Chinese Regulations Research Articles

Modeling the Urban Low-Altitude Traffic Space Based on the Land Administration Domain Model—Case Studies in Shenzhen, China

The urban low-altitude airspace is an integral part of urban space. As low-altitude utilization activities are being performed closer to the land surface, the management of the low-altitude space has become a focus of land administration. The management of the low-altitude airspace faces challenges such as cross-departmental coordination, fuzzy airspace boundaries, and complex spatial expressions. In 2020, the concept of “3D land administration” was introduced, marking the emergence of three-dimensional geospatial regulation in land management practices. Semantic models featuring the LADM (Land Administration Domain Model) as their core are updated iteratively to promote various applications related to 3D geographic regulation, but there is still a gap in the research on low-altitude utilization. Drawing upon Chinese regulations and policies, this paper employs the LADM framework to achieve semantic descriptions and expressions for managing areas in the low-altitude airspace: (1) relevant policies governing low-altitude spaces in China are analyzed, and the boundary between low-altitude and surface management is discussed; (2) the LADM structure is utilized to establish a comprehensive model for regulating low-altitude spaces; (3) and the capability of the LADM to support 3D low-altitude modeling is demonstrated through practical use cases in Shenzhen, China. Finally, the paper provides a comprehensive overview of the avenues for improvement and prospects.

Chinese young adults' emotion regulation and conflict resolution response profiles, and their associations with perceived partner responsiveness and romantic relationship satisfaction

AbstractInterpersonal conflicts are common in romantic relationships. How to respond and cope with conflicts impacts the romantic relationship process and outcomes. This study examined the heterogeneity of Chinese youth's cognitive emotion regulation (CER) strategies and conflict resolution responses, as well as their collective influence on individuals' perceived partner responsiveness (PPR) and relationship satisfaction. We recruited 300 Chinese youth who were currently involved in romantic relationships to complete self‐reported measures of CER (reappraisal and suppression), conflict resolution responses in romantic relationships (exit, voice, neglect, and loyalty), PPR, and relationship satisfaction. We used latent profile analysis (LPA) to classify the combined effects of CER and conflict resolution responses, identifying four profiles: releasing, gentle, proactive, and inhibiting. Proactive communicators have significantly higher levels of relationship satisfaction compared to the other three groups and significantly higher levels of PPR compared to individuals in releasing and inhibiting profiles. Individuals in releasing and gentle profiles have significantly higher relationship satisfaction and PPR than individuals in the inhibiting profile. This study uncovered the possible associations between Chinese young adults' emotion regulation and conflict response profiles and romantic relationship process and outcome by adopting the person‐centered approach. We further discussed the practical implications of the findings.

Ethical reflections on phase I clinical trials of anticancer drugs: from a Chinese IRB’s empirical perspective

PurposeWith the rapid development of Phase I clinical trials for anticancer drugs in China, addressing ethical concerns is imperative. In order to safeguard the rights, interests, and well-being of research participants, this paper aims to illustrate vital ethical issues that should not be neglected by institutional review boards as well as other relevant stakeholders for Phase I clinical trials of anticancer drugs.MethodsThis study retrospectively collects documents on Phase I clinical trials for anticancer drugs that were submitted to the Institutional Review Board at Zhejiang Cancer Hospital from 2021 to 2023. Based on Chinese and international research regulations and guidelines, these documents, as well as initial and follow-up review resolutions, have been classified and analyzed.ResultsGiven the additional risks of potentially toxic effects in Phase I clinical trials for anticancer drugs and the vulnerability of participants enrolled with advanced cancer status, it is important to review investigator qualifications, preliminary findings, research methods, inclusion and exclusion criteria in the protocol, as well as the validity and readability of informed consent. Additionally, attention should be given to follow-up reviews, particularly regarding safety reports and protocol deviations.ConclusionTo effectively protect the rights, interests and safety of research participants. Relevant stakeholders, including sponsors, researchers, and regulatory bodies, should diligently evaluate potential risks and provision contingency plan to minimize the latent risk.

A rating system to evaluate non-GAAP exclusion quality

AbstractWe develop a rating system to evaluate the quality of individual non-GAAP exclusions. Our perspective is that high-quality exclusions reflect nonrecurring economic transactions, are transitory accounting adjustments, or have little usefulness in forecasting cash flows. We use four approaches to rate exclusions. We evaluate the serial correlation of the exclusion, survey accounting academics’ views, obtain practitioner ratings from the CFA Institute, and identify the exclusions approved by the Chinese securities regulator. A firm’s exclusion quality score is the weighted average rating of its individual exclusions. For our sample of S&P 500 firms, we document that exclusion quality varies by industry, captures trends in non-GAAP reporting, and is reasonably stable at the firm level. To validate the rating, we show that firms with lower exclusion quality scores receive more SEC comment letters, incur more Regulation G violations, exhibit greater analyst forecast dispersion, and have slower price discovery following earnings announcements.

Research on Quality Evaluation of Climate Information Disclosure in Cement Industry

This paper discusses the current situation and framework of climate information disclosure through the review of domestic and foreign literature. Based on relevant international guidelines and Chinese policies and regulations, the evaluation system is constructed from four dimensions of governance, strategy, risk management, index and target report by using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and content analysis method. Taking the content of climate-related information disclosure of Tianshan Stock in 2023 as an example, this paper studies the gap between domestic cement enterprises in their climate information disclosure and the global benchmark, and puts forward relevant countermeasures and suggestions to promote the improvement of the quality of climate information disclosure of listed companies in the cement industry.

Research progress in inflammation and reward mechanisms and traditional Chinese medicine regulation of depression

This paper summarizes the pathogenesis of impaired inflammation and reward function in depression with the therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). Depression has become one of the most common severe psychiatric disorders.The midbrain DA system includes the dopaminergic (DAergic) center of the VTA and several innerbrain regions, including NAc, PFC, hippocampus, etc., which are often found to have abnormal functions in depression.Inflammatory mechanisms of depression, including cytokines and other inflammation-related mechanisms.Studies also found that inflammation can promote depression by affecting reward function.Depression belongs to the categories of “stagnation disease”in TCM, with syndromes of TCM including liver depression and qi stagnation, liver stagnation with spleen deficiency, qi stagnation transforming into fire, intermingled phlegm and qi, deficiency of the heart and spleen, as well as kidney deficiency and liver stagnation. TCM regulates inflammation and reward function that ameliorates depression. This summary provides new perspectives and approaches for the treatment of depression.

Production of hydroxyapatite utilizing calcium and phosphorus in sewage sludge incineration ash

Sewage sludge incineration ash (SSIA), enriching the most of phosphorus (P), could be named as promising P source for P recycling and management. The novel strategy including extraction of P from SSIA by acid (HCl), purification and separation to obtain Ca liquid and Al-P liquid that could produce hydroxyapatite was investigated in this study. The P acid leaching rate was 97.9 % from SSIA at 0.2 mol/L HCl for 2 h. In P purification, P combined with Fe and Al to form precipitation (Al-P and Fe-P) with the increase of pH (<4.0). At a pH of around 4.0, the separation of Ca in the liquid phase was maximized, while Al-P and Fe-P precipitated out. Then, the Al-P precipitation could be dissolved in NaOH solution (0.2 mol/L) to separate Fe-P precipitation, that obtaining the Al-P liquid. What’s more, the high P content (P2O5, 25.5 %) in P product could be produced directly under 1.5 Ca/P molar ratio, which could be used in P fertilizer. The heavy metal content in the P product were far below the Chinese, American and EU fertilizer regulation, indicating that its environment safety. The Ca and P elements leached out during the acid leaching process were eventually recombined to form hydroxyapatite by wet-chemical purification. The cost of P recovery from SSIA was $3.06/kg P product demonstrating commercial potential of this strategy.

The false promise of individual digital sovereignty in Europe: Comparing artificial intelligence and data regulations in China and the European Union

AbstractIn the digital sovereignty debate, countries and blocks seek to build technological and regulatory capacity to ascertain technological autonomy—definitions notwithstanding. Meanwhile, these actors seek to position themselves discursively, differentiating their own understanding of digital sovereignty from that of competing powers. In this context, the European Union (EU) elaborated the concept of digital sovereignty as something obtainable on an individual level, where regulations are put in place for users to be able to choose what personal data (not) to share. Meanwhile in China the government launched a number of artificial intelligence (AI) and data protection regulations along with an antitrust crackdown on numerous platform companies. This aimed at bringing technological giants (namely platforms), capable of handling massive amounts of data and influencing people's everyday lives, under stricter government rule. While the Chinese government has only partially framed these actions within frameworks akin to ‘digital sovereignty’, the purported aim was accruing individual autonomy vis‐à‐vis big techs, arguably falling close to the EU's ‘digital sovereignty’ discursive framework. By comparing EU and Chinese AI and data governance regulations, this article unpacks the EU discourse on the individual element of digital sovereignty and finds the EU regulatory effort insufficient to achieve its declared objective.

Abusive litigation in China: comparative insights and practical approaches for reform

This article provides a comprehensive examination of abusive litigation in both civil and criminal cases in China, focusing on its forms and impacts. It proposes nuanced regulatory approaches that emphasize the importance of identifying responsible parties and implementing appropriate compensation measures. In the Chinese legal system, abusive litigation varies by context. In civil cases, it often manifests as actions that clog the courts and drain legal resources, raising concerns about lawyer accountability and the financial burdens on victims. Although frequently discussed in Chinese literature, the above topic has seen limited comparative analysis, despite similar problems existing across different jurisdictions and a clear need for mutual learning. The article suggests that, in civil cases, insights from English and Dutch law could assist Chinese regulators in reducing incentives for lawyers to pursue unmeritorious or abusive cases and improving compensation for victims. In the criminal law context, abusive litigation is more prevalent in minor offenses in China, primarily due to issues related to the public power structure. The proposal emphasizes the need to optimize power distribution within the Chinese legal system, thereby safeguarding the integrity of the law and upholding human rights.

Counter-sanctions regulation: comparative legal analysis (Russia and China)

A new legal regulation is being formed in the Russian Federation related to unprecedented anti-Russian sanctions. International sanctions against Russia not only became an impetus for the development of legal institutions of Russian law, but also forced to turn to foreign anti-sanctions experience of such regulation. Under these conditions, a new legal institution of Russian law is being formed – the institute of counter-sanctions (sanctions) regulation. This process is taking place against the background of growing ties between Russia and China. At the same time, in both countries, counter-sanctions regulation is at the stage of formation. In this regard, it is relevant to conduct a comparative legal analysis, identify common and different characteristics of legislation, which will allow us to form proposals for improving Chinese and Russian counter-sanctions regulation. The author applies both philosophical and general scientific methods of cognition (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, critical and dialectical methods) and methods specific directly to legal science (structural-logical, formal-legal, comparative-legal). The key difference between the Chinese approach to the formation of a counter-sanctions system is its focus on prohibiting compliance with the sanctions of foreign states. There is no such prohibition in Russian regulation (but several similar bills have been submitted to the legislature for consideration) and the legislative emphasis is on protecting the country and individuals from unfriendly actions of foreign states. Although the Chinese counter-sanctions regulation differs from the Russian one, it has a number of common features with it. Also, Russian regulation is more advanced and transparent in terms of mechanisms for the introduction and control of counter-sanctions. The undeniable advantage of Russian counter-sanctions regulation is undoubtedly its official consolidation within the framework of the legal system, while in China a significant part of the sanctions are outside the official legal regulation and are located in the plane of political decisions on the country's trade policy.

Influence of Traditional Chinese Medicine emotion regulation on the psychological status and quality of life of patients undergoing hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease

Influence of Traditional Chinese Medicine emotion regulation on the psychological status and quality of life of patients undergoing hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease

Research on Chinese Legal Regulation of Internet Violence in the Internet Era

The rapid development of network and communication technology has given rise to an open information society with free dissemination of information. The development of the Internet has provided a realistic possibility for the realization of the free dissemination of information, but at the same time, the vigorous development of the Internet and the application of various technical means have also posed challenges to China&amp;#39;s traditional social governance. In recent years, various online chaos has emerged in Chinese society, such as the implementation of online human flesh searches, the creation and dissemination of online rumors, and the launch of online verbal abuse. This not only seriously infringes on the personal rights and interests of citizens, disrupts online order, but also has many negative effects on creating a harmonious and orderly social environment. Therefore, it is imperative for China to rely on legal means to govern online violence.

Privacy in Chinese iOS apps and impact of the personal information protection law

Privacy in apps is a topic of widespread interest because many apps collect and share large amounts of highly sensitive information. In response, the Chinese legislator introduced a range of new data protection laws over recent years, notably the Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL) in 2021. So far, there exists limited research on the impacts of these new laws on apps’ privacy practices. To address this gap, this paper analyses data collection in pairs of 634 Chinese iOS apps, one version from early 2020 and one from late 2021.Our work finds that many more apps now implement consent. Yet, those end-users that decline consent will often be forced to exit the app. Fewer apps now collect data without consent but many still integrate tracking libraries. Market concentration in app data collection has seen limited change. At the same time, there exists a larger number of influential and equal market participants than in the West. Among them, Apple was the only relevant foreign company.We see our findings characteristic of a first iteration at Chinese data regulation with room for improvement. With the help of enhanced technological capabilities, we expect increased enforcement of the new data rules. There is also room to refine the new laws and make them more targeted at mobile apps and the online sphere, particularly through clear and up-to-date technical specifications for software developers. As such, our findings could also be motivation for non-Chinese policy- and lawmakers to enhance their own data protection regimes.

Chinese Laws and Regulations on Sexual Harassment in a Hostile Work Environment: Employers' Liability in Comparison with U.S. Regulation

Chinese Laws and Regulations on Sexual Harassment in a Hostile Work Environment: Employers' Liability in Comparison with U.S. Regulation

Effective Privacy Protection Strategies for Pregnancy and Gestation Information From Electronic Medical Records: Retrospective Study in a National Health Care Data Network in China.

Pregnancy and gestation information is routinely recorded in electronic medical record (EMR) systems across China in various data sets. The combination of data on the number of pregnancies and gestations can imply occurrences of abortions and other pregnancy-related issues, which is important for clinical decision-making and personal privacy protection. However, the distribution of this information inside EMR is variable due to inconsistent IT structures across different EMR systems. A large-scale quantitative evaluation of the potential exposure of this sensitive information has not been previously performed, ensuring the protection of personal information is a priority, as emphasized in Chinese laws and regulations. This study aims to perform the first nationwide quantitative analysis of the identification sites and exposure frequency of sensitive pregnancy and gestation information. The goal is to propose strategies for effective information extraction and privacy protection related to women's health. This study was conducted in a national health care data network. Rule-based protocols for extracting pregnancy and gestation information were developed by a committee of experts. A total of 6 different sub-data sets of EMRs were used as schemas for data analysis and strategy proposal. The identification sites and frequencies of identification in different sub-data sets were calculated. Manual quality inspections of the extraction process were performed by 2 independent groups of reviewers on 1000 randomly selected records. Based on these statistics, strategies for effective information extraction and privacy protection were proposed. The data network covered hospitalized patients from 19 hospitals in 10 provinces of China, encompassing 15,245,055 patients over an 11-year period (January 1, 2010-December 12, 2020). Among women aged 14-50 years, 70% were randomly selected from each hospital, resulting in a total of 1,110,053 patients. Of these, 688,268 female patients with sensitive reproductive information were identified. The frequencies of identification were variable, with the marriage history in admission medical records being the most frequent at 63.24%. Notably, more than 50% of female patients were identified with pregnancy and gestation history in nursing records, which is not generally considered a sub-data set rich in reproductive information. During the manual curation and review process, 1000 cases were randomly selected, and the precision and recall rates of the information extraction method both exceeded 99.5%. The privacy-protection strategies were designed with clear technical directions. Significant amounts of critical information related to women's health are recorded in Chinese routine EMR systems and are distributed in various parts of the records with different frequencies. This requires a comprehensive protocol for extracting and protecting the information, which has been demonstrated to be technically feasible. Implementing a data-based strategy will enhance the protection of women's privacy and improve the accessibility of health care services.

Current Status of Sustainable Food Packaging Regulations: Global Perspective

This review offers a global overview of the status of laws governing sustainable food packaging materials. The review highlights the regulatory framework for several sustainable packaging options, including paper-based packaging, compostable materials, and biodegradable plastics. The review focuses on the European, Indian, South Korean, Japanese, Chinese, Australian, British, and American regulations. Generally, the trend towards sustainable food packaging legislation is anticipated to continue, with more nations and regions putting policies into place to cut waste and encourage a circular economy. This will probably spur the development of new environmentally friendly packaging materials and motivate companies to use greener methods.

Opening the ‘black box’ of algorithms: regulation of algorithms in China

ABSTRACT This article maps the trajectory of China’s regulation of algorithms via policy review. It divides China’s governing progress into three phases: the ‘post-event policy response and penalty’ phase, the ‘ethics guidelines, guiding opinions and self-discipline pacts’ phase and the ‘legislation and implementation’ phase. The paper argues that the ideological and political implications of algorithmic applications are the highest concern for Chinese regulators. China’s regulation of algorithms follows a ‘state-centric multilateral model’ – the same model used for its internet governance. The ‘algorithmic transparency’ advocated by regulators is currently only limited to algorithms in the platform economy and industries rather than those used for government decision-making and public administration. As the first nation to issue laws regulating algorithms and generative AI, China faces problems and challenges emerging from further implementing the laws. China’s experience will provide valuable first-hand understandings for countries currently creating legal frameworks to regulate algorithms and AI.

Developing China's Approaches to Regulate Cross-border Data Transfer:Relaxation and Integration

This article illustrates the developing Chinese cross-border data flow regulation regime deriving from a holistic national security conception to its balance with personal information protection and digital economic development. Under the pressuring demand of digital economy development and an increasing appeal to global data governance, China is progressively improving and modifying its original government-led and restrictive cross-border data regulations. Subsequent practices and the publication of the Provisions on Promoting and Regulating Cross-border Data Transfer (PPR) in March 2024 deliver a clear sign of relaxation on restrictions on cross-border data flow, especially on the subject of personal information outbound transfer. Detailed comparison with data provisions in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), and the Digital Economy Partnership Agreement (DEPA) demonstrates that global governance of cross-border data flows is unshaped but not unrealistic, even with current fragmented national approaches. China has established a complete personal information protection legal regime and is very close to integrating into transnational cooperation for a broader framework. In addition, by coordinating national provisions regarding cross-data transfer with international rules and piloting lenient cross-border data supervision mechanisms in numerous Pilot Free Trade Zone (PFTZ), China is ready to evolve its cross-border data flow regulations and contribute to global data governance step-by-step.

Effects of Chronic Stress Stimulation on the Occurrence and Development of Tumors and the Regulatory Role of Chinese Medicine

Chronic stress refers to the continuous non-specific adaptive response of the body caused by the activation of the classic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis neuroendocrine system and sympathetic nervous system, which not only affects sleep quality, appetite, and gastrointestinal function, but also increases the risk of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, mental disorders, and tumors. Notably, chronic stress has been confirmed to induce tumorigenesis and promote tumor evolution, especially on the immune function of the body and the remodeling of the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, it is essential and important to improve the emotional disorders caused by chronic stress stimulation in cancer patients. Many studies have proved that traditional Chinese medicine and compound regulation can significantly improve anxiety, depression and tumor development in patients. In this article, the mechanism of CUMS affecting tumor and the therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine compound are reviewed, so as to provide reference for the adjuvant treatment of cancer by traditional Chinese medicine.

China's Interim Measures on generative AI: Origin, content and significance

On 15 August 2023, China's new rules on generative artificial intelligence (AI) entered into force. This article explores the underlying reasons and context for this rapid regulatory development. It argues that China's swift adoption of the Interim Measures on generative AI has been enabled by its traditional approach to digital policy, together with its renewed system of governance and the extensive work that Chinese regulators had conducted on AI ethics and relevant principles. The article also analyses some of the substantial rules laid down by the Interim Measures, offering scholars and policymakers working on generative AI regulation in other jurisdictions the possibility to engage with the solutions chosen by the Chinese regulators. To this end, the article brielfy presents key provisions regarding training data and IP rights; labelling of synthetic content; algorithm registration; accountability for content; and the applicability of existing laws to generative AI. It compares these aspects of the Interim Measures with examples from the European Union and the United States.