Vehicles In China Research Articles

Scenario analysis of waste tires from China's vehicles future

As a byproduct of vehicles, tires are utilized in large quantities with the widespread promotion of vehicles. Long-term accumulation of non-degradable waste tires occupies land resources and poses severe environmental threats. Projecting future waste tire volumes provides a scientific basis for preventing excessive accumulation, enables proactive planning of recycling strategies, reduces environmental pollution and promotes waste tire recycling. Using a bottom-up Road Transport Waste Tire Stock model, this study projects vehicle stocks and corresponding annual increases in waste tires from 2002 to 2050. The study reveals that China's vehicle and waste tire stock follows an S-curve growth. Vehicle ownership is projected to increase from 276 million in 2020 to 490–583 million by 2050. Between 2002 and 2030, waste tire generation from vehicles is expected to rise from 4.79 million tons to 18.13–18.57 million tons. By 2050, growth will slow, but the total output will still reach 18.90–19.85 million tons, with cargo trucks contributing 68%. By 2050, Shandong is the leading province in waste tire production, generating 1.82 million tons annually, accounting for 9.1%. Hainan will see the highest growth rate by 2030, with a 40% increase from 2020 levels. The study, based on current policies, presents three recommendations: improving waste tire tracking and recycling systems, implementing region-specific management strategies, and promoting the resource recovery of raw materials from cargo trucks waste tires. These measures aim to enhance waste tire management and foster rubber resource recycling.

Current Situation and Consequences of Environmental Information Disclosure in China's Automobile Manufacturing Industry --Taking SAIC Motor Corporation Limited as an Example

A sincere commitment to establishing a community of human destiny is made through achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality. Following the pace of affluent nations, China has incorporated carbon peak and carbon neutrality into overall economic and social development. Environmental information disclosure is the most basic and major part of environmental accounting, following the sustainable development strategy because of daily accounting supervision and accounting. In this research, a case study of SAIC Group's environmental information disclosure in China from 2019 to 2022 is chosen, and analyzes SAIC Group's operating capacity, profitability, solvency and development capacity by combining information asymmetry theory and stakeholder theory. This paper investigates the roots of environmental information disclosure in the automobile manufacturing industry, chooses a representative SAIC Group to summarize its environmental information disclosure, assesses the current level of corporate environmental information disclosure, and provides relevant departments with pointers and relates for the development of an environmental information disclosure system for enterprises in this industry. Finally, optimization recommendations are offered for the growth of listed businesses' environmental information disclosure in China's vehicle manufacturing sector.

The impact of the US-China trade war on China's vehicle and vehicle chip industry

On 22 March 2018, US President Donald Trump signed a presidential memorandum on the 301- investigation, which will impose 25% tariff on specific Chinese goods. The trade war between China and the US officially started and during this time, several US measures influence China's vehicle industry and vehicle chip industry. This paper selects the China auto industry indexes, China Auto chip indexes and US dollar exchange rates from 6 months before the trade war to 24 January 2020.This paper uses VAR and ARMA-GARCH models to model and analyses the data, to study how the Chinese vehicle industry and vehicle chip industry have been affected by the US-China trade war, and to predict the future development of the Chinese vehicle industry and vehicle chip industry. This paper also suggests that in the current chip war between China and the United States, China can strengthen its technological development, strengthen trade exchanges with technological powers, and enhance exchanges with the United States to gain benefits.

Economic impacts and carbon emissions of electric vehicles roll-out towards 2025 goal of China: An integrated input-output and computable general equilibrium study

The rapid expansion of China's vehicle fleet puts a strain on efforts to reduce carbon emissions. Despite broad consensus that switching from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV) to electric vehicles (EV) is an essential pathway to solving this challenge, some studies assessing individual vehicles have raised concerns over the high environmental impacts associated with the EV production phase, which may compromise the benefits derived from its use phase. To address this issue, we first develop a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to simulate how the economy and the automotive industry will respond to the increase in EV sales. Following the production-based accounting principle, the input-output model is then integrated with CGE to estimate CO 2 emissions. Three scenarios with and without suppression of ICEV consumption are created to analyze the sustainability of the automotive industry when 20% of new vehicles sold are EVs by 2025. The results show that the increase in EV sales has a negligible impact on the overall economy. Compared to the baseline, the automotive industry's output will increase by 5.16%, 3.04%, and 1.06% in three scenarios by 2025, while sectoral CO 2 emissions will increase by 6.59%, 3.95%, and 1.49%, which indicates that the difference between EVs and ICEVs is marginal in terms of CO 2 emissions per monetary output. This finding implies that EV production is unlikely to cause a significant increase in CO 2 emissions in the near future. Further, shifting a portion of domestic automotive production from ICEVs to EVs has a small impact on the top polluting sectors when ordered by CO 2 emissions. Therefore, the sustainable development of the automotive industry will not be hindered by large-scale EV adoption.

China's vehicle electrification impacts on sales, fuel use, and battery material demand through 2050: Optimizing consumer and industry decisions

SummaryThe promotion of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) is pivotal to China's carbon neutrality strategy. Therefore, it is important to understand the vehicle market evolution and its impacts in terms of costs, sales, industry fuel economy, and PEV's battery material demand. By examining vehicle technologies, cost, policy incentives, infrastructure, and driver behavior, this study quantitatively projects the dynamics of China's passenger vehicle market from 2020 to 2050 under multiple technology evolution scenarios. By 2050, battery electric vehicles could gain significant market share—as much as 30.4%–64.6%; and the industry's sales-weighted average fuel consumption could reach 1.81–3.11 L/100 km. Cumulative battery demand from PEVs could soar to over 700 GWh by 2050, whereas battery recycling alone could satisfy about 60% of the demand by 2050. The key metal supplies—lithium, cobalt, and nickel—for China's PEV market are projected, and nickel should be concerned more over the coming decades.

The total cost of electric vehicle ownership: A consumer-oriented study of China's post-subsidy era

The withdrawal of the purchase subsidy and the spread of Covid-19 have had a significant effect on Chinese consumers' purchase intentions regarding electric vehicles (EVs). Therefore, it is worthwhile analyzing the factors influencing EV purchase decisions from the consumer's perspective. We use a consumer-oriented model to analyze the total cost of ownership over 5- and 10-year holding periods in China for internal combustion engine vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and battery electric vehicles (BEVs). We include consumer usage habits and non-monetary costs to reflect consumer characteristics. The results show that the small BEVs will achieve parity before 2025, while medium-sized and large BEVs will do so around 2030. Regarding PHEVs, large and medium-sized models show better performance. Even though BEV and PHEV purchase costs will fall by 31%–36% and 16%–18%, respectively, between 2020 and 2030, most EV models will still not reach purchase cost parity by 2030. Incentive policies will have a significant impact, and oil prices are likely to have a huge impact on the time until EVs reach parity. Thus, policy-makers should introduce incentive policies aimed at ensuring a smooth transition to the electrification of China's vehicle fleet.

Health benefits of on-road transportation pollution control programs in China

China started to implement comprehensive measures to mitigate traffic pollution at the end of 1990s, but the comprehensive effects, especially on ambient air quality and public health, have not yet been systematically evaluated. In this study, we analyze the effects of vehicle emission control measures on ambient air pollution and associated deaths attributable to long-term exposures of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and O3 based on an integrated research framework that combines scenario analysis, air quality modeling, and population health risk assessment. We find that the total impact of these control measures was substantial. Vehicular emissions during 1998-2015 would have been 2-3 times as large as they actually were, had those measures not been implemented. The national population-weighted annual average concentrations of PM2.5 and O3 in 2015 would have been higher by 11.7 μg/m3 and 8.3 parts per billion, respectively, and the number of deaths attributable to 2015 air pollution would have been higher by 510 thousand (95% confidence interval: 360 thousand to 730 thousand) without these controls. Our analysis shows a concentration of mortality impacts in densely populated urban areas, motivating local policymakers to design stringent vehicle emission control policies. The results imply that vehicle emission control will require policy designs that are more multifaceted than traditional controls, primarily represented by the strict emission standards, with careful consideration of the challenges in coordinated mitigation of both PM2.5 and O3 in different regions, to sustain improvement in air quality and public health given continuing swift growth in China's vehicle population.

A New Evaluation Criterion for Allocation Mechanisms with Application to Vehicle License Allocations in China

In this paper, we propose an equality measure for allocation mechanisms with budget constraints to describe the difference in object obtaining opportunities among buyers with different budget ranks. We evaluate allocation mechanisms not only from the perspective of efficiency and revenue, but also with the criterion of equality. As an application of this new evaluation criterion -- the equality measure, we study the vehicle license allocation problem in China, introduce a class of hybrid auction-lottery mechanisms, and evaluate China's vehicle license allocation in a unified framework from the criteria of efficiency, equality, and revenue.

Social Debt Overhang and Under-Consumption

Debt owed to family and friends (DOFF) is a major component of household and entrepreneurial finance, particularly in developing countries. However, such informal finance carries with it an implicit covenant that can cause households to forgo durable-good consumption. This is because durable-good consumption can be perceived by the lender as a mis-use of funds and can result in social sanctions or debt recall. This paper uses China's Vehicle Scrappage Program (VSP) as a laboratory in which to study the causal link between DOFF and consumption. Merging survey data on Chinese household balance sheets with bid prices from China's online used-car markets, I find that DOFF on the balance sheet significantly reduces the probability that eligible households participate in the VSP and trade in their clunkers for new cars. Further, I find that this negative effect of DOFF on consumption is significantly mitigated by the presence of formal features such as a written contract, pre-determined debt repayment schedule, or positive interest rate. Together these results suggest that developing more formal channels for household finance can lead to increases in consumption. This is particularly important for developing countries such as China, where low consumption rates impede economic growth.

A discussion on China's vehicle fuel policy: Based on the development route optimization of refining industry

In recent years, Chinese government has been accelerating the implementation of high-quality standard of petroleum products. National Standard V of gasoline and diesel will be put into effect by 2018. However, as most of the gasoline and diesel are supplied by domestic refineries, whether the domestic refineries are capable to produce National Standard V products remains a question. This paper develops a mix integer programming model for long-term development route of refining industry in China from 2015 to 2050. The model provides optimal route of refinery construction, upgrading and retirement under different scenarios. Three scenarios are designed to discuss the mutual influence between long-term development of refining industry and fuel quality standard implementation. In the three scenarios, the schedule of 100%-National-Standard-V refining capacity target should be realized by 2018, 2030 and 2040 respectively. Based on the modeling results, we conclude that the 100%-National-Standard-V target by 2018 is difficult to realize. Putting off the schedule to 2030 is more practical in consideration of the current situation in China. To realize the 2030 target, extra investment for building new refineries and upgrading existing ones is needed in short term. However, impulse investment will result in over-capacity problem in the future.

Analysis of European Emission & Energy Consumption Calculation Software

Build a calculation model to measure the energy consumption of vehicle emissions, we can economically and easily achieve family type certification under multiple operating conditions and performance evaluation of specific vehicles. During the development of working conditions in Europe, the standard emission energy consumption estimation models for light vehicles and heavy vehicles were respectively developed. This paper conducts in-depth research on these calculation models, comprehensively introduces the overall process of model measurement method , explains in detail the technical details of working conditions conversion, refers to the calibration method of certification institutions, promotes the steady development of China's vehicle test and testing system, and provides technology for emission calibration. Support and guide motor vehicles to a cleaner, environmentally friendly and economical direction.

Does Policy Induce Sunk Cost? Evidence from China's Vehicle Quota System

With the implementation of the vehicle quota system (VQS), the average prices of new registered vehicles in Beijing and Shanghai both increased. Whether and why the policy would change consumers’ price sensitivity remain unknown although important and interesting. This study focuses on two distinct license quota policies implemented in China: Beijing’s lottery and Shanghai’s auction. To examine the effect of VQS on consumers’ purchase behavior, we propose a theoretical model extending Baliga and Ely (2011) and reconciling the two systems, explicate the increasing consumers’ purchase intention in the two cities from the perspective of sunk cost effect, and predict that the effect of Shanghai’s auction is more likely to depend on income level. Empirical results with a random coefficient logit model using aggregated data confirm that Beijing’s lottery system and Shanghai’s auction system both decrease price sensitiveness, implying consumers would like to offer higher purchase prices than before given the increasing price trends. Moreover, unlike the case in Beijing, the effect of Shanghai’s auction is positively dependent on individual income. Overall, this article points to the potentially negative role that VQS could play in distorting consumer behavior.

Assessing the impact of China's vehicle emission standards on diesel engine remanufacturing

The remanufacturing industry is one of the strategic emerging industries in China that are changing the traditional economic growth mode, developing a circular economy, as well as promoting development toward becoming a resource-conserving and environment-friendly society. Based on the current development of China's engine remanufacturing industry and government policy, this study analyzed the characteristics and development trend of the engine remanufacturing industry. Diesel engine remanufacturing is the earliest remanufacturing business in China and is the key to the development of the remanufacturing industry. Diesel remanufacturing mostly involves different stages of the vehicle exhaust emission standard implemented in China. A life-cycle assessment model was developed to investigate pollution prevention achieved in China by remanufacturing a China 2 standard heavy-duty diesel engine compared with a new one that has similar specifications and manufactured by the same OEM but meets the China 4 standard. Qualitative analysis indicates that a different remanufacturing strategy needs to be adopted for an engine in a different exhaust emission standard stage. The principle of remanufacturing is “Remanufacturing restores used automotive engines to like-new condition”. However, remanufacturing a China 2 or 3 engine increases emissions. Therefore, the principle of remanufacturing does not always achieve the goal of remanufacturing development in China.

Vehicle Emission and Near-Road Air Quality Modeling for Shanghai, China

In China, motor vehicle emissions have been identified as the major source of urban air pollution. Thus, estimation of emissions and their impact on air quality is necessary. Vehicle emissions vary strongly with region and depend on local vehicle operation and emission performance. This paper uses the MOVES (Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator) model, released by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, for the estimation of vehicle emission factors in Shanghai, China. To achieve a convincing emission result, vehicle operation is extracted from massive taxi Global Positioning System (GPS) data, and the emission inventory from MOVES is revised according to China's vehicle emission standards. In addition, deterioration factors are calculated on the basis of vehicle condition. Comprehensive emission factors are generated for Shanghai light-duty vehicles at various average speed levels. The results indicate that emission factors for hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen of in-use light vehicles in China are 0.1 to 0.25 g/km, 4 to 7 g/km, and 0.4 to 0.8 g/km, respectively. These amounts are 15, 1.9, and 5.9 times higher than those in the United States, respectively. By 2012, the Environmental Protection Bureau had established 10 monitoring sites in Shanghai and released data for real-time concentrations of particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter, particulate matter less than 10 μm in diameter, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide to the public. On the basis of the new release of data, a field study estimating near-road air quality was conducted with MOVES and the air dispersion model AERMOD. The concentration result shows that the accuracy of near-road NO2 estimation is improved with taxi GPS data and the revised MOVES emission inventory. The study explores the extended application of MOVES by offering a procedure for applying MOVES in non-U.S. regions.

The Analysis and Suggestions of the Related Regulations about Recycling and Discarding of Vehicle

For the purpose of promoting China's vehicle recycling and discarding regulations system, promoting China's vehicle and recycling industry of healthy development. Therefore, from laws and regulations construction aspects, solve the recycling end-of-life vehicles problems ,research on effective recycling of end-of-life vehicles, recycling and proper disposal , environmental protection and comprehensive utilization of resources, solve scrap steel, plastic, rubber the scarcity of resources and promote the development of China's automobile industry, promote the society, economy and environment harmonious development is of great significance. Based on the domestic and foreign vehicle recycling and discarding related laws and regulations, comparative analysis, the paper proposes some Suggestions.

The impact of China's vehicle emissions on regional air quality in 2000 and 2020: a scenario analysis

Abstract. The number of vehicles in China has been increasing rapidly. We evaluate the impact of current and possible future vehicle emissions from China on Asian air quality. We modify the Regional Emission Inventory in Asia (REAS) for China's road transport sector in 2000 using updated Chinese data for the number of vehicles, annual mileage, and emission factors. We develop two scenarios for 2020: a scenario where emission factors remain the same as they were in 2000 (No-Policy, NoPol), and a scenario where Euro 3 vehicle emission standards are applied to all vehicles (except motorcycles and rural vehicles). The Euro 3 scenario is an approximation of what may be the case in 2020 as, starting in 2008, all new vehicles in China (except motorcycles) were required to meet the Euro 3 emission standards. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF/Chem), we examine the regional air quality response to China's vehicle emissions in 2000 and in 2020 for the NoPol and Euro 3 scenarios. We evaluate the 2000 model results with observations in Japan, China, Korea, and Russia. Under NoPol in 2020, emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), black carbon (BC), and organic carbon (OC) from China's vehicles more than double compared to the 2000 baseline. If all vehicles meet the Euro 3 regulations in 2020, however, these emissions are reduced by more than 50% relative to NoPol. The implementation of stringent vehicle emission standards leads to a large, simultaneous reduction of the surface ozone (O3) mixing ratios and particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations. In the Euro 3 scenario, surface O3 is reduced by more than 10 ppbv and surface PM2.5 is reduced by more than 10 μg m−3 relative to NoPol in Northeast China in all seasons. In spring, surface O3 mixing ratios and PM2.5 concentrations in neighboring countries are also reduced by more than 3 ppbv and 1 μg m−3, respectively. We find that effective regulation of China's road transport sector will be of significant benefit for air quality both within China and across East Asia as well.

The present status of the high temperature superconducting Maglev vehicle inChina

Since the first successful running of the people-carrying high temperature superconducting(HTS) Maglev test vehicle on 31 December 2000, about 27 000 people have taken it, and theaccumulated running distance is about 400 km. The levitation force of the onboard HTSequipment is measured periodically, and new experimental results measured on 5 March2003 show that the performance of the onboard HTS Maglev equipment is almost the sameas that of two years ago. Experimental results indicate that the long-term stability of theHTS Maglev vehicle is good. This further proves the feasibility of the HTS Maglevvehicle for practical transportation. It is worth mentioning that all the results aremeasured at a low speed; however, investigations of the dynamic performance ofthe HTS Maglev vehicle at high speed are necessary for practical application.Research on the dynamic performance of the HTS Maglev vehicle is ongoing.

Motor vehicle pollution and fuel consumption in China: the long-term challenges

China's vehicle population has grown tremendously over the past two decades and all indications are that high growth will continue for the foreseeable future. There will be many benefits as a result of this increased mobility but, absent government intervention, air quality will worsen, the number of automobile accidents will increase, and congestion will take a toll on the quality of life. Also of great concern, energy consumption will rise, and China will become more dependent on imported petroleum, with all the economic and energy security consequences that will entail. One approach to dealing with these concerns in addition to improving conventional vehicles and fuels is to substantially increase the use of alternative fuels such as DME or F-T diesel, producing them from China's vast coal reserves. These fuels show high potential for reducing conventional emissions. However, the use of coal gasification to produce synthetic liquid fuels or hydrogen for transportation results in energy inefficiencies and the increased generation of greenhouse gases. CO 2 emissions could be reduced drastically if CO 2 sequestration technology becomes available. However, this technology is still in the early stages of development.