Asystasia Gangetica Research Articles

Abdominal fat distribution of bali ducks male fed with Asystasia gangetica (L) subsp. Micrantha leaf water extract

Abdominal fat distribution of bali ducks male fed with Asystasia gangetica (L) subsp. Micrantha leaf water extract

The Effect of Feeding Native Grass, Jackfruit Leaves and Leguminosa on Daily Weight Increase and Body Sizes of Goats

The use of foliage and legumes in goat diet is essential to serve protein sources for maintenance and productivity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of providing native grass, jackfruit leaves (Artocarpus heterophyllus), and different legumes such as Leucaena leucocephala and Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson on average daily gain (ADG) and weekly increased body measurements) of four female Kacang goats (5-7 months old; average body weight 6.98?± 1.44 kg) kept in individual pens (1 m x 1.2 m × 1.2m (length x width x height) with a soil base. A 4 x 4 latin square design with four treatments: T0 (100% natural grass), T1 (100% lamtoro leaves), T2 (100% jackfruit leaves), and T3 (100% spinach) were used. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance. The results showed that feeding goats with different type of forages had a significant effect (P<0.05) on ADG, in which the goats fed jackfruit leaves showed the highest ADG value (142.85 ± 15.43 gr/head/day) (p<0.05). Meanwhile, the ADG of goats fed native grass, L. leucocephala, and A. gangetica leaves were not significantly different (P>0.05). The results also showed that different forages had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the weekly increase in body size measurements, including body length, shoulder height and chest girth. It can be concluded that giving jackfruit leaves can increase the ADG of Kacang goats. The use of jackfruit leaves solely can be recommended to increase the growth of goats.

The Insects Visitor on Wild Israeli Grass Flowers (Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson)

Insects are invertebrate fauna that are important in various ecosystems and have high diversity and adaptability to various habitats. Insect diversity plays an important role (pollinator, pest control, or natural enemy) in several sectors, such as agriculture, ecology, human health, and natural resources. Apart from their beneficial role, the presence of insects can also be detrimental to humans; for example, insects can cause damage to agricultural products. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the diversity and role of insect visitors to the flowers of the Israeli grass plant (Asystasia gangetica). The research was carried out using a scan sampling survey method around community settlements, especially locations that various wild plants still cover. The research results showed that ten species and 255 individual insects visited Israeli grass flowers, which were divided into five orders, namely Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera. The order Lepidoptera is a flower-visiting insect species with the highest abundance and is a pollinator. Flowering plants that grow wild, such as Israel grass, benefit society indirectly by being used as traditional medicine. However, they also positively impact the diversity of flower-visiting insects. The presence of flower-visiting insects that work around grass indirectly has the potential to conserve beneficial grass plants but is underestimated by the community.

Profiling of Phytochemicals in the Leaves of Asystasia gangetica (L) T. Anderson using GC-MS and HPLC Analysis

Asystasia gangetica is a perennial herb that has naturalized in Africa and Asia, where it is use in treatment of varying ailments such as lowering of blood sugar, sexually transmitted infections, reduce swelling and ear disease. The presence of phytochemicals in this plant may be responsible for its acclaimed effects. This study aims to identify the phytoconstituents in the leaves of Asystasia gangetica. Preliminary phytochemical screening was achieved by standard methods, GC-MS and HPLC analyses were utilized to determine volatile and non-volatile compounds. Phytochemicals identified include alkaloids, tannins, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, and glycosides. GC-MS analysis identified twenty-eight compounds with Z-(13,14-Epoxy)tetradec-11-en-1-olacetate (8.72 %); Octadecane, 1-(ethenyloxy)- (8.77 %); Cycloheptano[d]imidazolidine, 1,3- (9.81 %); cis-Vaccenic acid (10.20 %); 15-Hydroxypentadecanoic acid (11.94 %) as the prominent compounds and HPLC evaluation reported the most prominent compounds such as proanthocyanidin (6.69 %), flavone (7.51 %), spartein (7.64 %), aphylidine (10.33 %) and cyanogenic glycoside (10.51 %) respectively. Identification of these compounds with documented evidence of pharmacological activities, thus validate the use of Asystasia gangetica, in many disease conditions.

Commercial Carcas cuts of Bali duck (Anas Sp.) given water extract Asystasia gangetica subsp. Micrantha in drinking water

Commercial Carcas cuts of Bali duck (Anas Sp.) given water extract Asystasia gangetica subsp. Micrantha in drinking water

Population structure and risk assessment of invasive species Asystasia gangetica in urban area of Bandung, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Rosleine D, Khalishah AR. 2024. Population structure and risk assessment of invasive species Asystasia gangetica in urban area of Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 2374-2381. Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson is a weed from Africa that has a high adaptation to wide ecological conditions. This research aims to assess the population structure of A. gangetica in Bandung City, West Java, Indonesia and to conduct risk assessment to determine management decisions. This research was conducted from January to February 2023 by establishing a total of 106 plots with size of 1 m2 to measure the population structure at adult and juvenile stages, and number of fruits. Plot sized 0.4 m2 was used to count the seed in a 10 cm soil depth. A risk assessment was conducted, which consisted of 12 questions of risk analysis (invasiveness, impact, and potential distribution) and 20 questions of management feasibility (control cost, distribution, and persistence). The results of principal component analysis and clustering analysis show three groups based on population structure (PC1 49.12% and PC2 28.44%). The first cluster consists of three sub-districts and shows a set of early colonized populations indicated by low juvenile stage, while the second cluster (14 sub-districts) and third cluster (13 sub-districts) show more established population yet still recently colonized, which is indicated with medium-high juvenile and reproductive (fruit) stage. The risk assessment results in 91.2 of the risk analysis score (medium) and 169.7 of the management feasibility score (negligible), implying the need to manage the site. Nevertheless, its wide-range of habitat tolerant and population characteristics potentially threaten biodiversity and harm the agricultural sector at once. Therefore, early countermeasure is needed as an effort to minimize greater risks in the future.

Rainforest transformation reduces parasitoid wasp diversity—Can the enrichment of flowering vegetation alleviate this?

Abstract In Indonesia, the rapid expansion of oil palm and rubber plantations replaces large areas of tropical rainforest. Rainforest transformation alters the diversity and composition of parasitoid wasp communities, but appropriate management strategies to buffer their decline in rainforest transformation landscapes are not yet developed. Here, we studied the effects of rainforest conversion to smallholder rubber and oil palm plantations on parasitoid wasp species richness, abundance and species composition. We also conducted a flowering vegetation enrichment experiment using the flowering weed Asystasia gangetica in all land‐uses to investigate potential mitigation effects on parasitoid wasp diversity and composition. Rainforest transformation to rubber plantations caused a large decrease in species richness (46%) and abundance (59%) of parasitoid wasps. Community structure of parasitoid wasps differed between forest and monoculture habitats with more habitat‐specialised species in forest and a higher proportion of common species in the monoculture. The experimental flowering vegetation enrichment increased parasitoid wasp species richness by 18% and abundance by 127%. Enrichment also enhanced the presence of unique parasitoid species in plantation and furthermore increased differences in community composition between rainforest and plantations. However, the enrichment experiment was confounded by time, meaning that a multi‐year experiment with targeted controls is necessary for statistically more reliable statements. Our study shows the effect of rainforest transformation to oil palm and rubber plantations on parasitoid wasp communities. Although providing additional flowering vegetation in plantations seems to potentially mitigate diversity loss, further research is needed to confirm and to investigate the mechanisms how flowering plants alleviate negative effects of rainforest transformation on parasitoid communities. Thereby, efficient conservation strategies for parasitoids wasps and their biological control services can be developed for rapidly changing tropical landscapes.

Effect of factors on phytochemical compound extraction from Asystasia gangetica through factorial analysis

This study aims to identify the phytochemical compounds of Asystasia gangetica and to investigate the best extraction conditions to maximize phytochemical concentration. The factors affecting the concentration of total phenolic compound (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity (AA) of Asystasia gangetica were evaluated through the two-level factorial analysis including types of solvent (methanol and ethanol), solvent percentage (70 and 85%), extraction times (2 and 5 hours), temperature (50 and 80℃) and agitation (absent or present) to determine the most significant factor. The results show that solvent percentage contributed most to the TPC and agitation in TFC extraction. Meanwhile, the temperature, agitation and solvent percentage were significant for AA. The overall best conditions for phytochemical extraction were found at 5-hour extraction times, 70% methanol, 80℃ temperatures with agitation. At this condition, the highest recorded TPC, TFC and AA were 0.2149, 0.3281 and 6.6360 respectively. Acknowledging the suitable range of processing factors during phytochemical extraction could significantly affect the yields. The factorial analysis could be useful to tailor the range of factors chosen to obtain the desired outcome.

Distribution and Conservation Status of Plants’ species in the Botanical Garden and Arboretum domiciled in University of Uyo, Nigeria

This research assessed the plant species composition, distribution and International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) conservation status of plants in University of Uyo botanical garden and arboretum using systematic sampling technique. The species were sampled in 10 x 10 m quadrats spaced at least regular intervals of 20 m from each quadrat. Thirty-one and thirty-eight species were encountered in the arboretum and botanic garden respectively. In terms of the frequency, Chromolaena odorata and Nauclea diderichii had the highest values (75%), while Acanthus montanus, Anthocleista djalonensis, Anthonotha macrophylla, Baphia nitida, Barteria nigritiana, Carpolobia lutea, Ceiba pentandra, Cnestis ferruginea, Entandrophragma utile, Hura crepitans, Lonchocarpus griffoneonus, Rauvolfia vomitoria, Senna siamea, Tamarindus indica, Tectona grandis and Treculia africana had the least frequency (25% each). For the density, Nauclea diderichii had the value of 250±15.30 st/ha. In the botanic garden, Ageratum houstonianum, Alchornea cordifolia, Chromolaena ordorata and Croton hirtus had the highest frequency (100%) while Allamanda cathartica, Asystasia gangetica, Bambusa vulgaris, Caladium bicolor, Centrosema virginianum, Cnestis ferruginea, Culcasia scandens, Cyathula prostrata, Desmodium scorpiurus, Emilia sonchifolia, Heliconia psittacorum, Ipomea involucrata, Lagenaria sphaerica, Mimosa pudica, Nephrolepis bisserata, Panicum sp., Pentaclethra macrophylla, Plumeria rubra, Polyalthia longifolia, Pteridium aquilinum, Scoparia dulcis, Senna siamea, Sesamum radiatum and Sida acuta had the least frequency (33.33%). The vegetation of both sites indicated variation in composition of trees, shrubs, herbs, climbers and ferns. These heterogeneities may be a pointer to their varying adaptation levels and differential responses of plant species to pedological and anthropogenic influences.

Polyphenolic Profile, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antimitotic Effects of Leaf Extracts of Asystasia gangetica

ABSTRACT Asystasia gangetica leaves were extracted sequentially with different solvent systems. The quantitative estimation of secondary metabolites along with antioxidant activities were evaluated. Methanol extract had the highest phenolics (12.82 mg of GAE g−1 DW), condensed tannins (13.81 mg of GAE g−1 DW), saponin (10.71 mg of DE g−1 DW) content along with highest DPPH radical (IC50 of 62.40 μg mL−1), ABTS radical (22.70 μg mL−1) scavenging activity, and CUPRAC (65.86 TE g−1 DW) total antioxidant activity. The mild antimitotic and antiproliferative effects of extracts suggest low toxicity. The extracts demonstrated potential in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. Polyphenols, including novel Isovitexin, Genestin, Syringic acid, and Caffeic acid were the major metabolites identified.

Revising the taxonomic status of Asystasia gangetica var. Krishnae Tandyekk., Pandur. & N. Mohanan (Acanthaceae)

AbstractThe taxonomic status of Asystasia gangetica var. krishnae has been evaluated and compared with the closely resembling taxon A. intrusa (synonyms: A. gangetica subsp. micrantha and A. micrantha). The trait that differentiates the two taxa, as per reports, is the occurrence of vertical violet‐black bands on the sides of anthers in the former taxon. The authors explain that var. krishnae could be the first report of A. intrusa for the country and suggest the possibility of neglecting the violet black bands in the previous descriptions of A. intrusa.

Productivity of Asystasia gangetica (L) subsp. Micrantha planted in different soil types and levels of shade

Productivity of Asystasia gangetica (L) subsp. Micrantha planted in different soil types and levels of shade

Evaluation of the suitability of three weed species as alternative cover crops in smallholder oil palm plantations through plant spacing management

Smallholder oil palm plantations in Indonesia have reached 8.9 million ha, but their role is still not optimal due to low productivity caused by the lack of knowledge of smallholders regarding sustainable oil palm technical culture, such as the use of cover crops. However, it requires appropriate spacing for different species. This study aims to obtain the optimum spacing of 3 weed species planted as cover crops in smallholder oil palm plantations. The research was carried out in 2022 at the smallholder oil palm plantation Naga Rejo village, Galang, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia. The experimental treatments included weed species (Asystasia gangetica, Paspalum conjugatum and Nephrolepis biserrata) as the main plot and spacing (10, 20 and 30 cm) as subplots arranged in a separate plot design with 3 replications. The results showed that the % of 100% land coverage was obtained in plantings of N. biserrata and A. gangetica in 4 WAPs and 10 cm spacing in 3 WAPs independently. The highest leaf area of N. biserrata, P. conjugatum and A. gangetica was obtained at a spacing of 30 cm. The highest dry weight, growth rate and nutrient uptake N and K N. biserrata and P. conjugatum were obtained at a spacing of 10 cm, while A. gangetica at a spacing of 30 cm. This shows that the optimum spacing depends on the weed species. The optimum spacing for A. gangetica (broad leaf) is 30 cm, while for P. conjugatum (grasses) and N. biserrata (ferns) is 10 cm.

Increasing Forage Yields through Application of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)

In the last decade, the use of microbial activity has become increasingly widespread with the knowledge of the negative impact of providing inorganic fertilizer inputs on the cultivation of feed crops. A study was carried out to examine the effect of PGPR application from various host plants on increasing the yield of forage Asystasia gangetica (L.) subsp. Micrantha. The research was a pot experiment designed with a completely randomized design (CRD). The research began with identifying PGPR causes from various host plants, then applied to A. gangetica. The variables observed in this study were: the presence and population of PGPR on PGPR leader of Bambusa vulgaris Schrad, Mimosa pudica, Paspalum notatum and Eleusin indica grass plants, growth and yield of A. gangetica forage plants. The results showed that the highest number of non-symbiotic bacteria was found in PGPR from host plant roots E. indica as much as 1.1x106 cfu/ml, while the highest number of symbiotic bacteria was found in M. pudica host plant roots. The most TPC was found in the roots of the host E. indica as much as 6.4x105 cfu/ml, while the highest P bacteria were found in the roots of the host plants E. indica and M. pudica each with 3.4x105 cfu/ml. It was concluded that the highest forage yield of A. gangetica was obtained from the application of PGPR seeds E. indica and M. pudica respectively at 21.52 and 21.06 g plant-1.

The Existence of Undergrowth at Forest Garden Stands in Grand Forest Park, Lampung Province

The existence of undergrowth has an important role as an ecosystem both from an ecological and economic perspective. However, the composition and diversity of undergrowth in an area depends on the land use system. This research aimed to know the species composition and diversity of undergrowth at forest garden stands. Data collection was carried out with a vegetation survey using nested rectangular plots with a sampling intensity of 1%. The data collected included undergrowth species, the number of individuals for each species, and tree species as components of forest garden stands. Data were analyzed by calculating density, frequency, important value index, and Shannon diversity index. The results showed that the undergrowth that exists under forest garden stands were 38 species dominated by 12 species, namely Acalypha australis, Asystasia gangetica, Clidemia hirta, Starchytarpeta jamaicensis, Mikania micrantha, Peperomia pellucidia, Setaria barbata, Andropogon aciculatus, Alpinia galanga, Diplazium esculentum, Paederia foetida, and Crassocephalum crepidioides. The forest garden stands were composed of 43 tree species dominated by 4 tree species, namely Durio zibethinus, Aleurites moluccana, Myristica fragrans, and Gnetum gnemon. The level of undergrowth diversity was in the medium category with an H value of 1.540, indicating the diverse of undergrowth species.

Influence of agitation and solvent percentage on the extraction of phytochemical compound from Asystasia gangetica

This study aims to investigate the influence of agitation and solvent percentage on the phytochemical extraction from Asystasia gangetica through response surface methodology and to optimize the extraction condition. The experiment was conducted based on the central composite design with two variables: solvent percentage and agitation speed. The total phenolic compound (Folin–Ciocalteu method), total flavonoid compound (Dowd method), and antioxidant activity (modified DPPH free radical scavenging assay), were analyzed through the analysis of variance. All models were significant (p-value <0.05) with strong R2 values (over 80 %), indicating satisfactory regression analysis. The optimum condition is achieved at 204 rpm agitation speed and 72 % solvent percentage with total phenolic, total flavonoid, and antioxidant activity at its maximum value of 0.2086 mg/ml, 0.2082 mg/ml, and 1.0494 nmol/ul, respectively. The influence of factors on each phytochemical varies, with both being significant for total flavonoid compound extraction and insignificant for antioxidant activity. Meanwhile, for the total phenolic compound, the solvent percentage is insignificant. Determining the significant factors during phytochemical extraction could be useful in tailoring the suitable range to maximize yield. The bioactive compounds and nutritional composition of A. gangetica could be used to develop functional foods and development of drugs to manage various disease.

The potential of invasive species Praxelis clematidea extract as a bioherbicide for Asystasia gangetica

Abstract. Wardini TH, Afifa IN, Esyanti RR, Astutiningsih NT, Pujisiswanto AH. 2023. The potential of invasive species Praxelis clematidea extract as a bioherbicide for Asystasia gangetica. Biodiversitas 24: 4738-4746. The occurrence of weeds in agriculture directly impacts crop productivity, and the reliance on synthetic herbicides to solve the problem has raised concerns about the increasing environmental damage. Using bioherbicides to control weeds is necessary to reduce the negative impact of synthetic herbicides. Bioactive compounds derived from plants can be utilized to develop eco-friendly herbicides. Praxelis clematidea extract was reported to exhibit allelopathic activity against weeds. This study aims to evaluate the potential of P. clematidea extract as a bioherbicide to control seed germination and seedling growth of Asystasia gangetica weed. P. clematidea water extract was screened for its chemical compounds and determined its phytotoxic effects on Asystasia gangetica. The results showed that P. clematidea water extract contained phenolics, alkaloids, and terpenoids. P. clematidea extract suppressed seed germination, the time needed for seed germination, sprout length, number of leaves, biomass, and total chlorophyll contents. LC50values for the seed germination, seedling, root, and shoot growth were calculated at 9%, 25%, 11%,and 37% (v/v), respectively. Thus, P. clematidea could be used as an A. gangetica weed biocontrol agent and might be integrated into weed management programs.

PENGGUNAAN HERBISIDA TRIKLOPIR UNTUK MENGENDALIKAN GULMA PADA PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT FASE BELUM MENGHASILKAN DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP KEANEKARAGAMAN SERANGGA

Weed is one of the major problems in immature oil palm plantations. Weed control is carried out to optimize the growth of oil palm plants, and the method commonly used in the field is chemical control with herbicides. The active ingredient of the herbicide used in the field is triclopyr, however herbicide application is thought to affect the diversity of insects, especially those found in lower vegetation, at the same time it is necessary to observe the effect of herbicide application on insect diversity. This study aims to obtain an effective dose of herbicide to control weeds in immature oil palm plants and to determine the effect of herbicide application on insect diversity. This study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) which consisted of 6 treatments and 4 replications. Triclopyr herbicide treatment doses were 864 g.ha-1, 768 g/ha, 672 g.ha-1, 576 g.ha-1, mechanical weeding and control. Insect sampling method uses insect nets and pitfall traps. The data obtained were analyzed using variance or F test at 5% level and further test was carried out by DMRT at 5% level. The results showed that the best dose of herbicide triclopir was 768 g/ha because it was effective in controlling the weeds of Borreria latifolia, Calopogonium mucunoides and Asystasia gangetica. Triclopyr herbicide application affects the diversity of insects and the even distribution of insects.

The Effect of Shade and NPK Fertilization on Growth and Yield of Asystasia gangetica as a Forage

Asystasia gangetica is a weed usually found in oil palm plantations, which is used as a source of forage and cultivated at a known effective shade level and optimal fertilizer dosage. Therefore, this study was carried out at a place without shade (NS) and 75% of shading net (S) at the Experimental Field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Indonesia. The seedlings used were planted and fertilized with NPK at doses of 0 g, 1.6 g, and 3.2 g per polybag. The results showed that the level of shade affected plant height, several branches, yield of dry matter shoot, the content of chlorophyll a, b, and a/b content, CP, CF, EE, NFE, and ash, but not on chlorophyll a+b. The dosage of NPK fertilizer affected plant height, the number of branches, yield of dry matter, chlorophyll a, b, and a+b content, CP, CF, EE, NFE, and ash content, while chlorophyll a/b ratio was not influenced. The interaction between shade level and NPK fertilizer dose only occurred in the number of branches, chlorophyll a, b, and b+c content, CP, CF, EE, and ash content, but not on chlorophyll a/b ratio and NFE content. The flowering rate was faster in NS plants, where those with NPK fertilizer dose of 0.32 g/polybag gave the highest yield, except for CP and ash content which had the highest yields on S plants with 0.32 g NPK/polybag.

Snake venom detoxification potential of selected Nigerian medicinal plants: a review

Snake envenomation is one of the neglected public health problems with high morbidity and mortality rate across the globe. Snakebite has led to several major health complications such as numbness and flaccid paralysis, damage to local tissue which eventually results in temporary and/or permanent physical impairment. In Nigeria however, lack of access to emergency treatment for snake envenomation has in no small measure contributed to the high rate of snake incidence. Though, a lot of drawbacks and limitations associated with the use of standard antisnake venom (ASV) include storage, side effects, expire in short time coupled with short supply. These factors made snake venom detoxification with ASV unaffordable to victims especially to people living in rural areas who are at high risk of snakebites. Therefore, the use of medicinal plants remains the only alternative for snake venom detoxification (SVD) in Nigeria especially in rural areas. This mini review reported the detoxification potentials of different medicinal plants (parts: leaves, stem bark, root, seed) of creeping foxglove (Asystasia gangetica L.), Resurrection plant (Bryophullum pinnatum Lam), Hammattan lily (Crinum jagus) wild custard apple (Annona sengalensis), plantain (Musa paradiasia) and finger root (Uvaria chamate), used to treat snakebite in Nigeria. Majority of these medicinal plants used by herbalists were validated by recent scientific works conducted on snake venom detoxification potentials. Bioactive antivenin compounds such as aristolochic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, resveratrol isolated from common Nigerian medicinal plants show very promising detoxification potential against snakebites. The authors of this review paper suggest that, more ethnomedicinal survey should be done to explore more plants with SVD potential for the development of effective medications.