Chittagong Veterinary Research Articles

Postmortem of a juvenile male Ganges River dolphin (Platanista gangetica spp. gangetica) in Bangladesh

AbstractA juvenile male Ganges River dolphin (Platanista gangetica spp. gangetica) was accidentally trapped in a seine net, rescued as dead and brought for postmortem examination to the Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Hospital. This endemic species has suffered an expressive population reduction over the last few decades. Therefore, the necropsy aimed to reveal the factors for the dolphin's death. The study revealed a few bruises and scratches in the lateral thoracic region of the skin, including congestion of the lung and liver, both macro‐ and microscopically. Furthermore, we observed that the dolphin's stomach was empty, the intestines were filled with gas and there was a cyst on its wall. The authors concluded that the dolphin died of suffocation from underwater entrapment in the fishing net. These findings may be helpful for veterinarians and conservationists to make strategies to save this endangered species.

Evaluation of the Effect of Ethephon in Postharvest Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

Aims: The aim of this study is to determine the effect of applying ethephon on postharvest tomato.
 Study Design: Completely Randomized Design (CRD).
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the laboratory of the Department of Applied Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Food Processing and Engineering, Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology of Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh. It was conducted for a period of six months from 1st January, 2018 to 30th June, 2018.
 Methodology: TSS (Total Soluble Solid) was determined by using hand refractometer, proximate composition by standard AOAC method, vitamin C and β-carotene by UV-spectrophotometric method, sodium and potassium by flame photometric method, titratable acidity, calcium and magnesium by titremetric method. To compare differences in control and treated group, significant difference was considered at the level of P<0.05. 
 Results: Ethephon treated tomatoes ripen quickly with attractive surface color and had shorter shelf life than non-treated tomatoes (control). Physico-chemical properties including total soluble solid and titratable acidity increased significantly (P<0.05) in treated group (4.66±0.57°B; 0.32±0.01% respectively) than control (3.33±0.57°B; 0.28±0.01% respectively). Moisture content also significantly (P<0.05) increased in ethephon treated tomato (94.15±0.27g/100g) than non-treated (85.54±0.23g/100g). But significantly lower amount of carbohydrate, ash, crude fiber were observed in artificially ripened tomato by ethephon (2.5±0.45g/100g; 0.51±0.02g/100g; 0.82±0.03g/100g respectively) than naturally ripened (3.7±0.26g/100g; 0.59±0.01g/100g; 0.90±0.01g/100g respectively). Apparently protein and fat content were found insignificantly less amount in artificially ripened tomato by ethephon. The significant lowest concentration of vitamin C and β-carotene were observed in ethephon ripened tomato (16.65±0.01mg/100g; 413.33±1.15μg/100g respectively). Mineral contents of ethephon treated tomato (Na 3.65±0.47mg/100g; K 199±1.00mg/100g; Ca 4.75±0.07mg/100g; Mg 8.57±0.19mg/100g) found significantly (P<0.05) fewer amounts than control tomato (Na 3.96±0.01mg/100g; K 213.67±0.57 mg/100g; Ca 5.57±0.15mg/100g; Mg 9.96±0.04mg/100g).
 Conclusion: Application of ethephon on postharvest tomato hastens ripening time and physico-chemical properties but reduces shelf life and nutritive value of tomato.

Nutrient content of meat and bone meal available in the market of Chittagong district of Bangladesh

Meat and bone meal (MBM) is a potential source of animal protein for poultry. The study was undertaken to investigate the variations in the chemical composition of MBM available in different feed markets of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Secondary data from one hundred ten different MBM samples were analyzed in triplicate for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE) and total ash (TA) in the Poultry Research and Training Centre laboratory of Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh during 21st October 2014 to 2nd December 2016. Data were collected, compiled and analyzed. Results indicated that, there were wide ranges of variations in the chemical compositions for different parameters. DM varied from 91.9 to 98.7% and CP varied from 18.5 to 74.5%. Similarly, CF varied from 1.1 to 2.9% and EE varied from 7.5 to 45.0%. TA varied from 4.8 to 33.6%. There was a strong negative relationship between CP and TA (r=-0.831; R2=0.691; P<0.001). However, DM and TA were positively correlated (r=0.374; R2=0.139; P=0.003). It was concluded that, chemical composition of MBM is widely variable. Wet chemistry analysis is suggested before inclusion of MBM in the diets of dairy, poultry and pet animals.
 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2018. 47 (1): 28-34

Anesthesia management for emergency cesarean section in a rabbit

Caesarean section (C-section) is one of the most rear operations in rabbit. The present case study represents the efficacy of the surgical outcome and anesthetic protocol of C-section in rabbit. A 1.2 years old, local and non-descriptive breed of rabbit was presented to the SAQ Teaching Veterinary Hospital (SAQTVH), Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU) with a history of one kit normally delivered and remains straining and treated with oxytocin. Problem on physical examine included abdominal distension and vaginal secretion. Based on the clinical examination, X-Ray and Ultrasonography report, it was decided to perform surgery. The surgery was aseptically control under general anesthesia combination with xylazine and ketamine with the dose rate 5mg/kg and 30mg/kg respectively. The rabbit became unconscious within 3 minutes of intramuscular injection. Laparotomy midline incision (1cm) was performed behind the umbilicus. Two dead fetuses were removed and proper apposition of abdomen was done. The rabbit was recovered fully after 50 minutes of injection. As a part of post operative treatment which was maintained with antibiotic, pain killer for 7 days. The wound healing was noticed after 10 days of operation. So, the case report suggests that rabbit C-section can be performed successfully with xylazine and ketamine anesthesia with recommended doses.

A CROSS SECTIONAL ANTHROPO-CLINICAL STUDY ON ANTIMICROBIALS PRESCRIPTION PATTERN IN GOAT PATIENTS AT CHITTAGONG, BANGLADESH

In the last three decades use of antibiotics in livestock sector has grown tremendously. The uses of these antibiotics have profound impacts on animal health, farmer income and public health. From April, 2016 to March, 2017, a hospital based retrospective study was conducted using clinical record sheet of goat patients (N=1405) at Teaching Veterinary Hospital (TVH) of Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Bangladesh; to assess the groups of antimicrobials used, perception of goat owners’ on antibiotics and the annual therapeutic costs for antibiotics that had been used for the treatment of goats at TVH. At TVH, the most prescribed antibiotic was streptomycin-penicillin [437 (31.10%)], whereas the least used antibiotic was tylosin [7 (0.49 %)]. From anthopo-clinical analysis, only 24% farmers said they are familiar with the term “antibiotic”, but no farmer had any ideas about antimicrobial resistance and its withdrawal period. Considering the average body weight 20-30 kg of goat patients’ we calculated the cost of antibiotic purchase and found the highest money (968.18-1450.04 U.S. Dollars/annum) was expenditure to purchase Gentasone plus® (gentamicine-sulfadiazine-trimithoprime) and the lowest (5.37-8.06 USD/annum) was for tylosin. Ensuring and dissemination of proper knowledge to the farmer regarding antibiotics will prevent them from self purchase and irrational use therefore will help us to reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance in food animal.

Effects of supplementing L-carnitine on productive performance and carcass characteristics of broiler

L-carnitine is a naturally occurring amino acid derivative which has potential role in transporting long chain fatty acids from cytoplasm to the matrix of mitochondria. One hundred Cobb 500™ broiler chicks were used in a 28-day trial at Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University poultry farm to evaluate the functional efficiency of L-carnitine in drinking water on performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chicken. The experiment was carried out following completely randomized design. Birds were randomly distributed into five dietary treatment groups having two replicates per treatment. L-carnitine was supplemented at the rate of 0 mg/L, 25 mg/L, 50 mg/L, 75 mg/L and 100 mg/L in regular drinking water for T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 dietary treatment groups, respectively. Results indicated that, weekly average weight gain differed significantly at 2nd (P<0.00l), 3rd (P<0.01) and 4th (P<0.05) weeks of age due to supplementation of L-carnitine. Unlike weight gain, feed intake decreased (P<0.01) at 4th week. FCR differed significantly (P<0.01) at 2nd3rd and 4th weeks. At 4th week, the best FCR (1.6) was recorded in T4 group and the worst FCR (1.8) in T0 group. Abdominal fat decreased significantly (P<0.01) and breast weight (P<0.01), dressed weight (P<0.05), spleen weight (P<0.05), thigh weight (P<0.05) and thymus weight increased (P<0.01) at 4th week. Fat deposition in liver decreased (P<0.01) at 4th week. It was concluded that, supplementation of L-carnitine at the rate of 100 mg/L in drinking water substantially improved productive performance and carcass characteristics of broiler.

Medical management of bilateral corneal opacity in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus): A case report

Objective: This study was aimed at studying efficacy of medical management of corneal opacity in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Material and methods: A 42 years old male Asian elephant was brought to the Teaching Veterinary Hospital (TVH) at Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU) with a history of chronic lacrimation and impaired vision. On clinical examination, the animal was found apparently healthy. Opthalmological examination tentatively revealed the condition as corneal opacity. The left eye was much more affected as compared to the right one. Medical management was instituted with topical administration of ciprofloxacin, dexamethasone, subconjunctival prednisolone and dexamethasone along with intramuscular ketoprofen (at 1 mg/Kg bwt) and vitamin A (at 5000 IU/Kg bwt). Results: The “mahout” (elepenat caretaker) of the elephant was kept in close contact over cell phone to follow up the progress of the condition. Clinical examination after 19 days revealed complete recovery of the cornel opacity. There was no sign of lacrimation and the animal regained its normal vision. Conclusion: The treatment protocol successfully eliminated the discomfort along with corneal opacity and lacrimation in an Asian elephant.

Surgical management of aural hematoma in dog

The study was conducted at S A Quadery Teaching Veterinary Hospital (SAQTVH) in Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Bangladesh from January, 2014 to June 2014 to conduct about the surgical management of aural hematoma in dog. A total number of 11 dogs were used for surgical management based on history and presenting clinical sings. A history of scratching of right ear since one month ago and swollen abnormal blood filled space under the skin of the ear flap of the dog, no history of external trauma, but intense head-shaking and abrupt increase in the size of the ear flap was noticed by owner of the dog. A thorough examination of the aural canal is carried out under general anesthetic to determine any underlying cause. A fusiform incision made into the skin of the inner pinna with a purse-string suture placed around the incision for closure. To compress the dead space that results from drainage of the hematoma including through and through sutures, or compressing the ear with various materials. The disease was predominant in male (54.54%) than female (45.45%). Local breed were more prone (90.90%) to this disease. The method of operation is considered to be useful as treatment in the field level.&#x0D; Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2017, 2 (3), 247-250

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF CLINICAL DISEASES AND CONDITIONS OF PET ANIMALS AT CHITTAGONG CITY AREA, BANGLADESH

This study was conducted to estimate the proportional prevalence of clinical diseases and conditions in pet animals (dog, cat, and rabbit) attended at S. A. Quaderi Teaching Veterinary Hospital, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Chittagong, Bangladesh. A total of 388 cases of different clinical diseases and conditions were recorded during the study period from October 2016 toJanuary 2017. Among them the overall proportional prevalence of clinical diseases and conditions in dog, cat and rabbit were 44.32%, 34.28% and 21.39% respectively. The medicinal case comprises the highest percentage of diseases as 79.07% and 66.92% in dog and cat, respectively. Among the medicinal cases parasitic diseases were most frequently encountered both in dog (24.42%) and cat (23.31%). Whereas, prevalence of surgical cases were 16.28% in dog and 31.58% in cat and gynecological cases were 4.65% in dog and 1.50% in cat. In rabbit, prevalence of traumatic injuries and fractures were 16.87% followed by mange 12.06%. The parasitic cases were highest in all of the clinical diseases and conditions. So, proper prevention and therapeutic management should be taken to reduce the prevalence of parasitic diseases of pet animals. Immunoprophylaxis or vaccination and hygienic management should be performed to curb the infectious diseases. Further extensive epidemiologic, laboratory or molecular studies are also needed for the appropriate prevention and control measures of diseases and conditions of pet animals in study area.

Left oblique laparotomy for caesarean section in a cow due to dystocia

Caesarean Section is a surgical procedure in which an incision is given through the abdominal wall and uterus in order to deliver fetus. It is also known as C-section is one of the most challenging surgical procedures in case of dystocia to save fetus live. A 6 years old HF cross breed cow, weighing 300 kg was admitted to the Teaching Veterinary Hospital (TVH), Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU) with a history of prolonged labour pain. At first all the physical examination was done. Blood sample was collected to know different parameters of serum and blood. As Per vaginal examination revealed incomplete dilation of cervix. Then, it was decided and performed caesarean section using left oblique laparotomy and a live female fetus was delivered. Post operative care was taken for 10 days. The cow recovered successfully without any complications. The cow was followed for next one year. 70 days after surgery, she came to heat and after insemination pregnancy was confirmed at 35 days post AI. The cow had successful pregnancy which was confirmed by rectal palpation at 35 days. Caesarean section through left flank oblique laparotomy is an effective method of resolving dystocia to save cow with fetus.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2017, 3(2): 282-289

Modernization of central library and establishment of an e-resource center at Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU): a case study

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explain how the author carried out the modernization project of the central library and establishment of an e-resource center at Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), stated the implementation of integrated library system (ILS) in a library and encouraged library professionals by sharing practical experience to implement modernization project in their libraries. Design/methodology/approach The paper describes the authors’ practical experiences regarding implementation of the modernization project of the central library and establishment of an e-resource center at CVASU using open-source ILS and library management systems (LMSs). Findings The study reveals practical and systematic approach toward implementation of the modernization project starting from the project proposals, fund release, vendor selection, mode of procurement, manpower selection, selection of ILS and LMS solution to the library’s day-to-day activities and a series of communication with the funding organization. Practical implications This paper will help librarians implement the modernization project in a practical way to their libraries. This paper stands as a unique case study for the new applicant and for those who have got University Grants Commission funding for library modernization. Originality/value The paper provides a practical experience in the implementation of a library modernization project complying all the procedures of funding agencies. The content of the paper was not published before in any form other than the internal workshop and presentation.

Prevalence of S. aureus and E. coli causing subclinical Mastitis in goat with their antibiotic resistance pattern and associated risk factors

An investigation was carried out to evaluate the status of the caprine clinical and subclinical mastitis in Chittagong Metropolitan Area. A total of 61 lactating goats were sampled during the period of January 2015 to June 2015 from Shahidul Alam Quadary Teaching Veterinary Hospital (SAQTVH) of Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU). Clinical diagnosis of mastitis (clinical and subclinical) in goats was based on the California Mastitis Test (CMT). The prevalence of subclinical mastitis was estimated at nearly 64% (39 positive samples). One of the sampled animals showed clinical signs of mastitis. Milk samples were further analyzed for the isolation and identification of bacterial agents that were previously found associated with caprine subclinical mastitis. 28 (71.79% among 39 positive samples) samples were culture positive to Staphylococcus aureus and 14 (35.90% among 39 positive samples) were culture positive to E. coli. Among all tested samples, the overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis caused by S. aureus was 46% and E. coli 23%. 10 antibiotic disks were used to evaluate the antibiotic sensitivity of the isolated bacteria. The most sensitive antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus were amoxicillin (82.15%), trimethoprim (64.29%), doxycycline (100%), ciprofloxacin (67.86%). The most sensitive antibiotics against E. coli were colistin sulphate (85.71%), doxycycline (100%), gentamycin (100%), and ciprofloxacin (92.86%). In addition, suspected risk factors such as age of animal, parity, length of lactation period, type of farming system and type of housing floor etc. for subclinical mastitis were also analyzed with advanced statistical tools. The findings of the present study will facilitate accuracy in public service from the Clinical Pathology Laboratory, CVASU through proper diagnosis followed by treatment.

Post Mortem Examination of Barn owl in Bangladesh - A first case report

The present study was the first postmortem examination of a barn owl in Bangladesh. A female Barn owl weighing 450grams was brought to the Teaching Veterinary Hospital (TVH) at Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU) by the forest department, Chittagong. The history of traumatic injury on left wing by an electric fan one day back was recorded. Clinical and radiographic examination revealed an open overriding proximal left metacarpal fracture and was decided for pinning to correct the fracture. Retrograde intramedullary pinning was performed and immobilized the wing by bandage. At postoperative day one, owl was found death and PM was performed to find out the actual clues. Gross postmortem examination revealed chalky whitish layer formed over the heart and liver which indicates pericarditis and perihepatitis. Hemorrhage in the left thigh muscle was also observed. Biochemical examination revealed salmonella organism in the samples of liver and heart. Histopathological examination found tissue changes in the suspected organs. In conclusion, it is revealed that the probable causes of death were inanition, pain shock, unfavorable environment and with salmonella infection.International Journal of Natural Sciences (2014), 4(2) 34-37

Management of a Traumatic Wound in a Malnourished Orphan Asian Baby Elephant (Elephas maximus)

The present case report was carried out to evaluate the outcome of traumatic wound in a malnourished orphan elephant calf. A 1.5 month old, female Asian Elephant calf approximate weighing 100 kg, was admitted to the Teaching Veterinary Hospital, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Bangladesh, with a history of squeezed and trapped in natural tree during foraging, detached from the herd, rescued by nearest forest people and treated by local veterinarian. The baby elephant was dull, depressed, dehydrated and emaciated on clinical examination. A local swelling (65 cm) was noticed on left hind limb(stifle joint) and a circular wound on lateral aspect of the limb where mild discharge was noticed. Gait and posture was not normal. Wound swab, blood and fecal sample were collected and sent to the respective departments. Pyogenic organisms were found in wound swab culture. Blood parameters revealed lower value of TEC, Hg, PCV, glucose and total protein. No parasite or ova were found in fecal sample. The elephant calf was fed with powder milk as 10% of total body weight (10 liters/day at 1 hour interval). Ceftriaxone sodium @ 20 mg/kg bwt along with pain killer ketoprofen @ 3 mg/kg bwt, amino acid solution @20 ml hematinic preparation @10 ml , vitamin ADE preparation @10 ml along with 5% dextrose saline (2liters/day), local application of Dressgel ointment (herbal preparation) and wound dressing with povidone iodine at regular interval as required until healing. The calf revealed improved condition such as more active and alert, improved gait, reduced local swelling and no discharge from the wound. The CBC and serum biochemical parameter was also improved by day 4 while the calf was shifted to Dulahazra safari park, Chokoria, Chittagong.International Journal of Natural Sciences (2015), 5(1) 21-25

Chemical and microbial qualities of morning and evening milk collected from selected dairy farms in Chittagong City of Bangladesh

This study was undertaken to evaluate the nutritional and microbiological qualities of raw milk in the Chittagong City. Eighty samples of raw milk of cow were collected in the morning and evening from the surrounding farms of Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Chittagong, Bangladesh. The results of compositional analysis evolved that fat, SNF, protein, lactose, specific gravity, freezing point and mineral were (3.94±0.22%), (7.91±0.17%), (3.11±0.08%), (4.32±0.10%), (1.026±0.00), (-0.46±0.007), (0.68±0.01%), respectively. The fat% of evening milk was significantly higher (p‹0.001) than morning milk. Rest of the parameters were not significant. Microbiological enumeration revealed for the counts of total viable bacteria (cfu/ml) and coliform (cfu/ml) were 730500±639 and 280±1.36 in the morning milk and 628625±566 and 326±1.84 in the evening milk, respectively. The results of the current study indicated that the nutritional quality of evening raw milk was higher than in the morning raw milk.Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2015. 44 (3):171-175

Isolation, identification and antimicrobial resistance profile of Staphylococcus aureus in Cockroaches (Periplaneta Americana)

Objective: The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in cockroaches (Periplaneta americana), and to assess the antimicrobial resistance profiles of the isolated bacteria. Materials and methods: A total of 150 cockroaches (P. americana) were randomly captured from three households and four restaurants in Chittagong City Corporation, Bangladesh during July to December 2014. The cockroaches were transported to the bacteriology laboratory at the Poultry Research and Training Centre (PRTC), Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University. The isolation and identification of Staphylococcus spp. from the external surface wash and gut homogenates by pooling cockroaches were done by following conventional bacteriological examinations followed by biochemical characterization. The antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the isolates were determined using disc diffusion method. Results: In this study, the overall prevalence of S. aureus was 38% (n=57/150). Higher prevalence of Staphylococcus spp. was observed among the cockroaches from restaurant (49.3%; n=37/75) as compared to those of households (26.7%; n=20/75) having a significant difference (P

The emerging disease occurrence of pet animals in Bangladesh

Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify the current status of emerging diseases of pet animals in Bangladesh and to estimate the percentage of disease occurrence in the pet animals. Materials and methods: A 2-month potential study was conducted to estimate the percentage (%) of disease occurrence and current status of emerging diseases of pet animals in Bangladesh. A total of 550 animals were examined and 358 data were collected from the disease registered book of the Central Veterinary Hospital (CVH), Dhaka and SA Quaderi Teaching Veterinary Hospital, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Bangladesh during June and September, 2014. The data were analysed, and the results on the newly emerging diseases were expressed as percentage (%). Results: Among the most general pet animals in Bangladesh (dog, cat, rabbit), the mostly occured diseases were scabies (23.07%), feline ascariasis (37.14%) and rabbit mange (34.61%), while the less frequent diseases were canine parvovirus enteritis (2.19%), cat scratch disease (5.71%) and overgrown teeth (7.69%). Conclusion: The study provides basic information about the current status and the percentage (%) of disease occurrence considering the emerging diseases of pet animals in Bangladesh. http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2016.c182

Evaluation of nutritional quality, contamination, adulteration and preservative quality of different sources of milk

The present study was conducted at Dairy Science laboratory of Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University to evaluate nutritional quality, contamination, adulteration and preservative status of different sources of fluid milk. Milk samples were collected from farm, vendors and departmental stores. Test performed to evaluate the milk samples were chemical (% of butter fat, solids-not-fat and protein), added preservatives, adulteration status and microbial population (standard plate count, coliform and salmonella count). Results indicate that available market milk irrespective of brand maintaining the Bangladesh Standard Testing Institute (BSTI) standards as far as butter fat, solids- not-fat, protein and microbial quality is concerned. The nutritional and microbial quality of farm produced milk (FPM) was good except high coliform count. The nutritional and chemical quality of FPM and market milk (MM) of all five brands were satisfactory but vendors supplied milk was below standard due to water adulteration. Microbial quality of MM of all five brands was very safe for human consumption. High fat content even after watering and presence of formalin in 8% samples of vendor supplied rural milk (VSRM) indicates evening milk of previous day might be mixed with morning milk of next day. It may be concluded that these adulterants and preservatives in milk may cause severe public health related problems.

Surgical management of unilateral gangrenous mastitis in a doe: A case report

A case of gangrenous mastitis was surgically manageed in a cross breed doe aging 3.5 years and weighing 25 kg at SA Quadery Teaching Veterinary Hospital of Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh. Confirmatory diagnosis of the case was done based on physical changes of udder, and identification of associated bacterial agents; two bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli could be isolated from the milk sample. Parenteral administration of combined antimicrobials (Gentamycin + Sulphadimidine + Trimethoprim) and concurrent intra-mammary infusion of antimicrobials (Streptomycin + Penicillin) along with supportive treatments for 7 days could not save the quarter rather the condition deteriorated. After performing the antibiogram of the isolated bacteria, only Ciprofloxacin was found to be sensitive. Mastectomy was done, and Ciprofloxacin (dosed at 10 mg/kg body weight) was given intramuscularly as antimicrobial, together with supportive medicine. The doe recovered without any complication after 7 days of post-treatment and management.

Diseases of Pigeons Reared on Small-Holdings in Bangladesh

A cross-sectional survey was undertaken on dead pigeons to explore the diseases and conditions associated with the death of pigeons reared at smallholdings and sold at live-bird markets in Bangladesh. 108 dead pigeons were collected from 2 live-bird markets-one in Dhaka and other based at Chittagong districts, 38 smallholdings, of which 20, 3, 3, 5 and 7 were located in Jessore, Dhaka, Chittagong, Magura and Jhenaidah districts respectively. Initially the collected dead pigeons were preserved at the households’ refrigerators and then transferred to the department of Microbiology, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, where they were further frozen at -84°C until investigated. All the collected dead pigeons were thoroughly examined postmortem. From each of the dead pigeon (except decomposed carcasses) bacteriological examination done through taking samples from the liver with sterile cotton swabs, and inoculated onto at least two media- McConkey and Mueller-Hinton agar (supplemented with 5% defrinated sheep blood). To identify the organism for any bacterial growths on these two media were examined using the standard procedures. The 4 major disease/conditions associated with the deaths of the pigeons were cervical disruption & related haemorrhages (17.6%), colibacillosis (13.89%), external injuries (8.33%) and morbus cordis (10.18%).