Chinese Continent Research Articles

Seismic activity characteristics of the Chinese continent based on a “hybrid” probability forecasting model

Seismic activity characteristics of the Chinese continent based on a “hybrid” probability forecasting model

CMONOC II Common Mode Error Analysis and Structural Region Division Research

The modern tectonic deformation of the Chinese mainland is dominated by landmass movements, and active tectonic block regions are geological units with a relatively uniform movement pattern. The removal of CMEs can provide more accurate GPS data for exploring the movement characteristics between active tectonic block regions. In order to improve the effect of CME extraction, we propose that the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China be divided into sub-regions based on the refined definition of active tectonic block regions of the Chinese mainland. In this paper, 247 stations in the CMONOC II network are used to form a large spatial scale GPS network and 6 sub-regions with small spatial scale GPS networks. For the large spatial scale GPS network, we compare and analyze the effects of PCA and ICA filtering, and the study shows that PCA is not suitable for CME extraction in this large spatial scale GPS network, while ICA filtering is better. Subsequently, the large spatial scale GPS network and six small spatial scale GPS networks were used to extract CME using ICA, with the results showing that the RMSE values of the residual time series of the large spatial scale GPS network were reduced by 9.60%, 17.08%, and 16.14% in the directions of E, N, and U, respectively, and that the subregions divided according to the refined and determined first-level active plots of the Chinese continent had their residual time series of the RMSE values were reduced by 26.19%, 26.95%, and 28.32% on average in the three respective directions of E, N, and U. The effect of extracting CMEs by dividing the subregions was 29.16%, 5.44%, and 39.84% higher than the effect of extracting them as a whole in the three directions of E, N, and U, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that the CMONOC II observation network is an effective and feasible method to extract CMEs according to the finely defined active tectonic block region of the Chinese mainland at the first level.

Statistical Features of Seismicity Associated with Large Earthquakes on the Chinese Continent between 2008 and 2019 Based on Newly Detected Catalogs

Abstract The Chinese continent is seismically active and is an important region for analyzing statistical behaviors of large intraplate earthquake sequences. A systematic and detailed record of large earthquake sequences provides the basis for such analysis in a tectonically complex region. In this study, using a graphic processing units-accelerated matched filter technique, we detected up to five times more events than standard earthquake catalogs to generate newly detected catalogs for 32 Ms≥6.0 earthquakes on the Chinese continent from October 2008 to December 2019. The statistical analysis of the newly detected high-resolution catalogs showed that strike-slip mainshocks have higher potential to have anomalous foreshock sequences but are followed by fewer aftershocks than those with other faulting styles. We also provided an example for the 2014 Yingjiang, Yunnan, earthquake sequence, in which the b-value shows a reduction for foreshock sequences and is followed by a recovery in the aftershock period. Our detected catalogs can be used to further study statistical behaviors of earthquake sequences, which is essential for understanding earthquake interaction and improving seismic hazard assessment on the Chinese continent and around the world.

Blessings on the Waves: Miraculous Encounters of Japanese Pilgrim Monks during Sea Voyages Transmitting Dharma from Southern Song China

The maritime route connecting the Chinese continent and the Japanese archipelago facilitated a significant exchange of commercial goods and sociocultural knowledge throughout the Southern Song dynasty. Within this context, Japanese pilgrim monks traveling along this route acted as key conduits for the transmission of Buddhist teachings. Their journeys profoundly influenced the establishment and development of new Buddhist monasteries in Japan. Focusing on biographical accounts that portray the experiences of these pilgrim monks during their twelfth- and thirteenth-century sea voyages, this paper aims to explore how these accounts drew on intertextual links with existing Buddhist records to fulfill the compilers’ intentions. Specifically, this paper examines the structure and sources of biographical accounts detailing miraculous encounters between pilgrim monks and Buddhist deities during perilous situations at sea. By interpreting the role of these deities in the corpus of Buddhist literature and within Japanese Buddhist monasteries founded by pilgrim monks, this paper argues that the increasing emphasis on pilgrim monks’ attainment of divine protection in their biographical records suggests a growing concern for reinforcing the authority of their dharma lineages. Moreover, the composition and reception of these miraculous accounts reflected the changing religious needs and reshaped strategies for promoting specific Buddhist sects in subsequent periods.

An Evaluation Method of Gas-Bearing Properties Based on Gaussian Bimodal Function Pore Structure Characterization: A Case Study of Tight Sandstone in the East China Sea Basin

The Xihu Sag in the East China Sea Basin is located at the edge of the eastern Chinese continent and has great exploration potential. In recent years, the development of low-permeability and tight sandstone gas has become an important area of exploration and development in the Huagang Formation (E3h) of the Xihu Sag. The tight sandstone reservoir in the Xihu Sag is characterized by serious heterogeneity, high water saturation, low resistivity, and a complex gas–water relationship. Because of these characteristics of tight sandstone reservoirs, it is difficult to perform an evaluation of them. In this work, a bimodal Gaussian density function was constructed using the data of high-pressure mercury intrusion (HPMI) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR); this approach was used to analyze the pore structure parameters. The reservoirs were divided into four types using the fitting parameter η, and the rock electric parameters that correspond to different pore structures were quite different. When combined with the log response equation of η with acoustic interval transit time (AC), density (DEN), and natural gamma (GR) logging curves, an evaluation method of gas-bearing properties that was based on the characteristics of the pore structure was established. Compared with the water saturation test of the sealing core, it was found that the water saturation calculated by the classification of the pore structure was more accurate than that obtained by the conventional method, and the error was less than 8.35%, which proves that this method is feasible and effective. The findings of this study can help provide a better understanding of the distribution characteristics of gas and water in tight sandstone and provide help for tight gas exploration and development.

Record of short-lived “orogen” on Eurasian continental margin by South China Sea obduction preserved in Taiwan collision

The Taiwan mountain belt is the result of an arc-continent collision following the total subduction of the South China Sea and subsequent closure of the Luzon forearc, a process important in the accretionary growth of continents. Due to the oblique convergence, the southern tip of Taiwan Island is experiencing incipient collision, which is key to observing the oceanic-continental subduction transition. Within the monotonous turbidite extensively exposed on the Hengchun Peninsula as an uplifted Manila Trench accretionary wedge, the Shihmen Conglomerate, as a few intercalated lenses of coarse mafic pebbles, represents a dramatic change in sediment provenance and the causal tectonic event. New zircon U-Pb and amphibole 40Ar/39Ar ages are obtained from sediments, including sands and mafic pebbles that are either gabbro or foliated amphibolite. The 22–24 Ma zircon crystallization ages confirm the South China Sea origin of the mafic clasts, while the much younger 13 ± 2 Ma amphibole 40Ar/39Ar isochron ages from foliated amphibolites suggest a later thermal-tectonic event other than seafloor metamorphism. The amphibole 40Ar/39Ar ages overlap with the biostratigraphic age (∼11–14 Ma), indicating that the mafic source rocks were exhumed and eroded in a high-relief topography immediately after metamorphism. Detrital zircon U-Pb ages from a sandy layer within the conglomerate are also mostly identical to those from the mafic pebbles. Since the paleocurrent of the Shihmen Conglomerate was similar to that of the neighboring turbidites, which were derived from major rivers draining the southeastern Chinese continent, the provenance of the mafic pebbles and sands was best explained as an isolated subaerial mountain on the Eurasian continental margin with a very limited temporal and spatial extent, as the detrital products are poorly distributed. The most likely cause of the ephemeral mountain was the obduction of the South China Sea onto the Eurasian continental margin when the latter first impinged on the Philippine Sea Plate at the Manila Trench, where the gabbroic oceanic crust was uplifted and exhumed, followed by dynamic metamorphism along the basal thrust.

A deep-learning-based approach for seismic surface-wave dispersion inversion (SfNet) with application to the Chinese mainland

Surface-wave tomography is an important and widely used method for imaging the crust and upper mantle velocity structure of the Earth. In this study, we proposed a deep learning (DL) method based on convolutional neural network (CNN), named SfNet, to derive the vS model from the Rayleigh wave phase and group velocity dispersion curves. Training a network model usually requires large amount of training datasets, which is labor-intensive and expensive to acquire. Here we relied on synthetics generated automatically from various spline-based vS models instead of directly using the existing vS models of an area to build the training dataset, which enhances the generalization of the DL method. In addition, we used a random sampling strategy of the dispersion periods in the training dataset, which alleviates the problem that the real data used must be sampled strictly according to the periods of training dataset. Tests using synthetic data demonstrate that the proposed method is much faster, and the results for the vS model are more accurate and robust than those of conventional methods. We applied our method to a dataset for the Chinese mainland and obtained a new reference velocity model of the Chinese continent (ChinaVs-DL1.0), which has smaller dispersion misfits than those from the traditional method. The high accuracy and efficiency of our DL approach makes it an important method for vS model inversions from large amounts of surface-wave dispersion data.

『朝鮮總督府統計年報』 및 『國勢調査』의 비교분석을 통해 본 1920년대 식민지조선의 화교인구 - 경기도와 평안북도를 중심으로 -

Because of cultural similarity and geographical proximity, human and material exchanges have been actively conducted between the Korean Peninsula and the Chinese continent since ancient times. During the modern era, these exchanges between the two regions were further expanded due to changes in international relations, the arrangement of transportation routes, and the development of industries. However, exchanges between the Korean Peninsula and the Chinese continent during the modern era were not limited to the expansion of its scale. In the case of Chinese migrant workers(华工), the subject of this study, there was a big difference in the purpose and nature of migration compared to before modern times. The migration of these Chinese workers, which was carried out for economic purposes, began in the late 19th century. They provided necessary labor to Japan and the Korean, where demand for labor was soaring after World War I. This migration of Chinese workers to colonial Joseon left a clear historical mark on both the Korean Peninsula and the Chinese continent.BR As the rapidly increasing Chinese population in the 1920s, research on them has also been actively conducted at that time. In particular, their population size and characteristics of migration have been analyzed in several studies. Most of these studies estimate the population of Chinese people using ‘The Statistical Yearbook of the Japanese Government-General of Korea(朝鲜总督府统计年报)’, which is the basic data for Japanese colonial rule. However, ‘the statistical yearbook’ was inappropriate to estimate the population of highly mobile Chinese, especially Chinese workers who accounted for the majority of migrants at that time, due to problems with the survey method and survey timing. Therefore, in this study, ‘The national census(国势调查)’ conducted under the concept of the census from 1925 was discovered and demographics of the Chinese population were conducted.BR This analysis of population data is meaningful as basic data that is important not only for understanding the Chinese migration, but also for the analysis of migration routes and the results of migration. In future studies, plan to conduct a comprehensive analysis of East Asian labor migration in the 1920s using these population data.

Study of the geomagnetic field’s regional gradients in Chinese continent using three-dimensional surface Spline model

We combined domestic ground-based and satellite magnetic measurements to create a regional three-dimensional surface Spline (3DSS) gradient model of the main geomagnetic field over the Chinese continent. To improve the precision of the model, we considered the data gap between the ground and satellite data. We compared and analyzed the results of the Taylor polynomial, surface Spline, and CHAOS-6 (the CHAMP, Ørsted and SAC-C model of Earth’s magnetic field) gradient models. Results showed that the gradients in the south−north and east−west directions of the four models were consistent. The 3DSS model was able to express not only gradients at different altitudes, but also average gradients inside the research area. The two Spline models were able to capture more information on gradient anomalies than were the fitted models. Strong local anomalies were observed in northern Xinjiang, Beijing, and the junction area between Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and the total intensity <italic>F</italic> decreased whereas the altitude increased. The gradient decreased by 21.69% in the south−north direction and increased by 11.78% in the east−west direction. In addition, the altitude gradient turned from negative to positive while the altitude increased. The Spline model and the two fitted models differed mainly in the field sources they expressed and the modeling theory.

Scratch recognition and analysis of gravity field in Chinese continent

Scratch recognition and analysis of gravity field in Chinese continent

Lightning climatology across the Chinese continent from 2010 to 2020

Understanding the lightning climatological distribution is of great significance but remains challenging which is in part due to the lack of continuous and uniform lightning observations. In this paper, for the first time, an 11-year ground-based cloud-to-cloud lightning dataset of China National Lightning Detection Network from 2010 to 2020 is used to investigate the lightning climatology over China's land area in terms of spatial distribution, seasonal, monthly and diurnal variations. Lightning activity in China's land area generally decreases from south to north and from east to west. The mean cloud-to-ground lightning density of China's land area is 0.9 fl km−2 yr−1, with the average maximums (exceeding 10 fl km−2 yr−1) are found in the south and east coastal provinces, such as Guangdong, Hainan, Fujian and Zhejiang Province. The lightning activity in spring, summer and autumn seems consistent throughout the daytime cycle, with the lightning activity is rather weak in the morning and most active in the afternoon, while winter lightning appears to be more active in the nighttime and in the very early morning produced from nocturnal thunderstorms. The cloud-to-ground lightning activity in the tropical and subtropical areas within 15–25°N is mainly concentrated in the late spring and early summer, with two weak peaks in May and August, while lightning in mid latitudes within 25–55°N mainly occurs in the summer (June–July-August). The percentage of positive cloud-to-ground lightning flashes with peak current higher than 75 kA is more than 3 times than that of negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes. Meanwhile, the mean peak current of cloud-to-ground lightning flashes shows an inverse diurnal pattern to the cloud-to-ground lightning activity.

WESTERNIZATION, ASIANIZATION AND AFRICANIZATION THE WORLD BETWEEN 1500 AND 2100

Until 1800, China and India were the dominant powers of the world, when they are overtaken by the powers of Western Europe, and after 1900 they will be overtaken by the USA, then by Russia and Japan. Now it is time for the Chinese continent to re-assert itself, and after 2050 India will have a similar path and after the end of the demographic explosion in Africa predicted towards the end of the 21st century, it will also become one of the world's rulers, thus proving that the West is only a tab in the history of the movement of wealth on Earth.

중국고대] 확장하는 외연, 그리고 연구의 심화 - 2018~2019년의 한국 학계의 중국고대사연구 -

In 2018 and 2019, more than 90 research papers on ancient Chinese history were published by Koreans in Korea. Four general papers on ancient history, 34 from the pre-Qin period, 32 from the Qin and Han Dynasties, and five from the classics were published.<BR> Most of the study on prehistoric times and part of the papers on the period of Sang and Zhou Dynasties deals with the Liaoxi area. This is thought to reflect the Korean academic community’s interest in the Liaoxi as a border area between the Korean Peninsula and the Chinese continent. As for the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the characteristics of local culture and the distribution of resources, feudal barons, the distribution of ethnic groups, etc were studied using archaeological data, oracle bones, and bronze wares.<BR> On the Qin and Former Han empires, studies were conducted on national rituals, capital and administrative document delivery systems, status systems, laws, bureaucracy, etc. Particularly noteworthy is the fact that studies on the structure and operation of the Qin and Former Han empires explain why the Empires was established, how it was operated, and why it was forced to collapse, which is believed to reflect the fact that Korea’s research on Qin and Former Han empires has reached a high level. The research on Later Han dynasty has also been actively utilizing materials such as tombstones, and the scope of the research is expanding.

Coalfield structure and structural controls on coal in China

The occurrence of coal-bearing strata in a variety of coal-bearing basins of China is characterized by late tectonic deformation and remarkable spatial and geochronologic differences. The main controlling factors, which determine the tectonic framework of coalfields, include the geodynamic environment, tectonic evolution, deep structures, tectonic stress, and lithologic combination of the coal measures. The Chinese continent has experienced multi-stage tectonic movements since the Late Paleozoic. The spatial and temporal heterogeneity of its continental tectonic evolution, the complexity of its basement properties, and its stratigraphic configurations control the tectonic framework of its coalfields’ present complex and orderly patterns. The concept of coal occurrence structural units is proposed in this paper and is defined as the structural zoning of coal occurrence. China’s coalfields are divided into five coal occurrence structural areas, and the structural characteristics of the coalfields in five main coal occurrence areas throughout the country are summarized. Based on the analysis of the relationship between the structure characteristics and occurrence of coal in these coalfields, the coal-controlling structures are divided into six groups: extensional structural styles, compressional structural styles, shearing and rotational structural styles, inverted structural styles, sliding structural styles, and syn-depositional structural styles. In addition, the distribution of coal-controlling structural styles is briefly summarized in this paper.

Crustal evolution events in the Chinese continent: evidence from a zircon U-Pb database

ABSTRACT The zircon U-Pb chronology database provides a good opportunity to obtain important zircon growth peak periods in the Earth's history so as to study the origin and evolution of the crust. It should be noted that research preference affects the objectivity of zircon sampling, leading to hot data in the database and age statistics. To evaluate the influence of hot data on statistical results, the W and Y indexes are introduced. Using a Gaussian model of multipeak fitting of zircon U-Pb age frequencies, we identify seven major growth peaks in zircons from the Chinese continental crust, which are 2498.95, 1855.82, 828.88, 444.29, 249.46, 131.96, and 58.21 Ma. Due to differences in the time scales of zircon growth peaks, these peaks can be divided into two categories: first-order zircon growth peaks (I) and second-order zircon growth peaks (II), which represent longer and shorter time scales, perhaps due to different kinds of geological dynamics, respectively. In addition, there are clear correspondences between these ages and various geological events recognized by most scholars, namely, the Wutai orogeny, Lvliang orogeny, Jinning orogeny, Caledonian orogeny, Indosinian orogeny, Yanshanian orogeny, and Himalayan orogeny, respectively.

Spatiotemporal variations in suspended sediments over the inner shelf of the East China Sea with the effect of oceanic fronts

Suspended sediments are important contributors to the material exchanges between the sea surface and bottom and between the coastal waters and shelf seas. The East China Sea (ECS), connecting the Chinese continent and the western Pacific, receives a large amount of Yangtze River-delivered sediments. However, due to the climate change and intense human activities in recent years, the amount of Yangtze River-delivered sediment decreased by two thirds. Fewer work has been conducted on the accompanying changes of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) over the inner shelf of the ECS. Thus, in this study, based on the long-term water temperature, salinity, and SSC data derived from MODIS during 2003–2018, the spatiotemporal variations of SSC and the effects from oceanic fronts were studied. The results indicated a typical seasonal change of the SSC with the effect of a thermocline in summer and thermal-saline front in winter, respectively. Regarding the long-term variation of the SSC from 2003 to 2018, it displayed significant differences in spatial distribution. The SSC anomaly exhibited the opposite phases between the north and south parts of 28–29°N and between the landside and seaside of the front at the isobaths of 20 m–40 m along the Zhe-Min Coast. In general, wind is the controlling factor that affects the SSC in most area of the Zhe-Min coast, especially in spring and winter seasons.

Paleogeography reconstruction of a multi-stage modified intra-cratonic basin—a case study from the Jurassic Ordos Basin, Western North China Craton

Post-depositional modification is commonly found in sedimentary basins, particularly in the eastern Tethys Tectonic Domain, and is related to special geological settings and evolution processes of the region. The Chinese continent is composed of numerous small-scale blocks that underwent intensive tectonic movements. Paleogeography reconstruction for a modified basin is fundamental for objectively understanding the basin dynamics and exploration of hydrocarbon, sandstone-type uranium deposits, and other mineral resources. As a large-scale intra-cratonic depression basin in the western part of the North China Craton (NCC), the Mesozoic Ordos Basin underwent multi-stage modification; as a result, only the western part was preserved. In this study, the paleogeography in Bathonian–Oxfordian ages of the Jurassic was reconstructed via integrated approaches including stratigraphic correlation, sedimentary facies analysis, provenance analysis, and fission track analysis. The original sedimentary boundary of the Ordos Basin during this period is approximately outlined. We determine that the northern and southern borders reach the Cenozoic Hetao Basin and the Cenozoic Weihe Basin, respectively, and that the eastern, northwestern, and southwestern borders lie to the west of Taihang Mountain, at the Langshan–Bayanhot Basin–Kexueshan, and to the west of Liupan Mountain, respectively. The original sedimentary extent of the Ordos Basin was almost twice that of the present-day residual basin. The evolution of this basin in the Mesozoic recorded the evolution and destruction processes of the NCC. The NCC shows that N–S- and W–E-trending compressional setting occurred during the Triassic and the Jurassic, respectively. The interactive activities of adjacent tectonic domains played a critical role in subsidence dynamics for the intra-cratonic Ordos Basin. This study provides further insights for exploration of hydrocarbon and sandstone-type uranium deposits in the Ordos Basin.

Molecular phylogeographic analyses and species delimitations reveal that Leopoldamys edwardsi (Rodentia: Muridae) is a species complex.

Leopoldamys edwardsi is a species with wide distribution ranges in southern China but is not discussed in studies on geographic variation and species differentiation. We used 2 mitochondrial (Cytb, CO1) and 3 nuclear (GHR, IRBP and RAG1) genes to clarify species phylogeography and geographical differentiation. Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian phylogenetic inference (BI) trees consistently indicated that L. edwardsi is a species complex containing 3 main lineages with high Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) divergences (i.e. lineages LN , LS and LHN ) found in the northern and southern China and Hainan Island, respectively. The 3 species delimitation methods, automated barcoding gap discovery, Bayesian poisson tree process analysis and Bayesian phylogenetics and phylogeography, consistently supported the existence of cryptic species. Divergence times among the main lineages were inferred to be during the Pleistocene, with LHN /LS split at 1.33 Ma and LN /(LHN +LS ) at 2.61 Ma; the diversifications of L. edwardsi complex might be caused by the rapid uplifts of Tibetan Plateau, paleoclimate change and complex topography. The divergence between LHN and LS was probably related to the separation of Hainan Island from the mainland via the formation of the Qiongzhou Strait. Lineages LN and (LS +LHN ) likely diverged due to the Wuyi-Nanling mountain range forming a dispersal barrier. Our results suggested that L. edwardsi complex contains at least 3 distinct species: LHN represents L. hainanensis, endemic to Hainan Island and previously considered as a subspecies L. e. hainanensis; LS represents a cryptic species distributed throughout the southern Chinese continent; and LN represents the nominotypical species L. edwardsi.

Zircon U-Pb geochronology of the Chinese continental crust: a preliminary analysis of the Elsevier science database

ABSTRACTThe amount of zircon U-Pb geochronological data for China has grown rapidly in recent years. Nearly 410,000 items of zircon U-Pb geochronological data, representing more than 7,000 relevant articles in the Elsevier Science Database, have been collected to a database in this research. Statistics on the ages and absolute errors of these collated data, yielded smallest standard errors for (206Pb/238U), (207Pb/235U), and (207Pb/206Pb) ages within respective time intervals of < 1388.96 Ma, 1388.96–3282.52 Ma, and > 3282.52 Ma. The ages and their absolute errors were determined using three main geochronology methods, based on laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometer (LA-ICP-MS), sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP), and secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS) measurements. We compared the influence of these different methods on errors for each age interval. In addition, using a Gaussian model of multi-peak fitting of zircon U-Pb age frequencies, we identified seven growth peaks in zircons from the Chinese continental crust, which are 48.60 Ma, 131.49 Ma, 249.91 Ma, 444.27 Ma, 835.95 Ma, 1860.65 Ma, and 2505.54 Ma. It is clear that there are correspondences between these ages and various geological events, namely, the Wutai movement, Lvliang movement, Jinning movement, Caledonian movement, Indo-China movement, Yanshan movement, and Himalayaorogeny movement, respectively. The time and spatial distributions of these zircons correspond to distinct geological events on the Chinese continent, reflecting its crustal evolution.

Ambient noise Love wave tomography of China

We first report on the Love wave tomography of China based on ambient noise cross-correlations. We used 3 years of continuous waveform data recorded by 206 broadband seismic stations on the Chinese Mainland and 36 neighboring global stations and obtained Love wave empirical Green’s functions from cross-correlations of the horizontal components. The Love wave group velocity dispersion measurements were used to construct dispersion maps of 8- to 40-s periods, which were then inverted to obtain a three-dimensional horizontally polarized S-wave (SH) velocity structure. The resolution was approximately 4° × 4° and 8° × 8° for eastern and western China, respectively, and extended to a depth of approximately 50 km. The SH model was generally consistent with a previously published vertically polarized S-wave (SV) model and showed large-scale features that were consistent with geological units, such as the major basins and changes in the crustal thickness across the north-south gravity lineament. The SH and SV models also showed substantial differences, which were used to examine the subsurface radial anisotropy. We define the radial anisotropy parameter as \begin{document}$\psi = 2\left( {{V_{\rm SH}} - {V_{\rm SV}}} \right)/\left( {{V_{\rm SH}} + {V_{\rm SV}}} \right)$\end{document} . At a shallow depth, we observed significant radial anisotropy under major basins, which may be related to thick sedimentary layers. At the mid to lower crust, most of the Chinese continent showed strong positive radial anisotropy (SH > SV). Central and southern Tibet showed strong positive anisotropy, whereas the radial anisotropy was relatively weak at the northern and eastern margins, which suggests a change in deformation style from the plateau interior to its margins. The North China craton showed prominent positive radial anisotropy, which may be related to decratonization and strong extension since the Mesozoic Era. Love waves are less well retrieved than Rayleigh waves from ambient noise cross-correlations. Increasing the duration of the cross-correlation data beyond 4 to 8 years may not aid in retrieving Love waves of longer periods, for which improved methods need to be explored.