Chinese Professional Football Research Articles

Developing a Chinese Professional Football League Management Model to Enhance League Quality

Background and Aim: The development of the Chinese Professional Football League in the past 30 years has not promoted the development of Chinese professional football well, but more serious problems have appeared. Based on the current situation, this paper aims to promote the high-quality development of the Chinese Professional Football League and construct the Chinese Professional Football League Management Model. Materials and Methods: This paper uses the Delphi method to analyze and construct the management system index of the Chinese professional football league. Results: After two rounds of Delphi method research, this paper finally constructs the Chinese professional football league management system with "League competitive strength balance", "The distribution of economic benefits balance" and "The Management power division balance" as the first index, and 28 secondary indicators. Conclusion: According to the management system index of the China Professional Football League, this paper finds out the factors that affect the high-quality development of the China Professional Football League, and puts forward the countermeasures to promote the development of China Professional Football League and how to ensure the realization of the management system of China professional Football League.

지역애착 및 팀 동일시가 중국프로축구 관중의 관람행동의도에 미치는 영향

지역애착 및 팀 동일시가 중국프로축구 관중의 관람행동의도에 미치는 영향

Design and Application Effect of Physical Training for Football Preparation Match Based On Plate Cycle Theory (Empirical Study on Chinese Professional Football Club)

Design and Application Effect of Physical Training for Football Preparation Match Based On Plate Cycle Theory (Empirical Study on Chinese Professional Football Club)

Supporter attitudes towards league governance in emerging football markets: evidence from fans of the Chinese Super League

ABSTRACT Purpose/rationale Chinese football governance has dramatically changed during the last decade. Consequently, the organisation of the top-tiered Chinese Super League (CSL) developed from a rigid communist, state-governed model to a commercialised market, though still under governmental influence. Football fans became a key stakeholder group following this organisational change. Therefore, this study examines supporters’ attitudes towards the governance of their domestic league. Design/methodology/approach Active fans of the CSL (N = 453) were surveyed via clustered intercept sampling outside the stadium gates at five matches with ten different teams involved to ensure the reliability, validity and variance of responses. The data were analysed by (ordered) logit regressions with respect to attitudes towards the commercialisation of the CSL with nearly fifty explanatory variables. Findings A key finding is that supporters tend to appreciate commercialisation as evidence of progress of the Chinese professional football. This attitude can be attributed largely to past governance failures of the CSL and the positive connotation of increased market orientation as a counterbalance to governmental control. Regression analyses, however, reveal the emerging characteristics of the Chinese fan culture and provide evidence of contradictions in the attitude patterns as well as a likely increase in fans’ resentment of more commercialisation. Research contribution The empirical insights into Chinese fan culture extend the understanding of the governance and commercialisation of professional football beyond the more researched European markets.

STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF NETWORK FACTORS ON THE LOYALTY AND EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR OF CHINESE PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL CLUB FANS

BackgroundChina Professional Football League has been in operation for nearly 30 years and has attracted more and more attention from the public and society. China Professional Football League has promoted the professional and commercial development of Chinese football and attracted a large number of fans. At present, Chinese professional football clubs are struggling, but they still get the support of many fans. The development of any club is inseparable from the support of loyal fans, who are the basis of the development of the club. Only with many loyal fans can the club have long-term and strong vitality. Only by making outstanding achievements, excavating the economic benefits of the club, establishing and maintaining the club culture and cultivating a large number of loyal fans, can the club bring profound heritage and solid economic benefits to the club. Football club has a large number of loyal fans, which is the cornerstone of the sustainable and vigorous development of professional football league. However, due to many factors, the loyalty of fans has decreased, which is related to the evaluation of pursuit by the Internet.Subjects and MethodsBased on this, this paper studies the loyalty of Chinese football fans, takes the fans of China Henan sslm football club as the research object, and analyzes the current situation of China Henan sslm football club and its fans. Through the research, it is found that with the continuous development of the Internet, public emotional behavior will have an important impact on football public opinion. There are two directions: one is the top-down impact, the other is the bottom-up impact; It is mainly manifested in two typical ways: social mobilization and emotional social struggle in football public opinion. The main expressions of their emotional behavior are: weakness, anger, sadness and anger, etc. On the basis of combing the collective behavior and emotional struggle, the research finds that the communication framework of emotional behavior mainly includes the communication paths of discourse co meaning, identity co meaning and emotional co meaning; Functional analysis includes target function, attribution function and ideographic function. From the tendency of public sentiment, football public opinion shows criticism, populism, nationalism, pragmatism, patriotism and justice. The social expression of public sentiment in microblog public opinion includes the spiral phenomenon of silence, butterfly effect, herd effect, resentment and so on. From the perspective of psychology, the public emotions in football public opinion are fear, anxiety, anger and sadness, while in terms of expression, the public express their feelings through direct expression and folk language.ResultsUsing the methods of literature review, questionnaire survey and mathematical statistics, this paper analyzes the dimension of fan loyalty and constructs the fan loyalty model of sslm football club in Henan Province.ConclusionAccording to the research, fan participation is divided into three dimensions: pleasure participation, symbolic participation and central participation; Product attributes related to the club, such as team performance, star players, head coach and team management, are positively correlated with club fan loyalty; Logo design, stadium, game quality and team tradition are also positively correlated with club fan loyalty; There is a significant positive correlation between fans' attitude loyalty and fans' behavior loyalty. The author believes that club brand communication is an important factor for fans to participate in the development of football clubs. It is necessary for football clubs to strengthen the publicity of fans, let more fans know the real situation of the club, increase the exposure of football clubs and improve the satisfaction of fans. Secondly, the importance of the performance of the club team in the correlation of product related attributes is self-evident. The club needs to constantly improve the performance of the team in the game and win more attention from the outside world. Therefore, the club must actively train star players, select excellent coaches and lead the team to achieve better results. The club needs to strengthen the development of Lenovo products again, which have attributes unrelated to products. The design of club logo, the construction and maintenance of competition venues, the quality of competition and the tradition of the team are the basis of influencing the loyalty of fans. The club needs to continuously strengthen the product research and development of Lenovo's non product related attributes. Work can not only bring economic benefits to the club, but also shape the club's fan culture and further improve the club's fan loyalty. Finally, the club needs to provide a space for fans to communicate: there is a positive correlation between fans' escape, recognition, acceptance, nostalgia, regional glory and fans' loyalty. Let fans find suitable community organizations, form common interests and help improve the loyalty of club fans.AcknowledgementsThis research was supported by the general project of philosophy and Social Sciences Planning of Zhejiang Province (20NDJC184YB), and the Fundamental Research Funds for Zhejiang Provincial Universities and Research Institutes (2021R005).

Research on the Development of Chinese Professional Football Clubs Based on Tennis Community Theory

Research on the Development of Chinese Professional Football Clubs Based on Tennis Community Theory

Study on the Cooperative and Win-Win Relationship between the Introduction of African Football Players in Chinese Professional Football League

Study on the Cooperative and Win-Win Relationship between the Introduction of African Football Players in Chinese Professional Football League

프로축구 VAR 공정성과 신뢰, 시청 몰입 및 시청 만족과의 구조적 관계

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the VAR system used in soccer on viewers" viewing behavior. More specifically, this study investigated the structural relationship between Chinese professional soccer viewers" VAR justice and trust(referee trust, match trust, organizational trust), viewer flow and viewer satisfaction. This study was conducted with a survey of 350 undergraduate and graduate students who had experience watching Chinese professional football games. Data were sampled using the convenience sampling method and self-administration method. The survey was conducted from May 18 to May 30, 2021 using a professional survey platform (www.wjx.cn) in China. Of the 350 observations of the collected data, 5 invalid questionnaires were removed and the remaining 345 observations were selected as the final sample. For data processing, SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 25.0 were used to verify the model fit and individual hypotheses. The results were as follows. First, the VAR justice had a positive effect on referee trust, game trust, and organizational trust. Second, match trust and organizational trust had a positive effect on viewing flow, but referee trust did not have a statistically significant effect on viewing flow. Third, it was found that viewing flow had a positive effect on viewing satisfaction. The professional football federation should strive to exist in the positive perception of fans so that the VAR decision is settled as a fun factor without interfering with the flow of the game as well as ensuring the fairness of accurate and objective judgment using VAR

Can Professional Football Players Adapt to Air Pollution? Evidence From China

In this paper, we study the impact of air pollution on Chinese professional football players’ performance. Our primary research question is whether the negative effects of air pollution can be mitigated by adaptation, and which cohort of players can have higher adaptability. We find that a higher pollution level during the game, relative to the adapted pollution level in players’ home cities, has a negative and significant impact on the players’ efforts and accuracy. The impact of non-adapted air pollution can be greatly offset by the home advantage, but not by personal attributes such as the higher ability.

Governance of Chinese professional football during Xi’s authoritarian era: what is changing and what remains unchanged

ABSTRACT This article sought to answer questions concerning the aspects that are changing and those that remains unchanged regarding football in China during Xi’s authoritarian era by comparing the governance of Chinese professional football during this era and during a previously examined former era to provide a point of departure for empirical studies concerning the recent ascent of football in China. At the league-governance level, the Chinese Football Association (CFA) has prioritized the salience of professional football clubs (PFCs). At the club-governance level, the CFA has adopted a gradualist approach to institutional reform by proceeding through a process of introducing private or state-owned enterprises. The actual goal setting remains unchanged, and underachievement of the national football team persists. Comprehensive document analysis that included international peer-reviewed journal articles, books or book chapters, academic reports, policy documents, and influential media in China was performed.

Who Can Adapt to Air Pollution? Evidence from Professional Football Players in China

Air pollution has long been a major environmental problem, and the pollution-productivity relationship has attracted considerable research attention. In this paper, we study the impact of air pollution on Chinese professional football players' performance. Our primary research question is whether the negative effects of air pollution can be mitigated by adaptation, and which cohort can have higher adaptation capacity. We find that a higher pollution level during the game, relative to the adapted pollution level in players’ home city, has a negative and significant impact on the efforts and accuracy of football players. More importantly, the heterogeneous analysis suggests the air-pollution gap has a smaller effect on higher-ability players and on teams with more high-ability players. Moreover, the impact of non-adapted air pollution can be greatly offset by the home advantage. Our findings provide insights for policymakers on how to weaken the pollution-productivity relationship.

基于财务分析的中英职业足球俱乐部经济收入来源对比研究

基于财务分析的中英职业足球俱乐部经济收入来源对比研究

Perceived corporate social responsibility performance in professional football and its impact on fan-based patronage intentions

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze fans’ perceptions of the corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities of a professional football club, specifically whether or not perceived CSR performances are then likely to influence patronage intentions of the fans in relation to the football club. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses the example of a professional football club in China as a case study for data analysis. Based on a sample of 451 home team fans, analysis was conducted through calculation of descriptive statistics, and exploratory factor analysis. Regression analysis was conducted to determine the impact of perceived CSR performance on fans’ patronage intentions. Findings The results revealed that factor 3 (“CSR to customer and employee”) and factor 4 (“Community development and youth education”) were significantly predictive of all the three patronage intention variables, i.e. repeat purchase, word-of-mouth and merchandise consumption. In addition, factor 2 (“charity”) would also affect merchandise consumption intention, but have no effect on any other dimensions. Originality/value A scale measuring perceived CSR performance in professional football clubs by the fans in the Chinese context has been developed. In addition, the authors have identified that the two main CSR factors that would influence fans’ patronage intentions are: “CSR to the customer and employee” and “community development and youth education.” Thus, if football clubs are to use CSR strategically to leverage spend, then it is these two areas that they should focus on, explicitly in relation to CSR activities. This paper adds value to an area that is currently under-researched in respect of CSR activities in Chinese professional football.

Bribing Referees: The History of Unspoken Rules in Chinese Professional Football Leagues, 1998–2009

The topic of corruption in football has recently shifted from the periphery to the centre of social scientific attention. Although it is a topic of growing interest, research into corruption in football has been empirically limited and not adequately developed in theory. In this paper, the author studies referee bribery in Chinese professional football leagues, which would be helpful to compensate for the relative absence of experience and theories. By qualitatively analyzing primary and secondary sources, the author, using unspoken rules as a theoretical perspective, reviews referee bribery related to corruption in Chinese football. According to this study, bribing referees in Chinese professional football leagues between 1998 and 2009 was a common practice and deemed to be an unspoken rule by all football clubs. This paper identifies three forms of bribing referees to manipulate matches: paying off referees, manipulation of referees by CFA officials, and investing in emotional bonds. By describing bribe giving as an unspoken rule, the author looks at the widespread referee bribing and its tacit acknowledgement by clubs. This study focuses on examples related to Chinese football leagues; however, it also provides a framework under which corruption in international football can be understood and analyzed.

A Study of the Factor Analysis on the Change in the Title of the Sponsorship of Chinese Professional Football Clubs

Many Chinese professional football clubs change their names more frequently compared with professional football clubs outside of China. By analyzing the historical data of football development history, the title of the sponsorship of professional football clubs in China, as well as the change of property rights, and adopting the method of documentation and browsing method of portals and internet platforms such as the official website of Chinese Football Association, Baibu baike, and Netease CSL data live system, the titles of sponsorship of professional football clubs in China are changed frequently with significant club clustering. Many clubs even have fixed titles but have changed them along with the change in sponsors. The change in a football club title shall be triggered by factors such as the change of economic factors, the change in institutional factors and the combined action of economic factors and institutional factors together. However, the fundamental reason for the frequent change of clubs’ titles shall be the undefined property structures of most clubs, as well as the issues of club brand values and property right confirmation.

Not All ‘the Evils of Capitalism’: Match-Fixing and the Governance of Chinese Professional Football, 1994–2016

Match-fixing has been a key term in Chinese professional football since its inception in the early 1990s. In the light of notorious match-fixing scandals, criticism has arisen that the professionalization of football and the inflow of the free market system mirror the evils of capitalism in post-reform Chinese society. This paper, however, aims to offer an alternative perspective on the inherent governing deficiencies of Chinese professional football, to elaborate on the causes of these match-fixing incidents. By analyzing the status of each corruption-involved actor within the governance structure of Chinese professional football, the paper argues that the following factors collectively account for a large part of the historical and institutional causation of the rampant match-fixing scandals in Chinese professional football: the underplayed role of sport law; the overplayed role of Chinese Football Association officials; the ambiguous ownership and decision-making processes of the clubs; and, the powerless and unprotected role of the referees, the players, and the coaches.

The Regulation of Chinese Professional Football: Review and Prospects

In 1994, a wave of professionalization began to sweep over Chinese football, beginning a new chapter in China’s sporting development. There have been some gratifying achievements in the past 23 years; meanwhile, some problems have been exposed and should not be ignored. The most prominent are football fraud, unfair refereeing and corruption, and as such the regulation of professional football has become an increasingly pressing issue. Through literature review and logical analysis, this research starts with a discussion of football fraud, unfair refereeing, and corruption in the development of Chinese football professionalization, then analyzes the causes of these problems, and finally puts forward some measures for the future regulation construction of Chinese professional football, through learning from the lessons of some developed countries. It is believed that establishing sound rules and regulations and independent sports arbitration organizations, taking strict scrutiny and severe punishment measures, improving accuracy and authority in football rulings, as well as cultivating and reinforcing awareness of rule of law, are the way forward for Chinese professional football. This research also maps out a vision for the future of Chinese professional football: non-political associations, systematic football legislation, independent supervisory organizations, and professional practitioners.

Legal Study on the Chinese professional football League

Legal Study on the Chinese professional football League

Motives of sport spectators in China: a case study of the Chinese Super League

The purpose of this study was to explore the motives of spectators of Chinese professional football, in particular, the Chinese Super League (CSL). Based on the results of a focus group and a comprehensive literature review, a 12-motive, 38-item scale was developed. Questionnaires were distributed among CSL spectators in Shanghai. The 333 usable questionnaires were divided into two groups, and two confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to validate the scale. Finally, a 9-motive, 24-item scale was developed. Results indicated that sport interest, achievement, and socialisation were the most important motives for CSL spectators. Further, male spectators were more interested in football than female spectators were, attended more games, and were more willing to attend future games. Similar to previous studies, female spectators were more motivated by individual players. The results of the multiple linear regression showed that achievement could explain 30.8% of the dependent variable of intention of future attendance. Suggestions and implications for sport managers and marketers are given.

The Analysis of Operation and Management Situation in Chinese Professional Football Clubs

China football league has started the professional reforms since 1994, but so far the operation of many domestic professional football clubs has been more and more difficult. Only a few clubs can survive and the vast majority of club investors are changed frequently, including normal transferring, normal capital operation, even being dissolved because of hardships. As for the reasons, the club's management system, the low return rate on investment, and the poor operating performance can be drawn. The thesis, from the perspective of clubs’ management system, will illustrate several reasons which influence the development of Chinese professional football clubs and put forward the feasible suggestions.