Chiral Ligand-exchange CE Research Articles

A chiral ligand exchange CE system for monitoring inhibitory effect of kojic acid on tyrosinase

A facile chiral ligand exchange capillary electrophoresis (CLE-CE) system with Zn(II)-L-alanine as the chiral selector in the presence of β-cyclodextrin has been developed for enantioseparation of dansyl amino acids. The influence of the key factors, such as buffer pH, the ratio of Zn (II) to ligand, the concentration of β-cyclodextrin and the concentration of the complex, were investigated in detail when D, L-Tyr and D, L-Thr were selected as the model analytes. The proposed method showed favorable quantitative analysis property of dansyl D, L-tyrosine with good linearity (r(2)≥0.999) and reproducibility (RSD≤3.8%), then, it was applied in studying the activity of tyrosinase through the determination of L-tyrosine concentration variation after being incubated with the enzyme. Further, the inhibitory efficiency of kojic acid and soy sauce on the tyrosinase was investigated. The IC50 of kojic acid obtained from the sigmoidal inhibitory curve was 21.35 μM. The results imply that the proposed CLE-CE system has the potential in exploring the activity of enzyme and screening the inhibitors of enzyme.

L‐Lysine‐derived ionic liquids as chiral ligands of Zn(II) complexes used in ligand‐exchange CE

Amino acid ionic liquids (AAILs) with L-lysine (L-Lys) as anion were synthesized and applied as new chiral ligands in Zn(II) complexes for chiral ligand-exchange CE. After effective optimization, baseline enantioseparation of seven pairs of dansylated amino acids was achieved with a buffer of 100.0 mM boric acid, 5.0 mM ammonium acetate, 3.0 mM ZnSO4 , and 6.0 mM [C6 mim][L-Lys] at pH 8.2. To validate the unique behavior of AAILs, a comparative study between the performance of Zn(II)-L-Lys and Zn(II)-[C6 mim][L-Lys] systems was conducted. In Zn(II)-[C6 mim][L-Lys] system, it has been found that the improved chiral resolution could be obtained and the migration times of the three test samples were markedly prolonged. Then the separation mechanism was further discussed. The role of [C6 mim][L-Lys] indicated clearly that the synthesized AAILs could be used as chiral ligands and would have potential utilization in separation science in future.

Influence of ionic liquids as electrolyte additives on chiral separation of dansylated amino acids by using Zn(II) complex mediated chiral ligand exchange CE

In this work, investigation of the comparative influence of diverse ionic liquids (ILs) as electrolyte additives on the chiral separation of dansylated amino acids by using Zn(II)-L-arginine complex mediated chiral ligand exchange CE (CLE-CE) was conducted. It has been found that not only the varied substituted group number, but also the alkyl chain length of the substituted group on imidazole ring in the structure of ILs show different influence on chiral separation of the analytes in the CLE-CE system, which could be understood by their direct influence on EOF. Meanwhile, the variation of anion in the structure of ILs displayed remarkably changed performance and the ILs with Cl(-) showed the most obvious promoting effect on the chiral separation performance. Among the investigated seven ILs, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride was validated to be the proper electrolyte additive in the CLE-CE system. Moreover, it has been observed that 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride also has obvious promotive effect on the labeling performance. The results have demonstrated that the ILs with different structures have important relation to their performance in CLE-CE and to their labeling efficiency in dansylation of the analytes.

A Kind of D-Amino Acid Oxidase Inhibitor, Sodium Benzoate, Might Relieve Panic Symptoms in a First-Episode, Drug-Naïve Panic-Disorder Patient

A Kind of D-Amino Acid Oxidase Inhibitor, Sodium Benzoate, Might Relieve Panic Symptoms in a First-Episode, Drug-Naïve Panic-Disorder Patient

Enantioseparation of DL‐isocitric acid by a chiral ligand exchange CE with Ni(II)‐D‐quinic acid system

The ratio of citric acid to D-isocitric acid can be used to distinguish authentic and adulterated fruit juices. To separate DL-isocitric acid enantiomers, we used ligand exchange CE. D-Quinic acid was used as a chiral selector ligand and Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) ions were used as the central ions of the chiral selector in the BGE. DL-Isocitric acid was found to be enantioseparated with the above metal ions except for Mn(II) ion. The optimum running conditions for the analysis of D- and L-isocitric acids along with citric acid, an isomer of isocitric acid, were found to be a BGE (pH 5.0) containing 30% ACN, 20 mM acetic acid, 20 mM NiSO(4), and 80 mM D-quinic acid. Under these conditions, DL-isocitric and citric acids in fruit juices were analyzed successfully.

A chiral ligand exchange CE essay with zinc(II)–l-valine complex for determining enzyme kinetic constant of l-amino acid oxidase

A new strategy for the enantioseparation of D,L-amino acids employing the principle of ligand exchange capillary electrophoresis with Zn(II)-L-valine complex as a chiral selecting system in the presence of beta-cyclodextrin has been designed. Successful enantioseparation of label free and labeled amino acids have been achieved with a buffer of 100.0mM boric acid, 5.0mM ammonium acetate, 4.0mM beta-cyclodextrin, 4.0mM ZnSO(4) and 8.0mM L-valine at pH 8.1. This new method was shown to be applicable to the quantitative analysis of label free D- and L-aromatic amino acids. Furthermore, the expanding enzymatic use of L-amino acid oxidase to incubate with different L-amino acids has allowed understanding of the substrate's specificity. An on-column incubation assay has been developed to study the L-amino acid oxidase's catalytic efficiency. It was demonstrated that the enzyme kinetic constant could be determined by using this new method.

Enantioseparation of dansyl amino acids by ligand‐exchange capillary electrophoresis with zinc(II)‐L‐phenylalaninamide complex

A novel method of chiral ligand-exchange CE was developed with L-amino acylamides as a chiral ligand and zinc(II) as a central ion. It has been demonstrated that these chiral complexes, such as Zn(II)-L-alaninamide, Zn(II)-L-prolinamide, and Zn(II)-L-phenylalaninamide, are suitable for use as chiral selectors for the enantioseparation of either individual pair of or mixed dansyl amino acids. The optimal separation running buffer consisted of 5 mM ammonium acetate, 100 mM boric acid, 4 mM ZnSO(4) x 7 H(2)O, and 8 mM L-amino acylamides at pH 8.2. The experiments showed that apart from the effect of the concentration of the complexes on the resolution and the migration time, the buffer pH also had a sharp influence on resolution. The employed chiral ligands exhibited different enantioselectivities and enantiomer migration orders. D-amino acids migrate faster than L-amino acids when Zn(II)-L-alaninamide and Zn(II)-L-phenylalaninamide are used as chiral selectors, but it was observed that the migration order is reversed when Zn(II)-L-prolinamide is used as the chiral selector. Furthermore, the amount of dansylated amino acids is found to be highly dependent on the labeling temperature.

On‐column labeling technique and chiral ligand‐exchange CE with zinc(II)‐L‐arginine complex as a chiral selector for assay of dansylated D,L‐amino acids

A novel on-column labeling method of amino acid (AA) enantiomers by using dansyl chloride (Dns-Cl) has been explored combined with chiral ligand-exchange CE (CLE-CE) technique and UV detection. Efficient labeling was achieved by sequential injection of buffer, Dns-Cl, AA enantiomers, Dns-Cl and buffer at 0.2 psi for 10.0, 3.0, 24.0, 3.0, and 10.0 s, respectively. After injection, the sandwich sections were allowed to react at room temperature for 35.0 min. With this procedure, successful on-column labeling and CLE-CE separation of 17 pairs AA enantiomers have been achieved with a buffer of 100.0 mM boric acid, 5.0 mM ammonium acetate, 3.0 mM ZnSO4 and 6.0 mM L-Arg at pH 8.4, giving nine pairs fully enantioresolved with resolution in between 2.0 and 5.1. CLE-CE of some individual and mixed pairs was also demonstrated, much the same as using pre-column labeling. As validated by both artificially prepared solutions and serum samples, this new method was shown to be applicable to the quantitative analysis, with a linear range between 14.0 muM and 3.7 mM, correlation coefficient above 0.99 and recovery in between 90.4% and 111.7%. It was also demonstrated that the migration time-temperature based curve allows for temperature determination in CE by using this new method.

Chiral ligand‐exchange CE assays for separation of amino acid enantiomers and determination of enzyme kinetic constant

This paper deals with studies on the use of Zn(II)-L-ornithine complex as a chiral selecting system for the enantioseparation and UV detection of amino acids (AAs) by using the principle of ligand-exchange CE. Successful enantioseparation of three pairs of label-free aromatic AAs and four pairs of labeled AA enantiomers have been achieved with a buffer of 100.0 mM boric acid, 5.0 mM ammonium acetate, 3.0 mM ZnSO4 and 6.0 mM L-Orn at pH 8.2. This new method was shown to be applicable to the quantitative analysis of D- and L-aromatic AAs, with a linear range between 12.5 and 800.0 microg/mL, and a correlation coefficient above 0.99. Thus this assay, which is facile and relatively rapid, allows us to measure the enzyme catalytic activity in the incubation of D,L-AAs with D-AA oxidase. Using this new method, we can determine the enzyme kinetic constant, lending insight into potential enzyme mechanism.

Assay of aromatic amino acid enantiomers in rice‐brewed suspensions by chiral ligand‐exchange CE

The aim of this work was to assay seasoning D- or L-aromatic amino acids (AAs) in rice-brewed suspensions, Laozao in Chinese, by chiral ligand-exchange CE with UV detection and Zn(II) complex as a chiral selecting system. Resolution and peak retention were found to be parallel to the basicity of the AA chiral ligands, and basic L-Arg was known to work the best at pH 8.20 compared with L-Lys and other AA ligands. Baseline separation of DL-aromatic AAs and partially separation of some FMOC-labeled nonaromatic AAs have been achieved using a running buffer of 5 mM ammonium acetate, 100 mM boric acid, 3 mM ZnSO(4), and 6 mM L-Arg at pH 8.20. The aromatic amino acids in four brands of Laozao were measured in a range of 0.25-20 microg/mL for Typ, 1.00-120 microg/mL for Phe, and 2.50-200 microg/mL for Tyr, with linear regression coefficient all over 0.999. The LOD (S/N=3) was 0.15 microg/mL for Typ, 0.50 microg/mL for Phe, and 1.25 microg/mL for Tyr. The recovery of the method determined by spiking with the supernates of Laozao as background was 94.0-112.9%. The RSDs of migration time and peak area measured from six injections of tyrosine were 0.2 and 2.7%, respectively, for run-to-run, and 1.6 and 3.2%, respectively for day-to-day. Interestingly, there were only L-Trp, D-Tyr, and L-Tyr found in the assayed four brands of Laozao. They may serve as an index to recognize the brand of Laozao.

Simultaneous chiral resolution of monosaccharides as 8‐aminonaphthalene‐1,3,6‐trisulfonate derivatives by ligand‐exchange CE using borate as a central ion of the chiral selector

Six reducing monosaccharides (mannose, galactose, fucose, glucose, xylose, and arabinose) were derivatized with 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonate (ANTS). Based on the chiral ligand-exchange principle using borate as a central ion of the chiral selector and (S)-3-amino-1,2-propanediol (SAP) as a chiral selector ligand, all of the six ANTS-monosaccharides were simultaneously enantioseparated using absorbance at 245 nm for detection. The optimum conditions for both high resolution and moderately short migration time consisted of 200 mM SAP-200 mM borate buffer (pH 9.2) containing 10% ACN as a BGE at 30 degrees C with an applied voltage of +30 kV. It was revealed that the proposed chiral ligand-exchange CE using the SAP-borate system was applicable to enantioseparation of not only diols but also polyols.

Chiral CE of aromatic amino acids by ligand‐exchange with zinc(II)–L‐lysine complex

A novel method of chiral ligand-exchange CE was developed with either L- or D-lysine (Lys) as a chiral ligand and zinc(II) as a central ion. This type of chiral complexes was explored for the first time to efficiently separate either individual pairs of or mixed aromatic amino acid enantiomers. Using a running buffer of 5 mM ammonium acetate, 100 mM boric acid, 3 mM ZnSO(4) x 7H(2)O and 6 mM L-Lys at pH 7.6, unlabeled D,L-tryptophan, D,L-phenylalanine, and D,L-tyrosine were well separated, giving a chiral resolution of up to 7.09. The best separation was obtained at a Lys-to-zinc ratio of 2:1, zinc concentration of 2-4 mM and running buffer pH 7.6. The buffer pH was determined to have a strong influence on resolution, while buffer composition and concentration impacted on both the resolution and peak shape. Boric acid with some ammonium acetate was an adoptable buffer system, and some additives like ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid capable of destroying the complex should be avoided. Fine-tuning of the chiral resolution and elution order was achieved by regulating the ratio of L-Lys to D-Lys; i.e. the resolution increased from zero to its highest value as the ratio ascended from 1:0 to 1:infinitive, and L-isomers eluted before or after D-isomers in excessive D- or L-Lys, respectively.