Chinese American Families Research Articles

Attitude toward physical activity among Asian American family caregivers of persons living with dementia

This qualitative study aimed to explore attitudes toward physical activity behaviors in the context of dementia caregiving among Asian Indian, Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese American family caregivers of persons living with dementia. We used qualitative data from verbatim transcripts of current caregivers (N = 21) from focus groups and individual interviews. Ethnically or linguistically matched moderators facilitated focus groups and interviews in four languages. Finalized themes included: (1) Physical activity and exercise are different.; (2) Exercise has many benefits.; (3) Health issues and stress from caregiving demotivate engaging in regular exercise.; (4) Prioritizing and planning exercises are necessary; and (5) Social support is essential to engage in physical activity. Caregiving limits the type of exercise some can do, depending on care recipients’ conditions. Efforts to help caregivers prioritize exercise and seek social support from others, including healthcare professionals, would be greatly needed to promote physical activity among this population.

Effortful control is associated with ethnic minority children's pro-wealth biases and explanations across social domains.

Children's tendency to prefer rich to poor people and to view wealthy individuals more positively has been well-documented, but little is known about (a) the mechanisms underlying this "pro-wealth" bias and (b) the extent to which it holds across various social domains (e.g., friendships vs. school project partners). Using a mixed-methods approach, we examined the development of status-based social preferences in a socioeconomically diverse sample of children from Chinese American immigrant families (N = 169; 7-11 years; MAge = 9.16 years, SD ± 1.05; 87 male, 82 female). We examined the development of these preferences in middle childhood, a period during which aspects of group membership and social stratification are salient, particularly for children of immigrants. Children exhibited preferences for a high-status child over a low-status child across three social domains (friendship, playdate, and school project). Children's open-ended responses explaining their preferences most commonly referenced status-based stereotypes (e.g., "He's more educated, he might know more about the topic") and personal loss or gain (e.g., "I'll get to play with his stuff"). Children higher in parent-rated effortful control exhibited fewer status-based preferences and were less likely to reference status-based stereotypes and personal loss or gain in their explanations. Together, these findings shed light on the complexity and nuance of children's pro-wealth bias, as well as the underlying forces that drive these social preferences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

On bicultural identities construction: daughter and mother’s counterstories in an Asian American immigrant family

ABSTRACT This piece answers the call to explore mother-and-daughter relationships in immigrant families. It uses narratives to humanize the Asian American experiences in and out of schools. Guided by AsianCrit theory, the paper centers on the counterstories of a first-generation immigrant mother and her 2nd generation U.S. -born adolescent in a Chinese American family. The mother and the daughter each narrate their lived experiences and reflect collaboratively on how their counterstories construct their bicultural identities collectively and respectively under the tenets of Asianization and transnational context. We hope our narratives will add to the current literature to dismantle the stereotypes of Asian Americans being viewed as model minorities and honorary whites. By discussing the hyper-in/visibility of Asian Americans, we urge classroom teachers and teacher educators to amplify the voices of these marginalized groups in their daily instructions to promote the positive identity development of Asian Americans.

Understanding needs of Chinese American family caregivers through a life story qualitative project

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to explore the needs of Chinese American family caregivers of older adults through a life story qualitative study. Through life story narratives, a phenomenological approach revealed that the needs of Chinese American family caregivers, including effect of stress, varied by the following: type of relationship with care receivers, perceived cultural values, relationship quality between caregiver and care receivers, cognitive distortions and conflict strategies in caregiving. Discussion on methods of assisting Chinese American family caregivers through the therapeutic interventions of the life story narrative itself, self-care training, and other key supports revealed in the study will be addressed.

Developmental paths from parents' bicultural socialization beliefs to emerging adult depressive symptoms in Chinese American families.

Parents' socialization beliefs have implications for the psychological adjustment of their children through their parenting behaviors; however, such pathways have rarely been established among Chinese American families. The present study examined how Chinese American parents' goals for their children to take on bicultural values and behaviors (i.e., bicultural socialization beliefs) influenced their child's level of depressive symptoms in emerging adulthood through their parenting behaviors and the level of parent-child alienation. Data came from Waves 2 (adolescence) and 3 (emerging adulthood) of a longitudinal study of 444 Chinese American families. Mothers' reports of their bicultural socialization beliefs positively predicted adolescents' reports of mothers' autonomy-supporting behaviors and interdependence-focused shaming behaviors. In addition, there was a significant and negative indirect effect of mothers' bicultural socialization beliefs on emerging adult depressive symptoms through adolescents' reports of mothers' autonomy-supporting behaviors and emerging adults' reports of alienation to their parents. In contrast, there was a significant and positive indirect effect from fathers' reports of their bicultural socialization beliefs to emerging adult depressive symptoms, through emerging adults' reports of alienation only. Findings contribute to our understanding of bicultural processes in Chinese American families and establish that parents' beliefs have significant implications for the psychological adjustment of Chinese American youth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Parental expressions of love in Chinese American immigrant families: Implications for children's attachment security.

Harlow's seminal work on the nature of attachment focused on the importance of warm, responsive, and loving relationships in children's healthy development. While the need for love and care is arguably universal, the ways in which these emotions are expressed can vary across cultural contexts. We examined how Chinese American parents' expressions of love were associated with children's attachment security. A total of 110 Chinese American immigrant parent-child dyads (children 7-11 years old, 49% girls) participated in 3-min conversations in which parents were instructed to communicate love and care. Proposition-level analyses in speech (total 8825 propositions) identified three types of affection: training (guan and chiao shun); relational affection (qin); and validation (acceptance and encouragement of child's own expression of emotion, thoughts, and behaviors). Higher training was observed in parents with lower American orientation and lower income. Higher relational affection was observed in parents with lower income. Higher validation was observed in parents with higher income. Using path analyses, training and validation were found to be positively associated with children's attachment security beyond parenting styles. Effects of parents' relational affection were moderated by children's American orientation. Results demonstrate how immigrant parents draw on multiple cultural scripts to express love and care. These findings expand traditional concepts of parental love in immigrant families and illustrate how bicultural expressions of love can shape attachment security in middle childhood. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://youtu.be/HqUfIDxkFsE RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Analyses of parent-child discussions identified three parental affection styles (i.e., training, relational affection, and validation) as expressions of love and care in Chinese American immigrant families. Training and validation were positively associated withchildren's attachment security. Relational affection was associated with lowerattachment security for children with higher American cultural orientation, suggesting the effects of parent-child expressions of love are shaped by acculturation.

Family linguistic ecology in Chinese American diasporas: migrants’ heritage language planning and discursive ethnolinguistic identity in-between

ABSTRACT Heritage language maintenance is a challenge faced by many immigrant parents. Previous studies on Chinese immigrant families and inheritance of the mother tongue privileged a pedagogical perspective focusing on second-language acquisition and literacy developments. Little attention has been paid to the nuanced understanding of how Chinese immigrant parents help their children construct language resilience of (un)belongingness across home and host contexts and how children negotiate fluid hybrid identity construction. Through questionnaires, semi-constructed interviews, and home visits with four Chinese immigrant families in the United States, this linguistic ethnography study probes the linguistic ecology, (in)visible language planning, and discursive identity construction in Chinese American diaspora families. The findings suggest migrant parents’ congruence and conflict in explicit and implicit family language ideology, management, and practice. Children negotiate fluid discursive identity construction and mediate hybrid culture characterised by the diversity of pathways of language learning as a (dis)continuum. The findings highlight the significance of a linguistic ecological niche in emergent bilingual immigrants’ heritage language maintenance and development. This research illuminates how parents can foster a greater sense of possibility for transitional children’s journeys of being and becoming bilinguals or multilinguals.

Cognitive Distancing Language in Parent-Child Book Sharing Among Low-Income Mexican American and Chinese American Families: Cultural Group Comparisons and Links to Children’s Executive Functions

ABSTRACT Research Findings: In the context of parent-child book sharing, cultural influences on cognitive distancing language and associations with child executive function (EF) have been understudied. This study examined cultural group similarities/differences in parent and child book-sharing distancing language among preschool-aged dual language learners from low-income Mexican American (MA) and Chinese American (CA) families. We further tested concurrent relations between parent/child distancing language and children’s EF. The sample consisted of 88 children (45 MAs, 43 CAs, age = 38–68 months) enrolled in Head Start preschools and their parents. To assess distancing language, utterances were coded for cognitive demand and classified as referential (low demand), behavioral (moderate demand), or inferential (high demand). Cognitive tasks tapping inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility were used to assess child EF. Results showed parents and children from both cultural groups produced comparable numbers of story-related utterances. MA dyads used higher proportions of parent/child inferential statements and a lower proportion of parent referential questions. The proportions of parent behavioral questions and child behavioral statements were positively related to child cognitive flexibility. Practice or Policy: Findings highlight heterogeneity in parent-child verbal interactions among low-income multilingual families and have implications for promoting preschoolers’ cognitive/language development in diverse populations.

Infant Feeding Outcomes From a Culturally-Adapted Early Obesity Prevention Program for Immigrant Chinese American Parents

ObjectiveTo examine whether a cultural adaptation of an early childhood obesity prevention program promotes healthy infant feeding practices. MethodsProspective quasi-experimental study of a community-engaged multiphasic cultural adaptation of an obesity prevention program set at a federally qualified health center serving immigrant Chinese American parent-child dyads (N = 298). In a group of historical controls, we assessed early infant feeding practices (breastfeeding, sugar-sweetened beverage intake) in 6-month-olds and then the same practices alongside early solid food feeding practices (bottle weaning, fruit, vegetable, sugary or salty snack consumption) in 12-month-olds. After implementation, we assessed these practices in an intervention cohort group at 6 and 12 months. We used cross-sectional groupwise comparisons and adjusted regression analyses to evaluate group differences. ResultsAt 6 months, the intervention group had increased odds of no sugar-sweetened beverage intake (aOR: 5.69 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.65, 19.63], P = .006). At 12 months, the intervention group also had increased odds of no sugar-sweetened beverage intake (aOR: 15.22 [95% CI: 6.33, 36.62], P < .001), increased odds of bottle weaning (aOR: 2.34 [95% CI: 1.05, 5.23], P = .03), and decreased odds of sugary snack consumption (aOR: 0.36 [0.18, 0.70], P = .003). We did not detect improvements in breastfeeding, fruit, vegetable, or salty snack consumption. ConclusionsA cultural adaptation of a primary care-based educational obesity prevention program for immigrant Chinese American families with low income is associated with certain healthy infant feeding practices. Future studies should evaluate cultural adaptations of more intensive interventions that better address complex feeding practices, such as breastfeeding, and evaluate long-term weight outcomes.

Ethnic‐racial socialization in Chinese American immigrant families: Associations with middle childhood ethnic identity

AbstractCompared to studies of ethnic identity development in adolescence, fewer investigations have examined the development of ethnic identity during middle childhood, a developmental period of dynamic social and cognitive changes that have direct implications for social identity and group membership. Moreover, research on the developmental processes of Asian American youth has also primarily utilized cross‐group comparisons, while neglecting consideration of variations in acculturation, socioeconomic status, and other sociodemographic characteristics within Asian American ethnic groups. Using a socioeconomically‐ and acculturatively‐diverse sample of Chinese immigrant families in the United States (N = 169; 49.1% girls; M = 9.16 years; SD = 1.05), the present study examined how parents’ ERS practices varied by parents’ socioeconomic status, education, and cultural orientations, then tested associations between parents’ ERS and children's self‐reported ethnic centrality and ethnic regard. More highly‐educated Chinese American immigrant parents reported more frequent cultural socialization and more acculturated parents reported more preparation of their children for racial and ethnic bias. Consistent with hypotheses, parents’ cultural socialization was positively associated with children's self‐reported ethnic centrality and positive regard. Results highlight the roles of social status and acculturation in Chinese immigrant parents’ ERS, and point to middle childhood as a key developmental window for ethnic identity socialization and development in immigrant families.

To Know Every Part: Theorizing Craft Narratives Via Fae Myenne Ng’s Bone

Published nearly thirty years ago, Fae Myenne Ng’s debut novel, Bone, has become a canonical work of Asian American literature for its domestic portrayal of a multi-generational Chinese American family. This article demonstrates how fiction offers a means to theorize contemporary craft. As the daughter of a seamstress, Ng utilizes her own intimate knowledge of industrial and domestic sewing to develop the emotions and intergenerational memories of characters in the novel. In doing so, Bone locates crafting subjects, their work and the handmade objects themselves within a legacy of Chinese exclusion and the ongoing racialized and gendered labor exploitation of Chinese immigrants. In this context, the fictional narrative pushes craft theorists and practitioners alike to instigate essential questions about what registers as craft and the role of narrative in this process. In particular, I focus on a persistent binary of handmade and mass-produced that shapes many dominant narratives of craft. By attending to this binary, we may analyze how dominant narratives actively make use of and reconfigure social constructs like gender and race to elicit certain perceptions (wittingly or unwittingly) about craft, craftspeople, their labors, and the value placed upon them.

Parental identity and socialization mediate parental racial discrimination's impact on child adjustment

AbstractObjectiveThe study explored the mediating role of Chinese American parents' ethnic–racial identity (ERI) in linking their discrimination experiences, ethnic–racial socialization (ERS), and their children's mental health, testing whether neighborhood racial diversity and perceived Chinese density moderated these mediation paths.BackgroundDuring COVID‐19, Chinese American families faced increased discrimination, impacting their mental well‐being. However, few studies have examined how parents' discrimination experiences influence their ERI, ERS practice, and ultimately their children's mental health difficulties.MethodData from 294 Chinese immigrant parents (Mage = 44.28, 79% female) were collected in two waves, 2020 and 2021. Path analysis tested if parental discrimination affects their ERI and ERS, and children's mental health. Multigroup analysis assessed if mediation models varied for families living in communities with low versus high racial diversity or Chinese density.ResultsParental racism‐related stress at T1 had significant indirect effects on parental ERS practices (higher use of maintenance of heritage culture and lower use of avoidance of outgroups practice) at T2 via parental ERI (greater private regard) at T2. Parental racial discrimination (perceived sinophobia in the media and racism‐related stress) at T1 had significant indirect effects on children's mental health difficulties at T2 via parental ERS practices (use of maintenance of heritage culture and avoidance of outgroups practices) at T2. The neighborhood racial diversity moderated the mediation model.ConclusionThese findings advance the understanding of both individual (i.e., parental ERI) and contextual factors (i.e., neighborhood racial diversity) in the complex associations between parents' discrimination experiences and children's mental health difficulties.

Beyond Norms and Realities

This paper examines the film Everything Everywhere All at Once, portraying a Chinese-American family navigating complex familial dynamics. The film, featuring stellar performances by Ke Huy Quan, Michelle Yeoh, and Jamie Lee Curtis, garnered Oscars and marked a historic win for Asian women in the Best Actress category. Beyond its sci-fi front, the movie transcends genre boundaries, contributing significantly to new queer cinema. This paper argues that the film disrupts essentialist notions of race, sexuality, and gender by exploring diverse themes. Drawing from queer theory, this paper analyzes the film’s problematization of gender norms and Asian American stereotypes, as well as the encouragement of critical spectatorship in viewers. The analysis identifies the film’s deliberate use of queer codes, inviting viewers to think beyond conventions. The film confuses normative thinking, as demonstrated through Ke Huy Quan’s character, Waymond, who blurred assignments of masculinity and femininity. Finally, the analysis extends this critique to Asian American representation, interrogating stereotypes associated with the model minority myth. Through the film’s well-crafted storytelling and excellent performances by actors, this paper’s analysis demonstrates how a queer reading can encourage thinking beyond ‘normal.’

Abstract P206: Family Food Study: Findings From a Mixed Methods Pilot Study Examining Diet Among Chinese American Families in New York City

Introduction: Asian American youth experience a disproportionately high burden of diet-related diseases including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Family support and co-participation are essential to maintaining a healthy diet during childhood/adolescence and may be particularly important for Asian American youth given the cultural emphasis on family. However, no studies, to our knowledge, have examined how the diets of Asian American youth correlate with those of their families. Objective: To determine the correlation in diets of Chinese American families and understand the mechanisms through which families influence youth's diets. Methods: We recruited 10 Chinese American families from New York City to participate in the Family Food study. Between June and July of 2023, we administered phone-based surveys to 1 parent and 2 children aged 10-17 years within each family. One child per family conducted a follow-up, phone-based interview on the social and environmental determinants of diet. Dietary intake was measured using the validated and culturally adapted 26-item Dietary Screener Questionnaire. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated from linear mixed models with age and sex as fixed effects, family as a random effect, and either 1) predicted fruit and vegetable intake or 2) frequency of intake of each food/beverage group as the outcome. Rapid qualitative analysis was used to identify key themes from the youth interviews. Results: On average, youth were 13 years old, 55% were male, and 15% were born in China. All parents were female and born in China, and 30% of households were SNAP recipients. Predicted mean intake of fruits and vegetables was 2.8 (SD: 0.9) cups/day, and correlation in intake among family members was slight (ICC=0.10). Correlations in frequency of intake of food/beverage groups among family members ranged from 0.01 to 0.46 (i.e., virtually no similarity to fair), with the strongest correlations for 100% fruit juice (0.46), milk (0.35), cheese (0.35), and fried potatoes (0.35). Our qualitative analysis indicated that convenience and time were the most common determinants of dietary choices, particularly among high schoolers. Most junk foods youth consumed were American, while dinner was generally Chinese cuisine prepared by their mother or grandmother. This echoed quantitative findings that families ate dinner together most days (6.3 days/week), that 90% of mothers were the main person responsible for food preparation, and that 40% of mothers did not like or know how to prepare American foods. Conclusions: Among Chinese American families, intake of dairy items, high-sugar, and high-fat items tended to be the most strongly correlated. Future research should aim to replicate this work in a larger sample size and to better understand how convenience, time, and family meals shape diet- and health-related decisions.

Filial piety and older adult caregiving among Chinese and Chinese-American families in the United States: a concept analysis

BackgroundThe culturally sensitive nursing practice has not embedded filial piety as a cultural value and stance pertaining to caregiving among aging Chinese and Chinese-American (CCA) families in the United States, yet it is critical for healthy aging among CCAs.PurposeTo understand filial piety when caring for aging CCAs and conceptualize an operational definition and framework.MethodsA systematic search was conducted in CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO databases. Analysis of the concept of filial piety among CCAs used Walker and Avant’s methods. Twenty-six studies were selected in the final full-text analysis.FindingsSynthesis of evidence identified four antecedents: (a) filial obligation as a ‘cultural gene’, (b) sense of altruism, (c) familial solidarity, and (d) societal expectation of ‘birth right’. Attributes included familial material and emotional support, obedience, pious reverence, and societal norms. Consequences were related to caregiver burden, psychological and physical well-being, quality of life, and health equity.ConclusionFilial piety is an intrinsic desire to support aging parents and an extrinsic desire to adhere to Chinese societal moral tenets. The proposed operational framework “Caregiving for aging CCAs in the United States” merits further study.

ENHANCED SUPPORT FOR CHINESE AND KOREAN AMERICAN DEMENTIA CAREGIVERS: INSIGHT FROM SERVICE PROVIDERS

Abstract As members of two large Asian immigrant populations in the U.S., Korean and Chinese American family caregivers of persons with dementia (PWD) have unique challenges impacted by their cultural background. Many of them prefer to and are relying on social services providers who speak the same language as they do for support and assistance. As part of the project to inform the cultural adaptation of NYU Caregiver Intervention-Enhanced Support (NYUCI-ES) program for Chinese and Korean American caregivers with multiple chronic conditions, we explored the perspectives of 13 Chinese and 12 Korean services providers (physicians and social service staff). During focus group discussions, services providers shared their perspectives on care challenges facing these populations, including challenges in initiating advanced care planning, family conflict in decision making and caregiving, insufficient community resources, staffing shortage associated with the pandemic and some care aides’ stigmatic beliefs about providing dementia care. We identified nuances in the following aspects: utilization of home health aides’ help, attitudes towards diagnosis and education, approaches to selfcare, preferences for engagement settings, trust-building, and family involvement. For instance, Korean services providers highlighted Korean caregivers’ strong preference for home health aides of the same gender as PWD and having individual rather than group session to learn about dementia. What we found from services providers largely echoed our findings from family caregivers but also provided unique insights from their work experiences. These findings will inform cultural adaptation of the content of the NYUCI to improve its applicability to Chinese and Korean American caregivers.

TESTING OF A WEB-BASED DECISION AID TOOL FOR DEMENTIA CARE PLANNING AMONG CHINESE AMERICAN FAMILY CAREGIVERS

Abstract In the US, the Chinese American population is aging rapidly. It is anticipated that Chinese American family caregivers of loved ones living with dementia will face increasing needs for health care planning. The study aimed to examine the usability and acceptability of a linguistically and culturally appropriate and wen-based decision aid (DA) tool for home care and long-term care planning among Chinese American family caregivers. The DA tool provides caregivers with information on (1) dementia stages, behaviors, symptoms, and care tips, (2) home care and long-term care choices, and their benefits and risks, (3) what matters to you when making care decisions, (4) what else do you need to make your decision, and (5) a summary to facilitating decision making with family and providers. A total of 16 family caregivers were recruited in the study. About 88% of study participants were very satisfied with the DA tool. Key feedback reported by the majority of participants includes: (1) the length and amount of information presented in the tool was just right, (2) this tool can provide sufficient information to make appropriate care decisions for loved ones with dementia., (3) the tool is easy to use and most people would learn to use this tool very quickly, (4) various functions in this tool are well integrated, and (5) I will frequently use this tool to help me discuss dementia care plans and decisions with family and providers. Further intervention with the DA tool can be developed within the Chinese population.

CHINESE AMERICAN FAMILY CAREGIVERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF HOME CARE AND FACILITY CARE FOR LOVED ONES WITH ADRD

Abstract Cognitive decline and impairment among older adults are significant public health concerns because they lead to increased disability, caregiver burden, and healthcare costs associated with the treatment of declining cognitive function. The Chinese American population, the largest Asian group in the US, is aging rapidly, and it is expected that older Chinese Americans and their caregivers will increasingly need ADRD care planning for home care and facility care. Therefore, the goal of this study is to examine the beliefs and attitudes of Chinese American family caregivers regarding home care and facility care for their loved ones with ADRD. In our study, N=17 Chinese American caregivers were recruited to participate in the study interview through a partnership with the Alzheimer’s Program at the Chinese American Service League. The mean age of the caregivers was 49.6 years, and the majority were female, married, had college degrees or higher, and reported being in good health. Results indicated that most ADRD patients needed medium or high levels of care and were cared for at home. Chinese American caregivers were reluctant to place their loved ones in facilities, such as nursing homes or memory care centers, due to high costs, poor quality of care, language barriers, and Chinese filial piety. Additionally, most Chinese caregivers lacked knowledge regarding the types of home care and facility care and the services provided. Therefore, future development of culturally and linguistically targeted interventions for ADRD care planning is necessary for Chinese American patients with ADRD and family caregivers.

“It’s a lonely journey”: Personal experiences and psychosocial distress among Chinese American dementia family caregivers

AbstractBackgroundChinese American dementia caregivers are a growing but understudied population. Prior survey studies suggest they experience high rates of depressive symptoms and adverse health outcomes, but data are limited on their caregiving experiences, distress processes, and related contextual factors. The current study aims to address the literature gap with a qualitative investigation.MethodIn‐depth interviews were conducted with 18 Chinese American dementia caregivers. An interview guide was developed priori based on literature on family dementia caregivers and stress process theories. All interviews were transcribed verbatim, thematic content analysis was conducted.ResultParticipants’ ages ranged from 39 to 85 with a median age of 60 years. 70% were female, and 64% had limited English proficiency. A conceptual framework of caregiving distress process was developed based on the interview guide and major themes emerged from the data. Caregiving stress stems from a complex interaction of care‐recipients’ and caregivers’ characteristics; stress leads high levels psychosocial distress, including poor sleep, depression and anxiety, and chronic conditions. The distress process is attenuated by caregivers’ help‐ seeking, social support, and use of formal services; it is also negatively influenced by caregivers’ poor self‐care, social isolation, and self‐perceived poor mastery of caregiving. The distress experienced by Chinese American dementia caregivers is a dynamic process in the caregiving context at multiple levels, including their social networks, available health and social services, immigration policies, and social norms. Participants described their caregiving experience as a “lonely journey”, reflecting their isolation and limited social support.ConclusionOur data suggest that Chinese American dementia caregivers, especially those with limited English proficiency, experience elevated psychosocial distress. They face daunting barriers to social support and health services due to their immigrant and minority status. Culturally appropriate targeted intervention is urgently needed for this underserved and vulnerable population.

Cascading effects of Chinese American parents' COVID-19 racial discrimination and racial socialization on adolescents' adjustment.

Using a three-wave longitudinal sample of 108 Chinese American parent-adolescent dyads (Mparent-ageW1 = 45.44 years, 17% fathers; Madolescent-ageW1 = 13.34 years, 50% boys), this study examined the effects of parents' COVID-19-related racial discrimination experiences on adolescents' ethnic identity exploration and anxiety as mediated by parents' awareness of discrimination (AOD) socialization and moderated by parents' anxiety and racial socialization competency (RSC). Parents' racial discrimination experiences in 2020 predicted adolescents' greater ethnic identity exploration or greater anxiety in 2022 via parents' greater use of AOD in 2021, depending on the levels of parents' anxiety and RSC. These findings highlighted individual and contextual factors impacting racial socialization processes in Chinese American families.