Chitosan-ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Research Articles

Adsorptive removal of Cd (II) using oil palm empty fruit bunch-based charcoal/chitosan-EDTA film composite

Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is a solid waste abundantly produced by the palm oil industry. This study aimed to prepare a film adsorbent from OPEFB-based charcoal (OC), embedded into chitosan-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) matrix (OC/Chi-EDTA) through a simple phase inversion technique for Cd (II) removal. Based on the tensile strength (20.4 kgf/mm2) and adsorption capacity (66.6 mg/g), the material with 0.85 : 0.1: 0.15 was selected as the best film adsorbent using simple additive weighting. Further, the sample was characterized for its functional group, morphology, crystallinity, and thermal behavior. The characterizations revealed the successful preparation of OC/Chi-EDTA with advantageous properties for Cd (II) adsorptive removal such as rough surface morphology and amorphous structure (crystallinity = 41.02). Good thermal stability of OC/Chi-EDTA was also suggested by the Tpeak of the first composite degradation at 298.97°C. At equilibrium, the adsorption isotherm best fitted with the Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.992; root-mean-square error = 2.75), where the maximum adsorption capacity was 283.33 mg/g. Investigation on the adsorption mechanisms found that electrostatic attraction and complexation were responsible for the Cd (II) uptake. At the optimum conditions (contact time = 120 min; pH 7), the adsorption capacity was recorded to be 67.2 mg/g with a removal efficiency of 99.56%. Regeneration studies suggested that OC/Chi-EDTA can be used up to four cycles (removal efficiency > 75%). In conclusion, the OC has been successfully embedded into chitosan-EDTA matrix resulting in a film adsorbent that could perform a high Cd (II) uptake.

Formulation of Chitosan-Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid/Poloxamer Gel Containing Fruit’s Hull of <i>Garcinia mangostana</i> Extract

The purpose of this study was to develop the formulation of chitosan-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)/poloxamer containing GM extract gel. The GM extract with a concentration of 0.5% wt was incorporated into a gel formulation. The physical appearance, pH, viscosity and percentage label amount of GM extract gel were performed. The in vitro antioxidant activity of gel were evaluated using (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated by the zone of inhibition method. The mucoadhesive property was investigated using viscosity technique. The results illustrate that the chitosan-EDTA/poloxamer containing GM extract gel had a yellow colour of GM extract. The pH of a gel was in the range of 4.47 – 6.87. The percentage label amount of gel was in the range of 98.71 – 99.37% and the viscosity of gel were in the range of 14767 – 14784 mPa/s and 9607 – 9641 mPa/s. The TSol-Gel temperature was 35 oC. The antioxidant activities (IC50) which evaluated by DPPH method of all gel was in the range of 13.20 – 13.57 mg/ml. The zone of inhibition of gel against S.aureus was in the range of 8.17 – 10.52 mm. The chitosan-EDTA may improve the mucoadhesive property of gel. In conclusion, the chitosan-EDTA/poloxamer containing GM extract gel may have the potential for pharmaceutical and wound healing application.

Maclura pomifera (Osage Orange) Meyve Özütünden Elektroeğirme Yöntemiyle Üretilen Membranların Karakterizasyonu

In this study, electrospinning method which is a common method of obtaining nanofibers is used. Nanolif was synthesized with chitosan-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid / polyvinylalcohol (CS-EDTA / PVA) polymers using macula pomifera fruit extract. To obtain the nanofibers, 3% macula pomifera extract was added to the CS-EDTA / PVA solution. The structure and diameters of the resulting nanofibers were visualized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Chemical binding properties were determined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Mass change due to nanofiber temperature was performed by Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). At the end of the study, the total phenolic content of the extract and nanofiber was determined. The time dependent changes in the total phenolic content of nanolife have been investigated. The results obtained show that the nanofiber is loaded with the extract. It turns out that nanolipine is a temperature resistant structure. In addition, the phenolic compounds transfer to the nanofiber structure in a small amount of the extract. However, it has been determined that there is no significant change in the total amount of phenolic substances after nanofiber formation.

Chitosan and Its Derivatives for Application in Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems.

Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems are desirable as they can increase the residence time of drugs at the site of absorption/action, provide sustained drug release and minimize the degradation of drugs in various body sites. Chitosan is a cationic polysaccharide that exhibits mucoadhesive properties and it has been widely used in the design of mucoadhesive dosage forms. However, its limited mucoadhesive strength and limited water-solubility at neutral and basic pHs are considered as two major drawbacks of its use. Chemical modification of chitosan has been exploited to tackle these two issues. In this review, we highlight the up-to-date studies involving the synthetic approaches and description of mucoadhesive properties of chitosan and chitosan derivatives. These derivatives include trimethyl chitosan, carboxymethyl chitosan, thiolated chitosan, chitosan-enzyme inhibitors, chitosan-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (chitosan-EDTA), half-acetylated chitosan, acrylated chitosan, glycol chitosan, chitosan-catechol, methyl pyrrolidinone-chitosan, cyclodextrin-chitosan and oleoyl-quaternised chitosan. We have particularly focused on the effect of chemical derivatization on the mucoadhesive properties of chitosan. Additionally, other important properties including water-solubility, stability, controlled release, permeation enhancing effect, and in vivo performance are also described.

Adsorption of copper on chitin-based materials: Kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Copper (Cu (II)) is one of the most toxic heavy metals usually found in the environment. Thus its removal from aqueous waste streams is an important issue in nowadays. The present work focuses on the comparison of the copper adsorption on chitin-based adsorbents, i.e. chitin (CH), chitosan (CS) and chitosan- ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (CS-EDTA). Chitin derivatives are carbohydrate materials well known to remove heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. The effects of contact time, initial concentration, the temperature, pH, and mass of the adsorbent in the adsorption process were studied. The adsorption isotherms were well simulated by Langmuir and Freundlich models. The maximum adsorption capacity of CH, CS and CS-EDTA at 25°C, pH 7.0 was found to be 58, 67 and 110mg g−1, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters of adsorption processes such as Gibb's free energy (ΔG0), standard enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS0) were also calculated. The results showed that the studied materials could be used as effective adsorbents for removal of copper from water.

Effect of chitosan-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid on Enterococcus faecalis dentinal biofilm and smear layer removal

Objective:The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of chitosan and chitosan-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) (3:1,1:1,1:3) in comparison with 5.2% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in disinfecting Enterococcus faecalis biofilm on root canal dentin and in the removal of smear layer with minimal erosion.Materials and Methods:Seventy single-rooted extracted human mandibular premolars (n = 70) were selected for the study. Forty tooth samples were biomechanically prepared, vertically sectioned, and sterilized by autoclaving. The tooth sections were artificially infected with E. faecalis (ATCC 29212 [n = 35] and clinical isolate [SBEF2, n = 35]) to form mature dentinal biofilm in vitro. The tooth samples were treated with the test solutions: chitosan and chitosan-EDTA (3:1, 1:1, 1:3), and the killing time was determined. The smear layer removal ability of the test solutions (Group A: chitosan-EDTA [1:1], Group B: EDTA, Group C: control) (n = 10 tooth/group) was assessed.Results:Chitosan and chitosan-EDTA (3:1, 1:1, 1:3) exhibited antibacterial activity against both the strains of E. faecalis. Chitosan and chitosan-EDTA caused 3 log reduction in the viable count of the sessile cells of E. faecalis at 15 min while 5.2% NaOCl exhibited 99.98% inhibition at 15 min. Chitosan-EDTA (1:1) was found to be effective in removing the smear layer and showed lesser erosion than EDTA at the coronal and middle portions.Conclusion:Chitosan-EDTA (1:1) is a potential root canal irrigant that performs a dual role – root canal disinfection and smear layer removal.

<i>In Vitro</i> Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Chitosan Aqueous Salts Based Nanofiber Mats

The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activities of chitosan acetate (CS-acetate), chitosan hydroxybenzotriazole (CS-HOBt), chitosan thiamine pyrophosphate (CS-TPP) and chitosan ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (CS-EDTA) nanofiber mats. Chitosan was dissolved with hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt), thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in distilled water. These chitosan aqueous salts were blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) at volume ratio 30/70 chitosan salts/PVA and prepared to nanofibers via electrospinning process. The morphology of electrospun chitosan aqueous salts based nanofiber mats were observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM). The antioxidant activities were determined employing various established in vitro system such as superoxide, hydroxyl radicals scavenging and metal ion chelating compared with pure PVA nanofiber mats. The results exhibited that the electrospun chitosan aqueous salts based nanofiber mats showed the different antioxidant activity depended on salt forms. Among the salt forms, CS-acetate nanofiber mats showed the highest superoxide radical scavenging effect while CS-HOBt nanofiber mats (IC50 = 7.53 mg/mL) showed the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging effect. For the metal ion chelating activity, CS-EDTA nanofiber mats showed the highest chelating activity (IC50 = 1.07 mg/mL). In summary, the antioxidant chitosan aqueous salt based nanofiber mats have potential for use in pharmaceutical applications.

<i>In Vitro</i> Antioxidant Activity of Chitosan Aqueous Solution: Effect of Salt Form

Purpose: To investigate the effect of salt form on the antioxidant activities of chitosan aqueous solution.Methods: The antioxidant activities of chitosan acetate (CS-acetate), chitosan hydroxybenzotriazole (CS-HOBt), chitosan thiamine pyrophosphate (CS-TPP) and chitosan ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (CS-EDTA) solution were determined employing various established in vitro system such as superoxide and hydroxyl radicals scavenging, metal ion chelating and reducing power. Their chemical structures were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infraredspectrophotometry (FT-IR).Results: NMR and FT-IR show confirmed formation of chitosan salts. The 50 % inhibition concentration (IC50) of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals was 0.349 – 1.34 and 0.34 – 1.54 mg/mL, respectively. Among the salt forms, CS-acetate (IC50 = 0.349 mg/mL) showed the highest superoxide radical scavenging effect while CS-HOBt (IC50 = 0.34 mg/mL) showed the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging effect. With regard to metal ion chelating activity, CS-EDTA showed the highest chelating activity (approx 100 % at 1 mg/mL) while the others showed 20 % activity at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. The results for reducing power indicate that CS-TPP had the highest reducing power.Conclusion: The results indicate that antioxidant activity varied with the salt form. Thus, CS salts may be used as a source of antioxidants for pharmaceutical applications.Keywords: Chitosan, Antioxidant, Hydroxybenzotriazole, Thiamine pyrophosphate, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

Lysozyme-loaded, electrospun chitosan-based nanofiber mats for wound healing

In this study, a blend mixture of chitosan-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (CS 2 wt%-EDTA) at a weight ratio of 30/70 and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution (10 wt%) was electrospun to produce fibrous mats with lysozyme (10, 20 and 30 wt%) used for wound healing. The morphology and diameter of the electrospun fiber mats with and without lysozyme were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The amount of lysozyme loaded in the nanofiber mats was measured by HPLC. The cell lysis activity of the lysozyme was investigated with Micrococcus lysodeikticus cells as a substrate. The wound healing activity was performed in vivo using male Wistar rats. The SEM images of all lysozyme-loaded fibers show a smooth fiber without beads with an average diameter of 143-209 nm. The amount of lysozyme loaded in the nanofiber mats was slightly decreased when the initial concentration of lysozyme was increased. The rapid lysozyme release from the nanofiber mats was obtained and is dependent on the lysozyme-loading amount. In animal wound healing, lysozyme loaded CS-EDTA nanofiber mats accelerated the rate of wound healing when compared to the controls (gauze). In conclusion, our experiments demonstrated that biomaterials composed of lysozyme loaded CS-EDTA nanofibers have a potential for wound healing.

Fabrication and Characterization of Chitosan-Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid/Polyvinyl Alcohol Blend Electrospun Nanofibers

Electrospinning is a technique use to fabricate ultrafine fibers with diameters in the nanometer range. The electrospun fiber mats have high potentials for many applications, due to their high surface area to volume, high porosity and small pore size. In this study, chitosan-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (CS-EDTA)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blend nanofibers were successfully prepared using electrospinning techniques without organic solvent. CS was dissolved in EDTA aqueous solution and then blended with PVA solution at various weight ratios. Physicochemical properties of CS-EDTA/PVA solution such as viscosity, conductivity and surface tension were investigated. The morphology and diameter of the electrospun fiber mats were analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The composite structure was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). SEM images showed that the morphology and diameter of the nanofibers were mainly affected by the weight ratio of the blend. Nanofibers were obtained when the CS-EDTA content was less than 50%wt. The average diameter of the nanofibers was 119-223 nm, and this average diameter decreased with increasing CS-EDTA content. In summary, these CS electrospun nanofiber mats may be proper for the drug delivery or wound dressing application.

Preparation and evaluation of chitosan‐ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid hydrogel films for the mucoadhesive transbuccal delivery of insulin

This manuscript describes the development of a new porous, flexible bilaminated film for buccal protein administration by a simple and mild casting procedure. It consists of a mucoadhesive layer (chitosan-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid hydrogel film) containing protein drugs and an impermeable protective layer made of ethylcellose. The obtained mucoadhesive layer was characterized in terms of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, rheology, swelling, and mucoadhesion. Rheology results showed that chitosan-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid hydrogel (10:2) possessed the greatest degree of viscoelasticity and was well-structured compared with other hydrogels. The in vitro mucoadhesion studies also showed that the mucoadhesive force of the hydrogel remained over 17,000 N/m2 during 4 h in the simulated oral cavity. The insulin loaded bilaminated film showed a pronounced hypoglycemic effect following buccal administration to healthy rats, achieving a 17% pharmacological availability compared with subcutaneous insulin injection. According to these results, the bilaminated film would be a promising delivery carrier for protein drugs via the buccal route.

Nanoparticles Incorporated in Bilaminated Films: A Smart Drug Delivery System for Oral Formulations

A novel smart drug delivery system (NP-Film) consisting of carboxylation chitosan-grafted nanoparticles (CCGNs) and bilaminated films, which were composed of the mucoadhesive chitosan-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid hydrogel layer and the hydrophobic ethylcellulose layer, was developed for oral delivery of protein drugs. NP-Film was characterized by electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy, and the results showed that the solid, spherical nanoparticles dispersed evenly in the porous structures of films. The properties of nanoparticles and films were investigated. The mucoadhesive force, CCGNs released from the NP-Film, and the toxicity of NP-Film were also evaluated. Results showed that the nanoparticles could reversibly open the tight junction of the intestine and inhibit trypsin activity. The release behavior of the nanoparticles from the NP-Film exhibited pH sensitivity. The drug delivery system possessed high mucoadhesive force and low intestinal toxicity. Therefore, the NP-Film would be a promising delivery carrier for protein drugs via oral administration.