, the combustion rate of PCI reduces. During the combustion process of pulverized coal with chlorine additives, HCl is produced which prevents the combustion process.

Influence of various chlorine additives on the partitioning of heavy metals during low-temperature two-stage fluidized bed incineration

In this study, a pilot-scale low-temperature two-stage fluidized bed incinerator was evaluated for the control of heavy metal emissions using various chlorine (Cl) additives. Artificial waste containing heavy metals was selected to simulate municipal solid waste (MSW). Operating parameters considered included the first-stage combustion temperature, gas velocity, and different kinds of Cl additives. Results showed that the low-temperature two-stage fluidized bed reactor can be an effective system for the treatment of MSW because of its low NOx, CO, HCl, and heavy metal emissions. The NOx and HCl emissions could be decreased by 42% and 70%, respectively. Further, the results showed that heavy metal emissions were reduced by bed material adsorption and filtration in the second stage. Regarding the Cl addition, although the Cl addition would reduce the metal capture in the first-stage sand bed, but those emitted metals could be effectively captured by the filtration of second stage. No matter choose what kind of additive, metal emissions in the low-temperature two-stage system are still lower than in a traditional high-temperature one-stage system. The results also showed that metal emissions depend not only on the combustion temperature but also on the physicochemical properties of the different metal species.

Enhanced electrocatalytic oxidation of dyes in aqueous solution using cobalt phthalocyanine modified activated carbon fiber anode

Cobalt tetra(2,4-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine)aminophthalocyanine (CoPc) was immobilized covalently on activated carbon fiber (ACF) felt to obtain CoPc-modified ACF (CoPc-ACF) catalyst, and an electrocatalytic oxidation system using CoPc-ACF as the anode was constructed. The electrocatalytic oxidation of Acid Red 1 (AR1) was investigated in aqueous solution by an UV-vis spectrophotometer and UPLC. The results indicated that AR1 could be eliminated efficiently in this electrocatalytic oxidation system. In addition, the results of FTIR, TOC and GC-MS suggested that the electrocatalytic oxidation experienced the decoloration achieved by destroying the azo linkage and the further mineralization due to the cleavages of benzene ring and naphthalene ring. The intermediates were mainly small molecular compounds such as maleic acid and succinic acid, etc. Repetitive tests showed that CoPc-ACF can maintain high electrocatalytic activity over several cycles. The further EPR spin-trap experiments indicated that the hydroxyl radicals did not dominate the reaction in this electrocatalytic system, which was completely different from the traditional electro-Fenton system. Based on the non-radical reaction mechanism, the CoPc-modified ACF electrocatalyst has potential application in treating actual dyestuffs wastewaters, which are accompanied with high concentration of hydroxyl radical scavengers such as chlorine ions and additives in the textile printing and dyeing industry.

Thermodynamic analysis on heavy metals partitioning impacted by moisture during the MSW incineration

A thermodynamic calculation was carried out to predict the behavior and speciation of heavy metals (HMs), Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd, during municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration with the different moisture levels. The calculation was based on the minimization of the total Gibbs free energy of the multi-components and multi-phases closed system reaching chemical equilibrium. The calculation also indicated the reaction directions and tendencies of HMs components. The impacts of chlorine additives (No PVC, 1%PVC, and 5%PVC) and moisture on the behavior of HMs were investigated at different temperature levels in the system (750°C, 950°C, and 1150°C). Furthermore, because the incineration temperature falls down with the increase in moisture in waste, the co-influence of moisture and temperature in combusting MSW on the HMs was also studied with the given chlorine (as 1%PVC+0.5%NaCl). The results showed that in the non-chlorine system, the impact of the moisture on Pb, Zn, and Cu was not significant, and the ratio of compound transformation was less than 10%, except the Cd compounds at 950°C and 1150°C. In the system with low chlorine (as 1%PVC) at constant temperature, the chlorides of HMs (Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu) transferred to oxides, and when the content of chlorine rose up (as 5%PVC), the ratio of the chlorides of HMs (Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu) transferring to oxides fell down noticeably. When the moisture varied together with the temperature, the Zn and Cu compounds transferred from chlorides to oxides with increase in moisture as well as decrease in temperature. At the temperature of 700–1000°C, the impact of temperature on Pb and Cd was little and the moisture was the main factor; while at the temperature of 1000–1200°C, the impact of increase in moisture and decrease in temperature on Pb and Cd was almost equal and reversed.

F-0524 MQL加工における流れ場の解析(J17-2 マイクロトライボロジー&プロセッシング(2))(J17 マイクロトライボロジー&プロセッシング)

From environmental problem, it is widely required not to use cutting oil containing chlorine additives in metal cutting. The MQL processing method, which supplies very small quantity vegetable oil with compressed air, attracts attentions. In the MQL machining, since cutting oil becomes mist, in order for the lubricous effect of cutting oil to make it fully generate, it is necessary to optimize the supply method so that oil mist may concentrate near the cutting edge to act an lubricant effectively. Then, the flow field of oil-mist near the tool flank in MQL machining is analyzed using a general-purpose analysis code ANSYS/FLOTRAN, and the influences of the supply method and air speed on the amount of oil mist supplied near the cutting edge are investigated.

Study on Cooling Air Turning Performance without Fluid for Anti-Pollution Measures.

In machining operation, cutting and grinding fluids are generally used for cooling and lubricating workpieces at the point of cutting. These fluids often contain sulfur, phosphorus, chlorine or other such extreme-pressure additives to improve the lubricating performance. These chemicals present health hazards. This paper describes the results of a study of a new turning method(Cooling Air Turning System). It eliminates hazardous conventional cutting fluid, provides a high turning performance.