Chlorhexidine Group Research Articles

Potentiation of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with potassium iodide and methylene blue: targeting oral biofilm viability.

The study aimed to assess the impact of combining potassium iodide (KI) with methylene blue (MB) in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) within an oral biofilm formed in situ. A single-phase, 14days in situ study involved 21 volunteers, who wore a palatal appliance with 8 bovine dentin slabs. These slabs were exposed to a 20% sucrose solution 8 times a day, simulating a high cariogenic challenge. Following the intraoral phase, the biofilms formed on the slabs were randomly assigned to the treatments: C (0.9% NaCl); CHX (0.2% chlorhexidine); KI (75mM KI); MBKI (0.005% MB + 75mM KI); L (0.9% NaCl + red laser 660nm, 18J, 180s); LMB (0.005% MB + laser); LKI (75mM KI + laser); LMBKI (0.005% MB + 75mM KI + laser). The treated biofilms were collected, diluted, and incubated to assess cell viability (CFU/mL) for total microorganisms, total lactobacilli, total streptococci, and mutans streptococci. Data were subjected to analysis using the Friedman test, followed by the Dunn test (α = 0.05). LMBKI group exhibited a noteworthy decrease in the viability of all microorganisms in comparison to groups C, KI, MBKI, MB, L, LMB, and LKI (p < 0.0001), and demonstrated a comparable reduction to the CHX group (p > 0.99). The combination of KI with MB in aPDT may be advocated as a non-invasive technique for diminishing the viability of polymicrobial oral biofilms, thereby aiding in the management of dental diseases.

Antibacterial effect of 940 nm diode laser on Enterococcus faecalis-infected root canals

ABSTRACT Background: This study compared the antibacterial effects of 940 nm diode laser and sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine irrigations on Enterococcus faecalis in human permanent single-rooted teeth. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 65 extracted human single-rooted teeth were prepared using the crown-down method using rotary files. The root canals were irrigated with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and normal saline solution. After placing the roots in microtubules, they were transferred into an autoclave. The teeth were randomly divided into four groups (n = 15): laser, sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, and saline. Three teeth were assigned to the positive control group and two to the negative control group. The root canals were sampled, and the colony counts were determined 24 h later. Then, antibacterial agents were applied to the canals, and immediately after, the root canals were sampled, and the colony counts were determined 24 h later. The data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U-tests using the SPSS software version 26. The significance level was defined at P &lt; 0.05. Results: The results showed that sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, laser, and normal saline significantly reduced bacterial colony counts, confirming their antimicrobial effects (P &lt; 0.001). Sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine showed the highest antimicrobial effects, with no significant differences between the sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine groups (P = 0.512); however, there were significant differences between the other groups (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: According to the results, 940 nm diode laser beams significantly reduced E. faecalis counts and could be used as a new, effective, and complementary treatment in disinfecting the root canal.

Guava leaf extract - Phytochemical therapy for periodontitis patients

Introduction: Periodontitis is one of the most prevailing diseases associated with the oral cavity. It is important to treat the disease effectively as it results in tooth loss and also affects the host extensively. Treatment of periodontitis includes various surgical and non-surgical modalities. Non-Surgical modalities include Scaling and Root Planing (SRP), Local Drug Delivery (LDD), laser and HMT therapy. In the present study, the effect of guava leaf extract gel as a local drug delivery agent for the treatment of chronic periodontitis is evaluated. Aim: The aim of this study is to analyze the efficacy of guava gel extract as a local drug delivery agent in patients with periodontitis following scaling and root planing (SRP). Materials and method: A randomized, controlled study was conducted in 21 systemically healthy patients suffering from moderate periodontitis with isolated pockets (pocket depths 45mm). Clinical parameters GI, PI and PPD were recorded at baseline and subsequently after 7th, 14th and 21st day. The study design consisted of three groups, each group having 7 subjects, allocated in these groups randomly. Group A - Guava leaf extract gel (7), Group B – Chlorhexidine group (7), Group C - Control group (7). Results: Both the groups, Group A and Group B showed similar reduction in Gingival Index, Plaque Index and Probing Pocket Depth values when compared at baseline and on 21st day but the differences failed to reach the level of significance. Conclusions: The results suggest that Guava leaf extract gel as a local drug delivery is highly effective and comparable to gold standard.

How Irrigants Affect Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) Sealing in Furcal Perforations: An In Vitro Study.

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) on ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) used for treating furcal perforations, compared to no solution application, using the dye penetration (DP) method. Materials and methods The study included 36 intact mandibular molars in the furcal area (FA) with well-spaced roots. Using dental operating microscopes, perforations were created at the FA of the molars with a 1.2 mm diameter. Subsequently, ProRoot MTA (Dentsply, Germany) was applied to seal the perforations. After 24 hours, the samples were randomly assigned to three groups: Group A (n = 12), irrigated with 5.25% NaOCl; Group B (n = 12), irrigated with 2% CHX; and Group C (n = 12), without irrigation (control group). Specimens' pulp chambers were immersed in 2% methylene blue for 24 hours. Buccal-lingual sections were performed, and the depth of marginal dye leakage was assessed using a stereomicroscope at 20x magnification. Data analysis employed the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and Bonferroni post-hoc test (α = 0.05). Results The study revealed significant differences in DP values between groups (p-value < 0.01). DP values in the control group (no irrigation) were lower than both NaOCl (p < 0.05) and CHX (p < 0.01) groups. Furthermore, DP values in the CHX group were higher than those in the NaOCl group (p < 0.01), suggesting the order: no irrigation < NaOCl < CHX (p < 0.05). Conclusions The sealing ability of MTA was compromised when irrigated with 2% CHX and 5.25% NaOCl. CHX significantly impacted the marginal leakage and sealing ability of MTA. Care should be taken when resuming endodontic treatment after the application of MTA in cases of furcal perforations as the use of CHX and NaOCl may affect the marginal leakage of MTA.

Antimicrobial efficacy of 2% chlorhexidine gel, triphala, and Azadirachta indica as intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis: A randomized clinical trial.

Concerns about adverse reactions and the development of antibiotic resistance have prompted an alternative treatment strategy that utilizes traditional medicinal herbs. This randomized control trial assessed the antimicrobial efficacy of 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel, Triphala, and Azadirachta indica as intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis. Forty patients with nonvital teeth and single root canals were selected (n = 10). Following the initial access opening, the first microbial samples (S1) were collected using paper points. Second microbial samples (S2) were collected following the chemo-mechanical preparation and 1 week after introducing the intracanal medicaments. Group I: 2% CHX, Group II: A. indica, Group III: Triphala, and Group IV: Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). S1 and S2 samples were collected, and bacterial growth was observed using the colony-forming unit (CFU) count. Comparison of the difference in CFU count among four groups was performed using one-way ANOVA test (P < 0.05) followed by post hoc Tukey test. Reduction in CFU count postmedication S2 from S1 in each group was statistically significant. Percentage reduction in CFU count was highest in Triphala group followed by A. indica and 2% CHX group. Percentage reduction in CFU count was least in Ca(OH)2 group. The post hoc pairwise comparison of % reduction in CFU count among four groups showed that the percent reduction was highest in Triphala group. Triphala has considerable antimicrobial efficacy against E. faecalis.

Influence of final irrigation with titanium dioxide and silver nanoparticles on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated roots

BackgroundTitanium dioxide (TiO2NP) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been recognized for their ability to enhance the structural integrity of dental materials. This study aimed to compare the influence of these nanoparticles on the structural resilience of treated root canals. Materials and MethodsThe crowns of 75 undamaged central incisors were sectioned below the cemento-enamel junction to achieve a consistent root length of 16 mm. The root canals were prepared using K3 files up to size 40 with a 6 % taper. The specimens were then divided into five groups (n = 15), each subjected to a final irrigation protocol with one of the following solutions: normal saline, 2 % chlorhexidine (CHX), 17 % EDTA combined with 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 17 % EDTA with 0.1 % silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and 17 % EDTA with 0.1 % titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TNPs). After obturation with gutta-percha and sealer, fracture resistance (FR) was evaluated. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tamhane’s post hoc test (p < 0.050). ResultsThe lowest fracture resistance (FR) was observed in the group treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) combined with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), followed by the groups irrigated with normal saline and chlorhexidine (CHX), with no statistically significant difference between the latter two groups (p > 0.05). There was also no significant difference in FR between the CHX and saline groups (p > 0.05). In contrast, irrigation with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TNPs) resulted in significantly higher fracture resistance compared to the other solutions tested (p < 0.050). ConclusionThe fracture resistance of endodontically treated roots was significantly improved when the final irrigation sequence included AgNPs and TNPs nanoparticles. In contrast, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) yielded the lowest fracture resistance value.

Comparative Evaluation of the Effect of Various Irrigating Solutions on the Push-Out Bond Strength of Biodentine and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate: An In Vitro Study

Introduction: A successful endodontic treatment is ba¬sed on combination of adequate instrumentation, irrigation and obturation of canal system. The objectives of endodontic irrigants are lubrication of root canal, removal of microorganisms, pulp, dentinal remnants and dissolution of tissues. The objective of root-end filling is establishment of proper apical hermetic seal. Aim: To evaluate and compare the effect of various irrigating solutions on push-out bond strength of Biodentine and Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Materials and Method: Sixty-four extracted human single rooted teeth were decoronated 1.5-2 mm coronal to cemento-enamel junction. The root canals were prepared and divided into four groups (n=16): Group I- Normal Saline (Control group), Group II- Triple antibiotic solution, Group III- 2% Chlorhexidine, Group IV- Morinda citrifolia solution. Mid root dentin was sectioned horizontally and irrigated further with respective irrigating solutions for 5 minutes and divided into 2 subgroups: Subgroup A- Biodentine and Subgroup B- MTA. The root-end filling material was incrementally placed and embedded in acrylic blocks. Samples were tested for push-out bond strength using universal testing machine. Results: The highest push-out bond strength was shown by 2% Chlorhexidine group when used with Biodentine and lowest when normal saline was used with Biodentine. Conclusion: All experimental irrigating solutions increased the push-out bond strength of MTA and Biodentine.

A Comparative Evaluation of the Effect of Different Endodontic Irrigating Solutions on Microhardness of Root Canal Dentin: An in vitro Study.

During endodontic therapy, irrigation solutions applied in the root canal may affect the physicochemical properties of the dentinal wall, thereby changing its microhardness. This may adversely affect the sealing ability and adhesion of dental materials. Therefore, many studies have focused on the search for an ideal root canal irrigant that has a minimal effect on dentinal microhardness. This in vitro study was conducted to determine the changes in dentin microhardness after root canal irrigation with different endodontic irrigants. Ninety-five freshly extracted maxillary central incisor teeth with straight single canals were selected. These teeth were sectioned transversely at the level of the cementoenamel junction. The working length of each tooth was determined, and canal space was prepared by the HyFlex CM rotary file system. During instrumentation, normal saline was used for irrigation. Then, teeth were split longitudinally into two segments. According to the irrigating solution employed, samples were divided into five groups (n=19): normal saline (Group A), 3% sodium hypochlorite (Group B), 2% chlorhexidine (Group C), 5% calcium hypochlorite (Group D), and 0.2% nanochitosan (Group E).3 mL of the corresponding irrigating solution was administered for total15 minutes in each prepared sample. The Vickers micro-hardness tester was then used to assess micro-hardness. The data was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). All tested irrigating solutions decreased the dentinal microhardness. Samples irrigated with 5% calcium hypochlorite demonstrated dentinal microhardness of 42.43±1.62, which is the lowest among all the tested groups, followed by nano chitosan, sodium hypochlorite, and chlorhexidine. Samples treated with control group (saline) demonstrated the maximum microhardness of dentin in the present study. Within the limitations of this research, it can be concluded that the tested novel irrigating solutions, 5% calcium hypochlorite and 0.2% nanochitosan, were more detrimental to radicular dentin microhardness when compared with conventional endodontic irrigants.

Comparison of matrix metalloproteinase levels in periodontal pockets treated with chlorhexidine and propolis

Natural antimicrobial products are attracting interest in the treatment of periodontal diseases due to their minimal or nonexistent side effects. Propolis, a complex resin content produced by bees, has drawn particular interest for its antibacterial effects, including inhibitory effects on periodontopathogenic bacterial species. This study compared the effects of propolis, a natural product, and chlorhexidine, the gold standard antimicrobial agent, on MMP-1 and MMP-9 levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Subgingival irrigations of chlorhexidine and propolis solutions were performed in selected deep periodontal pockets of periodontitis patients along with scaling and root planing. The treatment protocol was administered three times at one-month intervals starting from the initial day of the study. GCF MMP-1 and MMP-9 levels, along with clinical periodontal parameters, were evaluated before and after treatment. The study results showed that a statistically significant decrease in clinical periodontal parameters in both groups (p&amp;lt;0.001). Biochemical analysis revealed a statistically significant decrease in levels of GCF MMP-1 and MMP-9 in both groups (p&amp;lt;0.005). Additionally, the decrease in GCF MMP-1 levels was found to be significantly greater in the propolis group compared to the chlorhexidine group (p&amp;lt;0.001).

Comparison of the anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis efficacy of Chlorhexidine and Malva mouthwashes: Randomized crossover clinical trial

ObjectivesAlthough mechanical oral hygiene is widely practiced, it faces several challenges. Mouthwashes, such as chlorhexidine (CHX), are being explored as adjuncts to biofilm control, but their prolonged use has several side effects. Consequently, there is ongoing research into natural alternatives. This randomized crossover clinical study aimed to compare the antiplaque and antigingivitis efficacy of 0.12 % CHX and a 5 % Malva sylvestris. MethodsForty-four participants were involved in two phases, each comprising three stages with variations in the mouthwash solution used only. During the study, participants refrained from mechanical plaque removal for seven days. At first day, they received whole-mouth prophylaxis and oral health assessment. After three days, gingival inflammation assessment and prophylaxis in were performed in contralateral quadrants. Participants then used a randomly assigned mouthwash solution for four days. On the 7th day, they completed a questionnaire about their perception and appreciation of the mouthwash. Additionally, gingival inflammation and plaque index were also performed by a calibrated examiner. After a minimum 21-day washout period, participants entered the second phase, repeating the three stages. ResultsResults showed no statistically significant differences between the Malva sylvestris and CHX groups regarding inflammation and plaque formation. However, CHX demonstrated a significantly greater mean reduction (7th – 4th day) in gingival inflammation compared to Malva (p = 0.02) (0.01 ± 0.19 and 0.00 ± 0.19, respectively). Additionally, participants using CHX reported a more pleasant taste and considered higher plaque control perception (p < 0.05). ConclusionsIn conclusion, both products exhibited similar antiplaque effects, but CHX outperformed Malva in controlling gingival inflammation. Clinical SignificanceMouthwashes with Malva sylvestris may be a good alternative, in a short-term period, to control biofilm. However, lower antigingivitis efficacy may be expected when compared to chlorhexidine.

The effects of chlorhexidine gel and tranexamic acid application after tooth extraction on the risk of alveolar osteitis formation: a double blind clinical study.

Alveolar osteitis(AO), one of the most common complications occurring in 1-10% of cases following tooth extraction, occurs due to the disruption of clot formation in the extraction socket. This study aims to evaluate the effect of using absorbable gelatin sponge, chlorhexidine gel, and tranexamic acid agents on the development of AO following extraction. Between March and October 2023, the teeth of 98 healthy patients (average age: 38, range: 19-62) with extraction indications were extracted at Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 113 extraction sockets(85 molars and 28 premolars) were randomly treated with absorbable gelatin sponge(AGS), chlorhexidine gel with AGS, and tranexamic acid with AGS. Pain and edema levels were recorded using visual analog scale(VAS) ranging from 0 to 10 by the patients. Additionally, presence of halitosis, trismus and exposed bone was noted on forms on 3rd and 7th days (recorded as present or absent). The study prospectively aimed to prevent AO using 3 different dental agents in the extraction sockets. Statistical analyses of the study were conducted using the SPSS software package. Alveolitis was observed in 12 out of 113 tooth extractions(%10.6). Pain and edema scores significantly decreased in absorbable gelatin sponge group on the 7th day (p < 0.05). Pain score on the 7th day in chlorhexidine group and age, edema score on the 7th day in tranexamic acid group, were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05). Incidence of AO, can be reduced by placing agents in the extraction socket, preventing post-extraction pain experienced by patients. NCT06435832.

Effectiveness of Chlorhexidine and Aloe Vera Mouthwash in Patients With Periodontal Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Aloe vera has gained significant attention in clinical research, and promoting natural substances is a prevailing trend in dentistry. This study compares the effectiveness of aloe vera mouthwash and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash in reducing plaque accumulation and gingivitis. A single-masked trial included 270 volunteers who were systemically healthy and aged between 18 and 45 years. The participants were randomly assigned to three groups: Group A (the test group) received aloe vera mouth rinse, Group B (the positive control group) received a placebo (distilled water), and Group C (the negative control group) received 0.2% chlorhexidine. Clinical indicators, which include the plaque index (PI) by Sillness and Loe in 1964 and the gingival index (GI) by Loe and Sillness in 1963, were evaluated at baseline, day 15, and day 30 for all three groups. Participants were directed to rinse their mouths with the specified mouthwash twice daily for 30 days. Significant reductions in the GI and PI were observed in both aloe vera and chlorhexidine mouthwashes, with a statistical significance of p<0.001. The placebo mouthwash also showed reductions in both the GI and PI, with a significance level of p<0.001. Post hoc analysis revealed no significant differences between the aloe vera and chlorhexidine groups for the GI and PI, with p-values of 0.6 and 0.8, respectively. Aloe vera has proven equally effective as chlorhexidine in reducing plaque and gingivitis. This makes it a viable alternative for treating and preventing gingivitis, appealing to those preferring natural, holistic oral care. Incorporating aloe vera mouthwash into daily routines offers an effective, natural solution for maintaining gum health.

Comparative Efficacy of Amitriptyline and Chlorhexidine Gels in Managing Periodontitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant which also has anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. But it has not been applied as a local delivery drug in patients with periodontitis. Objective: To compare the effectiveness of 1 % amitriptyline gel with conventional 1% chlorhexidine gel as a local drug delivery, adjunctive to scaling and root planning in patients with periodontitis. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical control trial was done in Department of Pharmacology, University of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan and HEJ research institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, from 1st December 2022 to 31st July 2023. A total of 30 patients both male and female were equally divided into 3 groups. Control group: received only scaling and root planning (SRP). Study group 1: treated with SRP followed by the application of 1% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel. Study group 2: treated with SRP followed by the application of 1% amitriptyline gel. Clinical parameters including pocket depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), tooth mobility (TM), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), as well as biochemical parameters, tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-á) levels, were evaluated using ELISA kit. Statistical analysis was done by One way ANOVA followed by Tuckey's HSD for comparisons among groups.Results: Reduction in PD, CAL, BOP, PI, GI and TNF-á was observed by both amitriptyline and CHX gel groups as compared to control group (p&lt;0.001) But reduction in PD (p&lt;0.001), CAL (p&lt;0.001) and TM (p&lt;0.05) was greater in amitriptyline group as compared to CHX group. Conclusion: Unconventional 1% amitriptyline gel is more effective in reducing the clinical and inflammatory biomarkers as compared to conventional 1% CHX gel in treating the periodontal disease via local drug delivery method (LDD).Keywords: Amitriptyline, Chlorhexidine, Local drug delivery, Periodontitis

Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy of Drynaria Herbal Mouthwash and Chlorhexidine Mouthwash on Gingivitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Herbal products are preferred widely to synthetic medications owing to their minimal adverse effects and cost effectiveness. Drynaria is a popular traditional medicine used for bone repair, inflammation, hyperlipidemia, arteriosclerosis, rheumatism, and osteoporosis. This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Drynaria mouthwash in reduction of gingival inflammation in comparison with commercially available chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash. Materials and Methods: This parallel arm, randomized controlled clinical trial was carried out on 30 participants with mild to moderate gingivitis who were divided into two groups. Scaling and root planning were done. Group A patients were given Chlorhexidine mouthwash (CHX) and Group B patients were given Drynaria Herbal mouthwash for 21 days. The clinical parameters assessed were Bleeding on Probing (BOP), Plaque Index (PI), and Gingival Index (GI) at baseline, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks post use of the mouthwash. Result: Drynaria mouthwash provided results that were significantly effective in improving all the clinical parameters. Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, Drynaria as a mouthwash is nearly effective as Chlorhexidine mouthwash for the treatment of gingivitis. Key words: Chlorhexidine gluconate, Drynaria, Herbal, Mouthwash, Gingivitis.

Comparative Analysis of the Cytotoxic Effects of Modified Triple Antibiotic Hydrogel: Insights From Experimental Models.

The effectiveness of intracanal medicaments (ICMs) in root canal therapy is critical for successful dental treatments, yet their cytotoxic effects pose significant challenges. This research uses zebrafish embryos and dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) to identify the optimal concentration that balances antibacterial efficacy with minimal toxicity. This study aims to address the need for effective ICMs in dentistry by formulating and assessing the embryotoxicity and cytocompatibility of a novel carrageenan-based modified triple antibiotic paste (MTAP) hydrogel at different concentrations (1, 5, and 10 mg/mL) using a zebrafish model and cell culture assay. The hydrogel was formulated by combining antibiotic solutions (ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and amoxicillin) with carrageenan and xanthan gum. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to varying concentrations of MTAP hydrogel, chlorhexidine (CHX), calcium hydroxide (CaOH2), and plain carrageenan to assess developmental toxicity, survival rate, heart rate, hatching rate, and macrophage migration. The cytotoxicity against DPSCswas examined within a timeframe of 6, 24, and 72 hours with the use of the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The analysis revealed developmental toxicity with malformations observed at higher concentrations of MTAP hydrogel, CaOH2, and CHXmedicaments, indicating potential toxicity. Significant impacts on survival, heart rate, and hatching rate were noted in the CaOH2 and CHX groups, as well as at higher MTAP hydrogel concentrations, emphasizing the importance of dosage considerations. The neutral red assay confirmed toxicity, with macrophage migration observed in CaOH2, CHX, and higher MTAP hydrogel concentrations. Lower concentrations, particularly at 1 mg/mL, showed no adverse effects on zebrafish embryos and larvae. These findings align with cell viability investigations, which demonstrated that higher antibiotic concentrations resulted in decreased cell proliferation and viability over time. Conversely, at a lower concentration of 1 mg/mL, cell proliferation notably increased after 72 hours.Plain MTAP and CHX exhibited the highest toxicity levels in the MTTassay. The study concludes that while higher concentrations of MTAP hydrogel exhibit toxic effects, the hydrogel at 1 mg/mL demonstrates no adverse impact on zebrafish embryos, larvae, and DPSCs. These findings underscore the necessity of optimizing ICM concentrations to balance antibacterial efficacy and minimal cytotoxicity.

Comparative analysis of chlorhexidine and listerine mouthwashes on buccal cell health: A clinical and cytological investigation

Mouthwashes are used routinely as adjunct to scaling and root planing. Chlorhexidine mouthwash is known as gold standard while Listerine is a widely used essential oil mouthwash. This study was done to evaluate and compare the genotoxic effect of Listerine with Chlorhexidine mouthwash on buccal cells.It was a parallel design study with 20 participants in each group (Group 1: Chlorhexidine mouthwash and Group 2: Listerine mouthwash). Gingival index was recorded and buccal cells scraping were taken at baseline and 3 weeks after use of respective mouthwashes. The buccal cells were assessed for cytotoxicity using micronuclei test (under microscope at 100 x magnification) using Papanicolaou Stain.There was a statistically significant reduction seen in gingival index from baseline to 3 weeks in both the groups (p&amp;#60; 0.001). There was a statistically significant increase in micronuclei count and number of Micronucleated cells in both the groups from baseline to 3 weeks (p&amp;#60; 0.001). The intergroup analysis showed highly significant increase in micronuclei and Micronucleated cells numbers in Chlorhexidine mouthwash group as compared to Listerine group (p&amp;#60; 0.001).After a 3 weeks exposure, Listerine mouthwash showed less cytotoxicity on buccal cells as compared to Chlorhexidine mouthwash.

A comparison of four decontamination procedures in Reusing healing abutments: An in vitro study

ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare the effect of four decontamination methods on the level of residual contaminants in the re-usage of dental healing abutments. Materials and methodsIn this experimental study, 50 used healing abutments were divided into five groups of ten as follows: 1. Control group: healing abutments were submerged in the ultrasonic device then autoclaved at 121 °C for 15 min; 2. Hypochlorite group: Same procedure as the control group, but the healing abutments were additionally immersed in 3 % hypochlorite for 20 min; 3. Chlorhexidine group: Same procedure as the control group, but the healing abutments were additionally treated with 12 % chlorhexidine; 4. Air polishing group: Same procedure as the control group, but the healing abutments were subjected to air polishing; 5. Hydrogen peroxide group: Same procedure as the control group, but the healing abutments were additionally exposed to 3 % hydrogen peroxide. Then, all healing abutments were stained with a protein-specific stain, Phloxine B. Five photographs were taken of each healing abutment, with four capturing the body (shank)and one capturing the top. All images were analysed, to measure the stained (contaminated) areas of each sample. The obtained data were analysed using statistical software (significance set at p < 0.05). ResultsThe one-way ANOVA test indicated that the average percentage of contamination residues on the occlusal surface did not show a significant difference among the five groups: control: 5.5 ± 2.8, sodium hypochlorite: 4.9 ± 2.5, Chlorhexidine: 5.3 ± 2.5, air polisher: 3.1 ± 1.8 and Hydrogen peroxide: 4.8 ± 3.1. (p = 0.26). The average percentage of residual contamination on the body surfaces (shank part) was significantly lower in the air polisher (1.7 ± 1.1) and sodium hypochlorite (2.4 ± 1.1) groups compared to the other three groups (Control: 6.1 ± 2.3, Hydrogen peroxide: 4.6 ± 0.7, Chlorhexidine: 5.4 ± 2.4) (p < 0.05). ConclusionThe results of this study showed that the use of sodium hypochlorite and air polishing, alongside autoclaving and ultrasonic cleaning, effectively reduced residual contamination on the body surfaces of healing abutments.

Comparison of the effect of licorice and chlorhexidine mouthwash on the oral health of intubated patients in the intensive care unit

BackgroundChlorhexidine mouthwash is a common oral hygiene product used in intensive care units, but it may have some adverse effects. Licorice, a natural herb, could be a potential alternative to chlorhexidine. However, the effect of licorice mouthwash on the oral health of intubated patients has not been studied yet. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of licorice and chlorhexidine mouthwash on the oral health of intubated patients.MethodsThis was a triple-blind clinical trial. The sample included 130 intubated patients admitted to an intensive care unit in Iran. The samples were selected by convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two groups: A and B. In group A, the main researcher applied 15 ml of 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash after each brushing (twice a day for 5.5 days) and suctioned it after 30 s. In group B, 20% licorice mouthwash was used instead of chlorhexidine. The demographic information questionnaire and the Beck Oral Assessment Scale (BOAS) were completed by one of the nurses before and on the sixth day of the study.ResultsFinally, 60 patients in each group completed the study. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of demographic variables or oral health before the intervention (P > 0.05). The oral health of patients in both the chlorhexidine and liquorice mouthwash groups improved significantly after the intervention (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in oral health between the two groups at postintervention (P = 0.06).ConclusionThe results demonstrated that both mouthwashes exerted a comparable effect on dental and oral health. However, the chlorhexidine mouthwash showed a greater impact on the reduction of dental plaque and the thinning of saliva compared to licorice mouthwash. In essential cases, licorice mouthwash can be employed as an alternative to chlorhexidine.

Clinical effect of chlorhexidine and sodium fluoride on corrosion behavior and surface topography of nitinol orthodontic archwires

BackgroundAlterations in the mechanical properties of the materials utilized in orthodontic appliances could affect the working properties of the appliances, thereby affecting clinical progress and outcome. Numerous studies have confirmed the correlation between alloy corrosion and raised surface roughness, which has a direct impact on the working characteristics of orthodontic archwires.MethodsThirty nickel-titanium (NiTi) orthodontic archwires were utilized in this study. Patients were randomly selected and allocated into three groups according to the randomization plan; (The control group): subjects practiced regular oral hygiene; (The fluoride group): subjects used fluoride for intensive prophylaxis; (The chlorhexidine group): subjects used chlorhexidine. Representative samples were evaluated by SEM, and then SEM images with high resolution were examined using Image J software to determine the surface roughness and obtain the results for further statistical analysis.ResultsOur findings indicated a significant difference was found between the three groups regarding the anterior and posterior parts between the control and the two other groups and a non-significant difference between NaF and CHX groups. Overall, the p-value for group comparisons was 0.000 for both parts, indicating a highly significant difference especially between the control and NaF groups.ConclusionMouthwashes containing sodium fluoride demonstrated more significant surface alterations than the control and CHX groups and should be prescribed in accordance with orthodontic materials to reduce side effects.

Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analyses of three different gargles in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.

This study aimed to investigate the economics of three different gargles in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. A total of 108 patients with periodontitis received one of the following three gargles: xipayi, compound chlorhexidine, or Kangfuxin gargle. The basic information of the patients, the costs of the gargles, the periodontal indexes before and after treatment, and the scores of the 3-level version of the EuroQol Five Dimensions Questionnaire were collected. The cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of the various gargles were determined. The cost-effectiveness ratios (CER) of the three groups after treatment were 1828.75, 1573.34, and 1876.92 RMB, respectively. The utility values before treatment were 0.92, 0.90, and 0.91, respectively, and the utility values after treatment were 0.98, 0.98, and 0.97, respectively. The cost-utility ratios (CURs) were 213.43, 195.61, and 301.53 RMB, respectively. For each increase in effective rate and quality-adjusted life years, the treatment cost of periodontitis patients was lower than the gross domestic product per capita of Jiangsu Province, indicating that the treatment cost is completely worth it. The CER and CUR results were the same, and the compound chlorhexidine group was the lowest, demonstrating that when the same therapeutic effect was achieved, it cost the least.