Chiropractic Research Articles

Assessing the change in prevalence and characteristics of canadians utilizing chiropractic services across two time periods 2001–2010 and 2015–2018: a population-based repeated cross-sectional study

BackgroundDespite increases in musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in Canada, evidence suggests utilization of chiropractic services has remained relatively stable over time. Understanding the extent to which chiropractors are consulted and factors associated with their utilization may suggest factors related to accessing care. We assessed the change in prevalence and characteristics of Canadians seeking chiropractic care across two time periods 2001–2010 and 2015–2018.MethodsWe used national cross-sectional data from seven cycles of the Canadian Community Health Survey between 2001 and 2018. The survey included Canadians aged 12 years and older living in private dwellings in all provinces and territories. National annual weighted prevalence and age-standardized weighted prevalence (and 95% confidence intervals) of chiropractic utilization were calculated. We calculated prevalence of chiropractic utilization stratified by demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle and health-related variables. Crude linear trends and change in prevalence from 2001 to 2010 were assessed using linear regression models.ResultsThe national annual prevalence of Canadians consulting a chiropractor in the previous 12 months slightly increased from 11.0% (95% CI 10.8, 11.3) in 2001 to 11.4% (95%CI 11.1, 11.7) in 2010, and in those reporting receiving regular health care from a chiropractor from 7.5% (95%CI 7.2, 7.7) in 2015 to 7.9% (95%CI 7.7, 8.2) in 2018. Prevalence of utilization varied by province, highest in the Western provinces but lowest in Atlantic provinces. The age-specific prevalence of chiropractic utilization was highest in those aged 35–49 years and remained stable over time, except for slight increase in those aged 65–79 years. A higher percentage of Canadians identifying as white, Canadian-born, in the highest quintile of household income, overweight, physically active and in excellent health reported seeking chiropractic services. The most common reported chronic conditions measured in the survey among Canadians consulting chiropractors were chronic back problems, arthritis, fibromyalgia and headaches.ConclusionThe national prevalence of utilization of chiropractic services among Canadians slightly increased over time but varied by province and respondents’ socioeconomic and health characteristics. Chronic back problems were the most common reported chronic condition. This comprehensive population-based study on chiropractic utilization in Canada can be used to inform decisions concerning health human resources and access to rehabilitation care for MSD.

QUIROPRAXIA E ALÍVIO DAS DORES DE CABEÇA: EXPLORANDO AS CORRELAÇÕES ENTRE AJUSTES CERVICAIS E BEM-ESTAR

Objective: to analyze, using the Borg scale, the effects of cervical adjustment techniques on reducing headache complaints among employees of a private higher education institution in western Santa Catarina. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study, in which six chiropractic appointments were performed over a three-week period, and headache complaints (pain intensity) were assessed using the Borg Scale. Results: eight employees participated in the study, predominantly female (87.50%), with a mean age between 20 and 34 years. The results showed a significant reduction in the mean on the Borg Scale, from 7.88 (±1.73) at the beginning to 0.75 (±1.49) at the end (p = 0.001), with 75.00% of the participants achieving values equal to zero. Conclusion: Despite the low number of participants, the data suggest that chiropractic care may be an effective intervention for headache, and further research with a larger sample size and use of a control group is needed. It is concluded that chiropractic care is beneficial and can improve the quality of life of individuals suffering from chronic pain such as headache.

Finding a way in and making it stick: an exploration of chiropractor experiences working in team-oriented elite sport practice settings

Interprofessional healthcare teams have become the benchmark for optimising athlete health and performance in high-stakes sports. Despite a history of utility as provider partners, chiropractors are currently a relatively underutilised...

Fascial Manual Medicine: A Continuous Evolution.

From the perspective of fascial manual medicine (FMM), the body should not be considered as a set of compartments, but as a functional continuum, where most of the tissues (considering embryology) are fascia. The cells that make up the fascia can use multiple strategies to communicate, with neighboring cells, with the tissue to which they belong, and with the entire body, thanks to biochemical (microscopy) and electromagnetic (nanoscopy) possibilities. These multiple capacities to send and receive information make the border or layer of the different tissues seem absent. All the manual techniques that profess to be the only ones that work on the patient's symptoms, dictating a standardized manual procedure that all patients should undergo, represent a clinical deviation. Likewise, thinking that the manual approach can provide biomechanical stimuli only to a single specific structure or layer is a conceptual error. This narrative review briefly reviews the history of fascial-related nomenclature and how the fascial system is currently considered, posing new reflections on how the fascial continuum could be conceived by practitioners who apply FMM in the clinic, such as osteopaths, chiropractors, and physiotherapists.

Using Network Analysis to Examine the Brain Regions Connectivity of Functional Neurological Disorder Patient and Healthy Participant

Introduction: Functional neurological disorder (FND) is one of the most common causes of neuropathy, However, its cause continues to be mysterious. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of that is crucial for treatment strategies. The study was conducted on brain images resting state fMRI taken from two volunteers (functional neurological disorder patient and healthy subject)who had the same characteristics. Methods: We fitted Gaussian Graphical Models to a single subject data using a network approach. Results: Based on the results of the networks, the number of significant edges was more in the left hemisphere in the patient, but in the healthy person, the number of these non-zero edges was more in the right hemisphere. Both the networks related to the healthy person and the patient had high density. Therefore, it indicated that the regions considered by these 2 people were strongly related to each other. The results showed the existence of more links and positive relationships between the regions, most of which showed a strong relationship. Among these connections, there were also negative connections. The networks of the healthy participant with almost symmetrical structures and the patient with Functional neurological disorder showed different characteristics, including asymmetry between the hemispheres. Conclusion: this study is the first to demonstrate that the brain regions of both functional neurological disorder patient and healthy participant can be conceptualized as networks. The findings of this study add to a growing body of literature that functional neurological disorder patient brain regions can be analyzed using network approaches.

Integrating complementary and alternative medicine in surgical care: A narrative review.

Complementary and integrative medicine (CIM) is increasingly being integrated into preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phases to enhance patient outcomes, manage symptoms, and improve overall well-being. CIM encompasses a broad range of therapies and practices that are not typically part of conventional medical care, such as herbal and non-herbal medicine, yoga, acupuncture, meditation, chiropractic care, and dietary supplements. This review explores the existing evidence on the application, benefits, and challenges of CIM therapies and practices in surgical settings, highlighting the importance of integrating these therapies and approaches with conventional medical practices to enhance patient outcomes.

Process mapping with failure mode and effects analysis to identify determinants of implementation in healthcare settings: a guide.

Generating and analyzing process maps can help identify and prioritize barriers to the implementation of evidence-based practices in healthcare settings. Guidance on how to systematically apply and report these methods in implementation research is scant. We describe a method combining a qualitative approach to developing process maps with a quantitative evaluation of maps drawn from the quality improvement literature called failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA). We provide an outline and guidance for how investigators can use process mapping with FMEA to identify and prioritize barriers when implementing evidence-based clinical interventions. Suggestions for methods and reporting were generated based on established procedures for process mapping with FMEA and through review of original research papers which apply both methods in healthcare settings. We provide case examples to illustrate how this approach can be operationalized in implementation research. The methodology of process mapping with FMEA can be divided into four broad phases: 1) formulating a plan, 2) generating process maps to identify and organize barriers over time, 3) prioritizing barriers through FMEA, and 4) devising an implementation strategy to address priority barriers. We identified 14 steps across the four phases. Two illustrative examples are provided. Case 1 describes the implementation of referrals to chiropractic care for adults with low back pain in primary care clinics. Case 2 describes the implementation of a family navigation intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder seeking care in pediatric clinics. For provisional guidance for reporting, we propose the REporting Process mapping and Analysis for Implementation Research (REPAIR) checklist. Process mapping with FMEA can elucidate barriers and facilitators to successful implementation of evidence-based clinical interventions. This paper provides initial guidance for more systematic applications of this methodology in implementation research. Future research should use a consensus-building approach, such as a multidisciplinary Delphi panel, to further delineate the reporting standards for studies that use process mapping with FMEA.

Effect of chiropractic care on low back pain for active-duty military members: Mediation through biopsychosocial factors.

This study evaluates biopsychosocial factors as mediators of the effect of chiropractic care on low back pain (LBP) intensity and interference for active-duty military members. Data from a multi-site, pragmatic clinical trial comparing six weeks of chiropractic care plus usual medical care to usual medical care alone for 750 US active-duty military members with LBP were analyzed using natural-effect, multiple-mediator modeling. Mediation of the adjusted mean effect difference on 12-week outcomes of PROMIS-29 pain interference and intensity by 6-week mediators of other PROMIS-29 physical, mental, and social health subdomains was evaluated. The effect difference on pain interference occurring through PROMIS-29 biopsychosocial factors (natural indirect effect = -1.59, 95% CI = -2.28 to -0.88) was 56% (95% CI = 35 to 96) of the total effect (-2.82, 95% CI = -3.98 to -1.53). The difference in effect on pain intensity occurring through biopsychosocial factors was smaller (natural indirect effect = -0.32, 95% CI = -0.50 to -0.18), equaling 26% (95% CI = 15 to 42) of the total effect (-1.23, 95% CI = -1.52 to -0.88). When considered individually, all physical, mental, and social health factors appeared to mediate the effect difference on pain interference and pain intensity with mental health factors having smaller effect estimates. In contrast with effects on pain interference, much of the effect of adding chiropractic care to usual medical care for US military members on pain intensity did not appear to occur through the PROMIS-29 biopsychosocial factors. Physical and social factors appear to be important intermediate measures for patients receiving chiropractic care for low back pain in military settings. Further study is needed to determine if the effect of chiropractic care on pain intensity for active-duty military occurs through other unmeasured factors, such as patient beliefs, or if the effect occurs directly.

Review of the fifth international conference on Functional Neurological Disorder (FND) in Verona, Italy, June 7–11 2024

Review of the fifth international conference on Functional Neurological Disorder (FND) in Verona, Italy, June 7–11 2024

Predictors of Utilization Frequency of and Expenditure Amount for Chiropractic Care in U.S. Adults: A Retrospective Cohort Study

ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the prospective associations of baseline personal characteristics with utilization frequency and expenditure of chiropractic care in US adults (≥18 years). MethodsData are from the 1358 respondents to the 2014 to 2016 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey who utilized chiropractic care. Individual, familial, health-related, and behavioral factors were included as covariates in the multivariate analytic model. Poisson and multinominal logistic regressions were modeled to examine the associations between the predictors and chiropractic utilization and expenditure. ResultsThe mean annual number of visits was 8.2 visits (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.9, 8.5), with annual expenditure of $677.43 U.S. dollars (95% CI: $595.47-$759.39) and $84.84 (95% CI: $77.89-$91.78) per visit. Female sex was associated with a 19% higher number of visits (rate ratio [RR] = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.41) than males. Publicly insured and uninsured were associated with a 44% higher (RR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.14, 1.82) and 36% lower (RR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.48, 0.86) visit frequency, respectively, than those privately insured. Rheumatoid arthritis was associated with 7.38 times the risk of high expenditure (95% CI: 2.61, 24.67) than medium expenditure, compared to no arthritis. Relative to physically active individuals, physical inactivity was associated with a 27% higher visit frequency (RR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.49) and an 82% higher risk (relative risk ratio = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.05, 3.14) of high expenditure than low expenditure. ConclusionThis analysis found distinct usage and expenditure patterns that vary according to specific baseline predictors. Female sex, being publicly insured, having rheumatoid arthritis, and physically inactive were associated with variance in expenditure. Results from this study may help identify chiropractic patients with tendencies for higher utilization or spending and may indirectly assist in predicting patients with slower response to care.

ILLNESS PERCEPTION AND TREATMENT EXPECTATION IN PATIENTS WITH FUNCTIONAL NEUROLOGICAL SYMPTOM DISORDER AT LAHORE, PAKISTAN

OBJECTIVE To explore the perceived illness and treatment expectations of patients with Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder. DESIGN OF STUDY It is a Descriptive Research Design PLACE AND DURATION The study was executed at Department of Psychiatry of government and private teaching hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan over a period of 12 months, from Jan 2023 to Dec 2023. METHOD A total of 100 adult participants were recruited as per criteria. Demographic Information Questionnaire and Short Explanatory Model Interview (SEMI) were employed and the qualitative data generated from SEMI was converted to numerical codes and discrete categories by the method of stepwise reduction. The descriptive frequencies were then presented in the tabular format. RESULTS Majority of the participants were female, educated, students and housewives, with 1 – 6 months duration of the illness, mixed symptoms presentation, pseudo seizures and motor symptoms. The main reasons of onset of illness was mentioned as marriage related factors and familial and social factors and majority participants believe that magic can affect others. The intensity of the symptoms were perceived as ‘extreme intense’ associated with the fear about the worsening of symptoms and serious discomfort. The main difficulties due to illness was reported to be lack of interest in daily activities, and increase in problem in relationships. The patients expect proper treatment and prescription of medicines which was followed by responses that they will learn the diagnosis and will receive advice from doctors regarding their illness. CONCLUSION The patient’s perception towards their illness was serious and concerned and their expectations was receiving proper treatment, medications and learning the disorder and doctor’s advice.

National Trends in the Utilization and Expenditure of Chiropractic Care in U.S. Adults: Analysis of the 2007-2016 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey

ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine the trends in the utilization and expenditure of chiropractic care in a representative sample of US adults, aged ≥18 years. MethodsSerial cross-sectional data (2007-2016) from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) were examined. Weighted descriptive statistics were analyzed to obtain national estimates of chiropractic utilization and expenditure, and time-series linear regression was used to assess trends over time. Socio-demographic characteristics and musculoskeletal diagnoses associated with chiropractic use were also reported. ResultsA statistically significantly increasing trend was observed for the number of adults receiving chiropractic care (p < .05), number of visits (p < .05) and utilization rate (P < .05) from 2007 to 2016. A similar trend was not found for chiropractic expenditure during this period (P > .05). The mean number of visits was 8.3 visits per year, with a mean expenditure of $86.94 USD per visit and $721.43 USD per person per year. Mean age of adult chiropractic users each year ranged between 48.6 and 51.2 years old, and users were primarily female (56.3%-60.4%), White persons (90.1%-93.5%), and privately insured (77.3%-82.8%). The most prevalent musculoskeletal diagnoses associated with chiropractic use were low back conditions (45.4%-58.1%), inflammatory/degenerative disc or joint conditions (21.2%-26.8%) and head and neck complaints (9.8%-13.7%). ConclusionThe findings showed statistically significant increasing trends for the number of adult chiropractic users, the number of visits, and percent utilization of chiropractic care from 2007 to 2016. Conversely, we found a statistically null trend for the total annual expenditure on chiropractic care during the same time period. Findings from this analysis imply that, while chiropractic care appears to be growing, it may still be under-utilized, and more efforts should be devoted to ensuring sustained growth and a larger role in the management of musculoskeletal health.

Effects of Chiropractic Care Combine with a Three-Month Physical Training Program on the Development of Adolescent Basketball Players

This study assessed the effect of routine chiropractic care combined with a three-month strength and conditioning program on the physical performance of adolescent basketball players. Thirty-one male athletes, aged 16-19, from elite Chinese national basketball camps, were divided into experimental and control groups. All subjects received cervical adjustment one time per week done by a team chiropractor. The program aimed to enhance agility, muscular strength, endurance, and speed through professional training. Measurements were taken at baseline, at six weeks, and after twelve weeks, using tests such as the ¾ court sprint, box agility, 1RM back squat, 1RM bench press, 65kg bench press for maximum reps, and 17-line shuttle run. The experimental group showed significant improvements in all metrics except the box agility test, while the control group exhibited fewer substantial changes. Results indicate that structured strength and conditioning programs combined with chiropractic adjustment significantly enhance adolescent athletes’ physical performance. The level of significance was set at p &lt; 0.05. The study concludes that consistent chiropractic care and professionally supervised training are beneficial for adolescent athletes’ development, suggesting the integration of such programs into training routines for adolescent athletes to improve their physical capabilities and minimize injury risks.

Views and perspectives toward implementing the Global Spine Care Initiative (GSCI) model of care, and related spine care program by the people in Cross Lake, Northern Manitoba, Canada: a qualitative study using the Theoretical Domain Framework (TDF)

BackgroundBack pain is very common and a leading cause of disability worldwide. Due to health care system inequalities, Indigenous communities have a disproportionately higher prevalence of injury and acute and chronic diseases compared to the general Canadian population. Indigenous communities, particularly in northern Canada, have limited access to evidence-based spine care. Strategies established in collaboration with Indigenous peoples are needed to address unmet healthcare needs, including spine care (chiropractic and movement program) services. This study aimed to understand the views and perspectives of Cross Lake community leaders and clinicians working at Cross Lake Nursing Station (CLNS) in northern Manitoba regarding the implementation of the Global Spine Care Initiative (GSCI) model of spine care (MoC) and related implementation strategies.MethodA qualitative exploratory design using an interpretivist paradigm was used. Twenty community partners were invited to participate in semi-structured interviews underpinned by the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) adapted to capture pertinent information. Data were analyzed deductively and inductively, and the interpretation of findings were explored in consultation with community members and partners.ResultsCommunity leaders (n = 9) and physicians, nurses, and allied health workers (n = 11) emphasized: 1) the importance of contextualizing the MoC (triaging and care pathway) and proposed new services through in-person community engagement; 2) the need and desire for local non-pharmacological spine care approaches; and 3) streamlining patient triage and CLNS workflow. Recommendations for the streamlining included reducing managerial/administrative duties, educating new incoming clinicians, incorporating follow-up appointments for spine pain patients, and establishing an electronic medical record system along with a patient portal. Suggestions regarding how to sustain the new spine care services included providing transportation, protecting allocated clinic space, resolving insurance coverage discrepancies, addressing misconceptions about chiropractic care, instilling the value of physical activity for self-care and pain relief, and a short-term (30-day) incentivised movement program which considers a variety of movement options and offers a social component after each session.ConclusionCommunity partners were favorable to the inclusion of a refined GSCI MoC. Adapting the TDF to unique Indigenous needs may help understand how best to implement the MoC in communities with similar needs.

An exploration of UK speech and language therapists' treatment and management of functional communication disorders: A mixed-methods online survey.

Functional Communication Disorders (FCDs) are one specific presentation of Functional Neurological Disorder (FND). FND is characterised by neurological symptoms, such as sensory and motor symptoms, which are not explained by neurological disease. Speech and language therapists (SLTs) have expertise in managing communication disorders, including FCDs, though is not known is what clinicians do in practice to treat and manage FCDs. To explore the clinical practices of SLTs who regularly manage FCDs in the UK, including the assessment and intervention approaches taken. An online survey was developed using Qualtrics software and piloted before dissemination. Participants were experienced SLTs working in the UK who managed at least three FCD referrals a year. The survey was developed with a mix of qualitative and quantitative questions. The survey was disseminated via social media and professional networks. There were 73 completed responses to the survey. Participants reported working with a range of FCDs clinically, with functional stuttering and articulation disorders seen most frequently. SLTs reported working with a wide range of multidisciplinary professionals when managing patients with FCDs, though lack of access to mental health professionals was raised as an issue. SLTs reported using a combination of formal and informal communication assessments. Interventions varied, with a wide range of psychological approaches informing treatment. Lack of specific training, evidence base and negative attitudes around functional neurological disorder (FND) were raised as ongoing issues. Therapists encountered a wide range of FCDs as part of their clinical practice, though there was a significant disparity in the service and interventions offered. SLTs feel their input can be effective, but lack the resources, training and evidence-based interventions to provide adequate care. What is already known on the subject FCDs are one manifestation of FND and can present as a wide range of communication disorders. SLTs encounter FCDs as part of clinical practice, but report feeling unsure and underprepared to manage these disorders. Consensus recommendations have provided some guidance on how to manage these disorders, though what was not known was what practising SLTs are doing in practice with FCD patients: what assessment, intervention and management strategies they use, and what they feel are the facilitators and barriers to effective management. What this study adds to the existing knowledge This is the first UK-wide survey of FCD SLT clinical practice. The survey found that SLTs are seeing a range of FCDs as part of their clinical practice. SLTs reported that they feel their input is effective, that they had confidence in their ability to provide assessment and intervention, and that SLT for FCDs should be routine. SLTs reported using a wide variety of approaches to assessment and intervention. Barriers to effective management included a lack of resources, training, negative staff attitudes towards FND, and lack of research and evidence-based interventions. What are the practical and clinical implications of this work? This survey has found that SLTs working across the UK are providing input for patients with FCDs, but frequently reported feeling isolated and lacking clinical peer support. This shows the potential for networking groups to support SLTs to learn and share resources. There is a training need for SLTs and other healthcare professionals to tackle pervasive negative attitudes towards FND. Common themes in intervention approaches were found, but there was variability in the specific approach taken. This requires further research to guide SLTs on the best evidence-based practice.

The impact of chiropractic care on prescription opioid use for non-cancer spine pain: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundIn recent studies, receipt of chiropractic care has been associated with lower odds of receiving prescription opioids and, among those already prescribed, reduced doses of opioids among patients with non-cancer spine pain. These findings suggest that access to chiropractic services may reduce reliance on opioids for musculoskeletal pain.ObjectiveTo assess the impact of chiropractic care on initiation, or continued use, of prescription opioids among patients with non-cancer spine pain.MethodsWe will search for eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies indexed in MEDLINE, Embase, AMED, CINAHL, Web of Science, and the Index to Chiropractic Literature from database inception to June 2024. Article screening, data extraction, and risk-of-bias assessment will be conducted independently by pairs of reviewers. We will conduct separate analyses for RCTs and observational studies and pool binary outcomes (e.g. prescribed opioid receipt, long-term opioid use, and higher versus lower opioid dose) as odds ratios (ORs) with associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs). When studies provide hazard ratios (HRs) or relative risks (RRs) for time-to-event data (e.g. time-to-first opioid prescription) or incidence rates (number of opioid prescriptions over time), we will first convert them to an OR before pooling. Continuous outcomes such as pain intensity, sleep quality, or morphine equivalent dose will be pooled as weighted mean differences with associated 95% CIs. We will conduct meta-analyses using random-effects models and explore sources of heterogeneity using subgroup analyses and meta-regression. We will evaluate the certainty of evidence of all outcomes using the GRADE approach and the credibility of all subgroup effects with ICEMAN criteria. Our systematic review will follow the PRISMA statement and MOOSE guidelines.DiscussionOur review will establish the current evidence informing the impact of chiropractic care on new or continued prescription opioid use for non-cancer spine pain. We will disseminate our results through peer-reviewed publication and conference presentations. The findings of our review will be of interest to patients, health care providers, and policy-makers.Trial registrationSystematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42023432277.

B - 12 Differences in Quality of Life in Students with Functional Neurological Disorders by School Setting

Abstract Objective Attending school in person for students with Functional Neurological Disorder (FND) has been recommended for improved functioning and reduced symptoms. There is little to no research measuring the impact of school setting on quality of life. This study investigates whether school setting impacts parent-perceived quality of life (QoL) in children with FND. Method The study included 142 patients (ages 7–19 years old) diagnosed with FND that were seen in an outpatient clinic at Children’s Medical Center, Dallas. Patients were classified as either participating in homeschool, regular in-person schooling, or in-person schooling with an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) or Section 504 accommodations. This did not include children being homeschooled solely due to COVID-19 school closures. A parent or guardian completed the PedsQL questionnaire. A single factor ANVOA was utilized to identify significant differences between groups. Post hoc comparisons using the Tukey HSD test were then conducted. Results Results revealed overall significant differences between groups (p0.1). Conclusions Results of this study support the recommendation of attending school in person, with or without formal support. Participation in typical daily routines may improve overall impact of pediatric FND.

The cervico-ocular reflex changes following treatment in individuals with subclinical neck pain: a randomized control trial.

Individuals with subclinical neck pain (SCNP) exhibit altered cerebellar processing, likely due to disordered sensorimotor integration of inaccurate proprioceptive input. This association between proprioceptive feedback and SMI has been captured in cervico-ocular reflex (COR) differences where SCNP showed higher gain than healthy participants. Previous neurophysiological research demonstrated improved cerebellar processing in SCNP participants following a single treatment session, but it is unknown whether these neurophysiological changes transfer to cerebellar function. In a parallel group, randomized control trial conducted at Ontario Tech University, 27 right-hand dominant SCNP participants were allocated to the 8-week chiropractic care (n = 15; 7M & 8F) or 8-week control (n = 12; 6M & 6F) group. COR gain (ratio of eye movement to trunk movement) was assessed using an eye-tracking device at baseline and at post 8-weeks (treatment vs. no treatment). COR gain (10 trials): participants gazed at a circular target that disappeared after 3s, while a motorized chair rotated their trunk at a frequency of 0.04Hz, with an amplitude of 5º, for 2 minutes. A 2 × 2 repeated measures ANOVA was performed. COR gain was significantly reduced following 8-weeks of chiropractic care compared to the SCNP control (8-weeks of no treatment) group (p = 0.012, ηp2 = 0.237). The decrease in COR gain following treatment is likely due to normalized proprioceptive feedback from the neck, enabling improved processing and integration within the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum.

Biomarkers and Rehabilitation for Functional Neurological Disorder.

Functional neurological disorder, or FND, is widely misunderstood, particularly when considering recent research indicating that the illness has numerous biological markers in addition to its psychiatric disorder associations. Nonetheless, the long-held view that FND is a mental illness without a biological basis, or even a contrived (malingered) illness, remains pervasive both in current medical care and general society. This is because FND involves intermittent disability that rapidly and involuntarily alternates with improved neurological control. This has in turn caused shaming, perceived low self-efficacy, and social isolation for the patients. Until now, biomarker reviews for FND tended not to examine the features that are shared with canonical neurological disorders. This review, in contrast, examines current research on FND biomarkers, and in particular their overlap with canonical neurological disorders, along with the encouraging outcomes for numerous physical rehabilitation trials for FND. These findings support the perspective endorsed here that FND is unquestionably a neurological disorder that is also associated with many biological markers that lie outside of the central nervous system. These results suggest that FND entails multiple biological abnormalities that are widely distributed in the body. General healthcare providers would benefit their care for their patients through their improved understanding of the illness and recourses for support and treatment that are provided in this review.

Long-Term Outcome of Motor Functional Neurological Disorder After Rehabilitation.

Functional neurological disorder (FND) is defined as the presence of neurological symptoms that are inconsistent with a neurological disease. We performed a single-center retrospective study aimed at determining the long-term outcome of FND patients receiving inpatient rehabilitation and the predictors of a good outcome. A multidisciplinary graded exercise program was provided with one or two daily physiotherapy and occupational therapy sessions on 5 days each week, as well as weekly psychological support. Outcome was assessed using the motor part of the Functional Independence Measure scale (FIM; maximum score of 91) at admission, discharge, and follow-up, with the last assessment performed by phone interview. The 30 included patients were aged 43.6±14.7 years (mean±standard deviation), comprised 70% females, and received a mean of 4 weeks of rehabilitation. The admission FIM score (80.2±8.3) was significantly lower than the discharge FIM score (86.9±4.6; p<0.001, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). No notable difference was observed between discharge and follow-up FIM scores (85.5±8.5, p=0.54). The mean follow-up of the 36-month FIM scores at discharge and follow-up was dichotomized as a good outcome in cases where all items were scored ≥6 (functional independence). Binomial logistic regression showed that absence of a comorbid psychiatric disorder (p=0.039, odds ratio=10.7) was a predictive factor for a good outcome at follow-up. Other variables (e.g., sex and age) were not significant predictors of clinical outcome (all p≥0.058). These results suggest inpatient intensive rehabilitation for motor FND is effective and produces favorable long-term results. Further studies with larger groups are warranted so that the management protocols can be standardized.