Chitosan-silver Nanoparticles Research Articles

Shikonin and chitosan-silver nanoparticles synergize against triple-negative breast cancer through RIPK3-triggered necroptotic immunogenic cell death

Necroptotic immunogenic cell death (ICD) can activate the human immune system to treat the metastasis and recurrence of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, developing the necroptotic inducer and precisely delivering it to the tumor site is the key issue. Herein, we reported that the combination of shikonin (SHK) and chitosan silver nanoparticles (Chi-Ag NPs) effectively induced ICD by triggering necroptosis in 4T1 cells. Moreover, to address the lack of selectivity of drugs for in vivo application, we developed an MUC1 aptamer-targeted nanocomplex (MUC1@Chi-Ag@CPB@SHK, abbreviated as MUC1@ACS) for co-delivering SHK and Chi-Ag NPs. The accumulation of MUC1@ACS NPs at the tumor site showed a 6.02-fold increase compared to the free drug. Subsequently, upon reaching the tumor site, the acid-responsive release of SHK and Chi-Ag NPs from MUC1@ACS NPs cooperatively induced necroptosis in tumor cells by upregulating the expression of RIPK3, p-RIPK3, and tetrameric MLKL, thereby effectively triggering ICD. The sequential maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) subsequently enhanced the infiltration of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in tumors, while inhibiting regulatory T cells (Treg cells), resulting in the effective treatment of primary and distal tumor growth and the inhibition of TNBC metastasis. This work highlights the importance of nanoparticles in mediating drug interactions during necroptotic ICD.

Isolation and Encapsulation of Chitosan Silver Nanoparticle Extracted from Squid Pen and its Characterization

The main study focuses on the extraction of chitosan from chitin isolated from the exoskeleton of a squid pen and the synthesis of silver chitosan nanoparticles. Chitosan is an amino polysaccharide prepared by processing the squid pen which involves demineralization, deproteinization, and deacetylation. Chitosan is a versatile natural polysaccharide, its second most abundant natural polymer. Previous studies have found that chitosan is biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-toxic, which has wide applicability in the pharmaceutical field, food industries, drug delivery, cancer treatment, and biological imaging and diagnosis. The chitosan and silver chitosan nanoparticles yield was found to be 25% and 51.25%. The conformation of silver chitosan nanoparticles was done through UV spectrum, FTIR, and XRD. Keywords: Chitosan, Chitin, Biopolymer, Characterization, UV spectrum, FTIR, XRD.

Fabrication and evaluation of anticancer potential of diosgenin incorporated chitosan-silver nanoparticles; in vitro, in silico and in vivo studies

The discovery of effective therapeutic approaches with minimum side effects and their tendency to completely eradicate the disease is the main challenge in the history of cancer treatment. Fenugreek (FGK) seeds are a rich source of phytochemicals, especially Diosgenin (DGN), which shows outstanding anticancer activities. In the present study, chitosan-silver nanoparticles (ChAgNPs) containing Diosgenin (DGN-ChAgNPs) were synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer activity against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). For the physical characterization, the hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential of DGN-ChAgNPs were determined to be 160.4 ± 12 nm and +37.19 ± 5.02 mV, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that nanoparticles shape was mostly round with smooth edges. Moreover, DGN was efficiently entrapped in nanoformulation with good entrapment efficacy (EE) of ~88 ± 4 %. The in vitro anti-proliferative activity of DGN-ChAgNPs was performed by sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay with promising inhibitory concentration of 6.902 ± 2.79 μg/mL. DAPI staining, comet assay and flow cytometry were performed to validate the anticancer potential of DGN-ChAgNPs both qualitatively and quantitatively. The percentage of survival rate and tumor reduction weight was evaluated in vivo in different groups of mice. Cisplatin was used as a standard anticancer drug. The DGN-ChAgNPs (12.5 mg/kg) treated group revealed higher percentage of survival rate and tumor reduction weight as compared to pure DGN treated group. These findings suggest that DGN-ChAgNPs could be developed as potential treatment therapy for breast cancer.

Fabrication and Evaluation of Anticancer Potential of Eugenol Incorporated Chitosan-Silver Nanocomposites: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Studies.

The expanding global cancer burden necessitates a comprehensive strategy to promote possible therapeutic interventions. Nanomedicine is a cutting-edge approach for treating cancer with minimal adverse effects. In the present study, chitosan-silver nanoparticles (ChAgNPs) containing Eugenol (EGN) were synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer activity against breast cancer cells (MCF-7). The physical, pharmacological, and molecular docking studies were used to characterize these nanoparticles. EGN had been effectively entrapped into hybrid NPs (84 ± 7%). The EGN-ChAgNPs had a diameter of 128 ± 14nm, a PDI of 0.472 ± 0.118, and a zeta potential of 30.58 ± 6.92mV. Anticancer activity was measured in vitro using an SRB assay, and the findings revealed that EGN-ChAgNPs demonstrated stronger anticancer activity against MCF-7 cells (IC50 = 14.87 ± 5.34µg/ml) than pure EGN (30.72 ± 4.91µg/ml). To support initial cytotoxicity findings, advanced procedures such as cell cycle analysis and genotoxicity were performed. Tumor weight reduction and survival rate were determined using different groups of mice. Both survival rates and tumor weight reduction were higher in the EGN-ChAgNPs (12.5mg/kg) treated group than in the pure EGN treated group. Based on protein-ligand interactions, it might be proposed that eugenol had a favorable interaction with Aurora Kinase A. It was observed that C9 had the highest HYDE score of any sample, measuring at -6.8kJ/mol. These results, in conjunction with physical and pharmacological evaluations, implies that EGN-ChAgNPs may be a suitable drug delivery method for treating breast cancer in a safe and efficient way.

Synthesis of Chitosan-Silver Nanocomposite and Its Evaluation as an Antibacterial Coating for Mobile Phone Glass Protectors.

An easy and environment-friendly route for antibacterial coating suited for mobile phone glass protectors was successfully demonstrated. In this route, freshly prepared chitosan solution in 1% v/v acetic acid was added with 0.1 M silver nitrate solution and 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution and incubated with agitation at 70 °C to form chitosan-silver nanoparticles (ChAgNPs). Varied concentrations of chitosan solution (i.e., 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8% w/v) were used to investigate its particle size, size distribution, and later on, its antibacterial activity. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) imaging revealed that the smallest average diameter of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was 13.04 nm from 0.8% w/v chitosan solution. Further characterizations of the optimal nanocomposite formulation using UV-vis spectroscopy and Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy were also performed. Using a dynamic light scattering zetasizer, the average ζ-potential of the optimal ChAgNP formulation was at +56.07 mV, showing high aggregative stability and an average ChAgNP size of 182.37 nm. The ChAgNP nanocoating on glass protectors shows antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) at 24 and 48 h of contact. However, the antibacterial activity decreased from 49.80% (24 h) to 32.60% (48 h).

Chitosan/luminol/AgNPs nanocomposite for electrochemiluminescent determination of prostate-specific antigen.

Agreen, environmentally friendly protocol was developed for ultrasensitive and highly specific recognition of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) based on the ECL effect of luminol supported by chitosan-silver nanoparticles (CS/AgNPs) nanocomposites. The transducing surface was fabricated through two consecutive electrodeposition steps of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and chitosan (CS)-AgNPs-luminol electrochemiluminophore onto the glassy carbon electrode. In addition to anappropriate desirable biocompatibility, theelectrochemical synthesis presents low-cost preparation and ultrafast determination opportunity. AgNPs play a linking role to attach luminol, as an ECL agent to the CS support via donor-acceptor bonds between Ag atoms with NH groups of luminol and CS. Also, AgNPs can amplify the ECL intensity as a consequence of their excellent specific surface area and conductivity. To enhance the performance of the nanobiosensor, AuNPs were also used due totheir high-specific surface area and excellent affinity toward amine groups of CS. Based on this high-performance analysis strategy, ultrasensitive screening of PSA was attained with a desirable limit of detection of 0.6 ng mL-1 and a broad linear range between 1 pg mL-1 and 10 ng⋅mL-1 (R2=0.994). Approximately, the same results were recorded for the analysis of the unprocessed serum samples of patients with prostate cancer at different stages. This research provided significant insight into electrografting methods to construct ECL transducers for clinical monitoring of PSA and other tumor biomarkers in the clinical setting.

Synthesis of Antimicrobial Chitosan-Silver Nanoparticles Mediated by Reusable Chitosan Fungal Beads.

Nanoparticles, especially silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), have gained significant attention in recent years as potential alternatives to traditional antibiotics for treating infectious diseases due to their ability to inhibit the growth of microorganisms effectively. Ag NPs can be synthesized using fungi extract, but the method is not practical for large-scale production due to time and biomass limitations. In this study, we explore the use of chitosan to encapsulate the mycelia of the white-rot fungus Stereum hirsutum and form chitosan fungal beads for use in multiple extractions and nanoparticle synthesis. The resulting nanoparticles were characterized using various techniques, including UV-vis spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The analysis revealed that the synthesized nanoparticles were composed of chitosan-silver nanoparticles (CS-Ag NPs) with a size of 25 nm. The chitosan fungal beads were reused in three extractions and nanoparticle synthesis before they lost their ability to produce CS-Ag NPs. The CS-Ag NPs showed potent antimicrobial activity against phytopathogenic and human pathogenic microorganisms, including Pseudomonas syringae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 1.5, 1.6, 3.1, and 4 µg/mL, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of CS-Ag NPs was from 2- to 40-fold higher than Ag NPs synthesized using an aqueous extract of unencapsulated fungal biomass. The CS-Ag NPs were most effective at a pH of five regarding the antimicrobial activity. These results suggest that the chitosan fungal beads may be a promising alternative for the sustainable and cost-effective synthesis of CS-Ag NPs with improved antimicrobial activity.

Synthesis of Green Chitosan – Silver Nanoparticle Composite Material: Parameter Optimization and Physicochemical Characterization

In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was carried out with four parameters: chitosan concentration, AgNO3 concentration, ascorbic acid concentration and time with the objective to obtain minimum mean particle size of silver nanoparticles (response Y). The chitosan-silver nanoparticle composite material (CTS-AgNPs nanocomposite) obtained experimentally from the optimal conditions was characterized by evaluating some of their physical-chemical properties using combined technique including visible ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV -Vis), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), infrared spectra (IR) and X-ray diffraction. The optimal conditions were chitosan concentration of 19.2 %, silver nitrate of 26 mM, ascorbic concentration of 33 mM and time of 4.25 hours. Spherical Ag particles obtained experimentally were well dispersed in chitosan matrix with the average diameter of around 2÷8 nm with a narrow size distribution and homogeneous dispersion

Multifunctional Poly(acrylic acid)/Chitosan nanoparticle network hydrogels with tunable mechanics

Nanoparticle network hydrogels (NNHs) employ nanoparticles as key building blocks of hydrogel networks to provide excellent mechanical properties and multifunctionality. Herein, poly(acrylic acid)/chitosan nanoparticle network hydrogels (PAAc/CS NNHs) with prominent mechanical properties were fabricated using catechol functional methacryloyl chitosan-silver nanoparticles (CFMC-Ag NPs) as multifunctional nanoparticle crosslinkers. The PAAc/CS NNHs were composed of hybrid networks derived from CFMC-Ag NPs crosslinked PAAc and entangled chitosan (CS) chains. The mechanical properties of PAAc/CS NNHs were highly impacted by the concentration of CFMC-Ag NPs. A maximum tensile strength of 2.22 MPa, a compressive strength of 10.61 MPa, and a toughness of 5.57 MJ·m−3 were obtained at a nanoparticle concentration of 10 mg/mL. In addition, PAAc/CS NNHs exhibited great self-recovery performance and excellent fatigue resistance. It was demonstrated that PAAc/CS NNHs possessed antibacterial activity, electrical conductivity and anti-freezing capability. This strategy could be applied for the preparation of other multifunctional hydrogels with significant mechanical properties.

Compressed Hydrogen-Induced Synthesis of Quaternary Trimethyl Chitosan-Silver Nanoparticles with Dual Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities.

Quaternary Trimethyl Chitosan (QTMC) and QTMC-Silver Nanoparticles (QTMC-AgNPs) have been synthesized, characterized, and tested as antibacterial agents against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and two plant fungi (Sclerotium rolfsil and Fusarium oxysporum). The as-prepared water-soluble QTMC was in situ reacted with silver nitrate in the presence of clean compressed hydrogen gas (3 bar) as a reducing agent to produce QTMC-AgNPs. UV-vis, ATR-FTIR, HR-TEM/SEM, XPS, DLS, XRD, and TGA/DTG were employed to assess the optical response, morphology/size, surface chemistry, particle size distribution, crystal nature, and thermal stability of the synthesized QTMC-AgNPs, respectively. The as-prepared QTMC-AgNPs were quasi-spherical in shape with an average particle size of 12.5 nm, as determined by ImageJ software utilizing HR-TEM images and further validated by DLS analysis. The development of crystalline nanoparticles was confirmed by the presence of distinct and consistent lattice fringes with an approximate interplanar d-spacing of 2.04 nm in QTMC-AgNPs. The QTMC-AgNPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity with a clear zone of inhibition of 30 mm and 26 mm around the disks against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. In addition, QTMC-AgNPs showed highly efficient antifungal activity with 100% and 76.67% growth inhibition against two plant pathogens, S. rolfsii and F. oxysporum, respectively, whereas QTMC revealed no impact. Overall, QTMC-AgNPs showed a promising therapeutic potential and,thus, can be considered for drug design rationale.

Chitosan Silver and Gold Nanoparticle Formation Using Endophytic Fungi as Powerful Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Potentialities.

Nanotechnology is emerging as a new technology with encouraging innovations. Global antibiotic use has grown enormously, with antibiotic resistance increasing by about 80 percent. In view of this alarming situation, intensive research has been carried out into biogenic nanoparticles and their antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumor activities. Many methods are available to enhance stability and dispersion via peroration of conjugate with a polymer, such as chitosan, and other bioactive natural products. Two marine fungi were isolated and identified as Aspergillus sp. and Alternaria sp. via sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. In this work, these strains were used to form the conjugation of biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Aspergillus sp. Silv2 extract and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) from Alternaria sp. Gol2 extracts with chitosan to prepare chitosan–AgNPs and chitosan–AuNP conjugates. A variety of imaging and analytical methods, such as UV–vis, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), FTIR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to characterize biogenic nanoparticles and conjugates. The biosynthesized Ag and Au nanoparticles along with the prepared conjugates were evaluated for their antimicrobial effects on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial isolates, including Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Both chitosan–AgNP and AuNP showed powerful antimicrobial activities compared to the control. On the other hand, chitosan–AgNP conjugation had better antibacterial ctivity than chitosan–AuNPs, which exhibited moderate activity against S. aureus and very low activity against E. coli. Furthermore, the antibiofilm potentials of the prepared conjugates were tested against four biofilm-forming bacteria, including P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, E. coli, and S. aureus. The obtained results indicate that the chitosan–AgNP showed a promising anti-biofilm activities on all strains, especially S. aureus, while chitosan–AuNP conjugates showed moderate anti-biofilm against B. subtilis and weak activities against the other three strains. These results showed the superiority of chitosan–AgNP as a promising antibacterial as well as biofilm formation inhibitors.

New dynamic microreactor system to mimic biofilm formation and test anti-biofilm activity of nanoparticles.

Microbial biofilms are composed of surface-adhered microorganisms enclosed in extracellular polymeric substances. The biofilm lifestyle is the intrinsic drug resistance imparted to bacterial cells protected by the matrix. So far, conventional drug susceptibility tests for biofilm are reagent and time-consuming, and most of them are in static conditions. Rapid and easy-to-use methods for biofilm formation and antibiotic activity testing need to be developed to accelerate the discovery of new antibiofilm strategies. Herein, a Lab-On-Chip (LOC) device is presented that provides optimal microenvironmental conditions closely mimicking real-life clinical biofilm status. This new device allows homogeneous attachment and immobilization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01-EGFP cells, and the biofilms grown can be monitored by fluorescence microscopy. P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen known as a model for drug screening biofilm studies. The influence of flow rates on biofilms growth was analyzed by flow simulations using COMSOL® 5.2. Significant cell adhesion to the substrate and biofilm formation inside the microchannels were observed at higher flow rates > 100 µL/h. After biofilm formation, the effectiveness of silver nanoparticles (SNP), chitosan nanoparticles (CNP), and a complex of chitosan-coated silver nanoparticles (CSNP) to eradicate the biofilm under a continuous flow was explored. The most significant loss of biofilm was seen with CSNP with a 65.5% decrease in average live/dead cell signal in biofilm compared to the negative controls. Our results demonstrate that this system is a user-friendly tool for antibiofilm drug screening that could be simply applied in clinical laboratories.Key Points• A continuous-flow microreactor that mimics real-life clinical biofilm infections was developed.• The antibiofilm activity of three nano drugs was evaluated in dynamic conditions.• The highest biofilm reduction was observed with chitosan-silver nanoparticles.

In Situ Growth of Silver Nanoparticles on Chitosan Matrix for the Synthesis of Hybrid Electrospun Fibers: Analysis of Microstructural and Mechanical Properties.

A viable alternative for the next generation of wound dressings is the preparation of electrospun fibers from biodegradable polymers in combination with inorganic nanoparticles. A poly(vinyl alcohol)-chitosan-silver nanoparticles (PVA-CTS-Ag NPs) system has been developed for antimicrobial and wound healing applications. Here, the preparation of PVA-CTS-Ag electrospun fibers using a two-step process is reported in order to analyze changes in the microstructural, mechanical, and antibacterial properties and confirm their potential application in the biomedical field. The Ag nanoparticles were well-dispersed into the chitosan matrix and their cubic structure after the electrospinning process was also retained. The Ag NPs displayed an average diameter of ~33 nm into the CTS matrix, while the size increased up to 213 nm in the PVA-CTS-Ag(NPs) fibers. It was observed that strong chemical interactions exist between organic (CTS) and inorganic phases through nitrogenous groups and the oxygen of the glycosidic bonds. A defect-free morphology was obtained in the PVA-CTS-Ag NPs final fibers with an important enhancement of the mechanical properties as well as of the antibacterial activity compared with pure PVA-CTS electrospun fibers. The results of antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus confirmed that PVA-CTS-Ag(NPs) fibers can be potentially used as a material for biomedical applications.

Synthesis, Characterization and Remedial Action of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles and Chitosan-Silver Nanoparticles against Bacterial Pathogens

Custard apple is a dry land fruit. Its leaves exhibit different pharmacological activities. In the present study, both silver (Ag) nanoparticles and chitosan-coated Ag (Chi-Ag) nanoparticles were fabricated using the aqueous leaf extract of the custard apple plant. During preliminary phytochemical analysis, various types of phytocompounds were found in the aqueous leaf extract of the same plant. Next, both nanoparticles were physiochemically characterized. FTIR analysis exhibited the fingerprint vibrational peaks of active bioactive compounds in plant extract, Ag nanoparticles, and Chi-Ag nanoparticles. UV/Visible spectral analysis revealed the highest absorbance peak at 419 nm, indicating the presence of Ag nanoparticles. XRD analysis presented the face-centered cubic (FCC) structure of both prepared nanomaterials. Further, the average crystalline size of both Ag nanoparticles and Chi-Ag nanoparticles was calculated to be 23 and 74 nm, respectively. FESEM analysis showed the spherical and cubical shapes of Ag nanoparticles and Chi-Ag nanoparticles, respectively. EDS analysis indicated a peak around 3.29 keV, conforming to the binding energies of Ag ions. The biogenic nanomaterial also showed strong antibacterial activity against all tested bacterial pathogens.

Synthesis of Chitosan-Silver Nanoparticle Composite Spheres and Their Antimicrobial Activities.

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles–chitosan composite particles sphere (AgNPs-chi-spheres) has been completed and its characterization was fulfilled by UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and zetasizer nano. UV–vis spectroscopy characterization showed that AgNPs-chi-spheres gave optimum absorption at a wavelength of 410 nm. The XRD spectra showed that the structure of AgNPs-chi-spheres were crystalline and spherical. Characterization by SEM showed that AgNPs-chi-spheres, with the addition of 20% of NaOH, resulted in the lowest average particle sizes of 46.91 nm. EDX analysis also showed that AgNPs-chi-spheres, with the addition of a 20% NaOH concentration, produced particles with regular spheres, a smooth and relatively nonporous structure. The analysis using zetasizer nano showed that the zeta potential value and the polydispersity index value of the AgNPs-chi-sphere tended to increase with an increased NaOH concentration. The results of the microbial activity screening showed that the AgNP-chi-Spheres with highest concentration of NaOH, produced the highest inhibition zone diameters against S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans, with inhibition zone diameters of 19.5, 18.56, and 12.25 nm, respectively.

Synthesis of chitosan–silver nanoparticles with antifungal properties on bamboo straws

In the present study, green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was conducted to prepare a preservative solution for organic bamboo straws. Spherical AgNPs were prepared with the help of ultrasound waves by inducing a reaction between silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution (0.05 M) and tea leaf extract (Camellia sinensis). Spherical AgNPs with an 11–28 nm size were formed easily in the extract at ambient temperature. The as-prepared AgNPs–chitosan solutions exhibited excellent antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus fungi, which were isolated from bamboo straws collected from the Nam Dong district of Thua Thien Hue province in Vietnam. Therefore, the AgNPs–chitosan solution can be used as a bamboo-straw-coating material to inhibit the growth of A. flavus fungi. The optimized concentrations of AgNPs and chitosan to achieve the antifungal activity of AgNPs–chitosan solution on bamboo straws were 40 parts per million and 1.5%, respectively. Thus, coating bamboo straws with this solution can be proposed as an additional treatment to increase their postharvest quality. Moreover, AgNPs–chitosan solution can be used to protect bamboo straws from fungal infections, thereby prolonging their shelf life.

Synthesis and characterization of chitosan silver nanoparticle decorated with benzodioxane coupled piperazine as an effective anti-biofilm agent against MRSA: A validation of molecular docking and dynamics

Biomaterial research has improved the delivery and efficacy of drugs over a wide range of pharmaceutical applications. The objective of this study was to synthesize benzodioxane coupled piperazine decorated chitosan silver nanoparticle (Bcp*C@AgNPs) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and to assess the nanoparticle as an effective candidate for antibacterial and anti-biofilm care. Antibacterial activity of the compound was examined and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was observed at (10.21 ± 0.03 ZOI) a concentration of 200 μg/mL. The Bcp*C@AgNPs interferes with surface adherence of MRSA, suggesting an anti-biofilm distinctive property that is verified for the first time by confocal laser microscopic studies. By ADMET studies the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity of the compound was examined. The interaction solidity and the stability of the compound when surrounded by water molecules were analyzed by docking and dynamic simulation analysis. The myoblast cell line (L6) was considered for toxicity study and was observed that the compound exhibited less toxic effect. This current research highlights the biocidal efficiency of Bcp*C@AgNPs with their bactericidal and anti-biofilm properties over potential interesting clinical trial targets in future.

New Perspectives of Using Chitosan, Silver, and Chitosan–Silver Nanoparticles against Multidrug‐Resistant Bacteria

AbstractNanomaterials with antimicrobial activity are promising alternatives to overcome microbial resistance in medical devices. Catheters, probes, and wound dressings are among the medical devices mostly affected by microbial contamination and the formation of polymicrobial biofilms. Nanoparticles (NPs) derived from natural sources, such as chitosan nanoparticles (CsNPs), and metal‐based nanoparticles, including silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), are receiving increased interest in nanomedicine. CsNPs have been widely explored as a coating material and antimicrobial agent. AgNPs have a strong antimicrobial effect against bacteria and fungi. The nanocomposite chitosan–silver nanoparticles (Cs‐AgNPs) can be more effective against several microorganisms, including multidrug‐resistant bacteria, due to the synergistic effect between chitosan and silver. This review addresses the most used synthesis methods, including green routes, to produce CsNPs, AgNPs, and Cs–AgNPs. It also discusses physicochemical characteristics and antimicrobial properties of these NPs in medical, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological areas.

Efficacy of chitosan silver nanoparticles from shrimp-shell wastes against major mosquito vectors of public health importance

AbstractMosquito-borne diseases are causing serious damage to public health worldwide, and control of these deadly mosquito vectors is a major thrust area for epidemiologists and public health workers. Therefore, the present research reports an eco-friendly solution with multipotency of silver nanoparticle fabricated from shrimp shell biowaste in controlling mosquitoes and bacterial pathogens. The biofabricated chitosan silver nanoparticles (Cs-AgNPs) were confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and zeta potential analysis. The TEM studies showed that the obtained Cs-AgNPs were mostly spherical in shape. Low doses of chitosan and Cs-AgNPs showed high mosquitocidal properties against both larvae and adult ofAnopheles stephensi,Aedes aegypti, andCulex quinquefasciatus.The LC50(lethal concentration 50%) of Cs-AgNPs was 10.240 ppm (fourth instar larvae) and 9.671 ppm (adult) forAn. stephensi; 11.349 ppm (fourth instar) and 12.015 ppm (adult) forAe. aegyptiand 12.426 ppm (fourth instar) and 12.965 ppm (adult) forCx. quinquefasciatus.The concerning part of antibacterial studies showed that Cs-AgNP had significant inhibition on tested bacterial pathogens. Overall, this study shows that chitosan extracted from the shrimp shell wastes can be used as a potential source for controlling major mosquito vectors.

Extracellular green synthesis of chitosan-silver nanoparticles using Lactobacillus reuteri for antibacterial applications

Abstract In this work, we report the eco-friendly green synthesis of hybrid chitosan-silver nanoparticles (CS-AgNPs) using Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730. The cell free extracellular biomass of L. reuteri was used as a reducing and capping agent for the synthesis of CS-AgNPs. The synthesized CS-AgNPs were characterized by using UV–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The formation of brown color and UV–visible absorbance peak (λmax) at 415 nm confirmed the synthesis of CS-AgNPs. XRD analysis revealed the face centred cubic crystalline structure of CS-AgNPs. FE-SEM analysis showed that the synthesized CS-AgNPs having quasi-spherical shaped nanostructure with an average size of 40–90 nm. The IR bands at 1465, 1543 and 1651 cm−1 indicated the presence of amine groups (-NH2), which confirmed the presence of CS in synthesized CS-AgNPs. The synthesized CS-AgNPs showed potential disc diffusion antibacterial activity against B. subtilis and E. coli pathogens. Furthermore, cotton fabrics impregnated with CS-AgNPs also showed bactericidal zone of inhibition against B. subtilis. Thus, the obtained results exposed that the synthesized CS-AgNPs using L. reuteri can be used against bacterial pathogens in textile industries.