China In June Research Articles

Distinct impacts of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Indian Ocean Dipole on China's gross primary production

Abstract. Gross primary production (GPP), a crucial component in the terrestrial carbon cycle, is strongly influenced by large-scale circulation patterns. This study explores the influence of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) on China's GPP, utilizing long-term GPP data generated by the Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS). Partial correlation coefficients between GPP and ENSO reveal substantial negative associations in most parts of western and northern China during the September–October–November (SON) period of ENSO development. These correlations shift to strongly positive over southern China in December–January–February (DJF) and then weaken in March–April–May (MAM) in the following year, eventually turning generally negative over southwestern and northeastern China in June–July–August (JJA). In contrast, the relationship between GPP and IOD basically exhibits opposite seasonal patterns. Composite analysis further confirms these seasonal GPP anomalous patterns. Mechanistically, these variations are predominantly controlled by soil moisture during ENSO events (except MAM) and by temperature during IOD events (except SON). Quantitatively, China's annual GPP demonstrates modest positive anomalies in La Niña and negative IOD years, in contrast to minor negative anomalies in El Niño and positive IOD years. This outcome is due to counterbalancing effects, with significantly larger GPP anomalies occurring in DJF and JJA. Additionally, the relative changes in total GPP anomalies at the provincial scale display an east–west pattern in annual variation, while the influence of IOD events on GPP presents an opposing north–south pattern. We believe that this study can significantly enhance our understanding of specific processes by which large-scale circulation influences climate conditions and, in turn, affects China's GPP.

Mini-Satellite Fucheng 1 SAR: Interferometry to Monitor Mining-Induced Subsidence and Comparative Analysis with Sentinel-1

Mining-induced subsidence poses a serious hazard to the surrounding environment and infrastructure, necessitating the detection of such subsidence for effective disaster mitigation and the safeguarding of local residents. Fucheng 1 is the first high-resolution mini-satellite interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) launched by China in June 2023. In this study, we used Fucheng 1 SAR images to analyze mining-induced subsidence in Karamay by InSAR Stacking and D-InSAR. The findings were compared with Sentinel-1A imagery to evaluate the effectiveness of Fucheng 1 in monitoring subsidence and its interferometric performance. Analysis revealed significant mining-induced subsidence in Karamay, and the results from Fucheng 1 closely corresponded with those from Sentinel-1A, particularly regarding the extent of the subsidence. It is indicated that the precision of Fucheng 1 SAR imagery has reached leading standards. In addition, due to its higher resolution, the maximum detectable deformation gradient (MDDG) of Fucheng 1 is 2.15 times higher than that of Sentinel images. This study provides data support for the monitoring of mining-induced subsidence in the Karamay and give a theoretical basis for the application of Fucheng 1 in the field of Geohazard monitoring.

Metabolic processes drive spatio-temporal variations of carbon sink/source in a karst river

Riverine carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange is a crucial component of the global carbon cycle. However, the changes in the CO2 sink/source in karst rivers caused by differences in lithological features and climate, hindered the resolution of the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of global inland water carbon emissions. Here, we use hydrochemical data and CO2 gas isotopic data to reveal the spatio-temporal variations of CO2 sink/source in karst rivers and their controlling mechanisms. Fifty-two monitoring transects were set up in the subtropical Lijiang River in southwest China in June and December 2019. Our results indicated that the CO2 flux across the water-air interface (FCO2) in the Lijiang River basin ranged from −43.77 to 519.67 mmol/(m2·d). In June, the Lijiang River acted as an atmospheric carbon source due to higher water temperatures (Twater). However, driven by hydrodynamic conditions and the metabolism of aquatic photosynthesis, the river shifts from being an atmospheric carbon source in June to an atmospheric carbon sink in December. The stable isotopes of CO2 (δ13C-CO2) show significant differences in the spatio-temporal variations of CO2 sink/source. In December, the transects of the Lijiang River basin with a negative CO2 flux are significantly negatively correlated with dissolved oxygen (DO) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration (p < 0.05). This confirms that the enhancement of aquatic photosynthesis efficiency increased water DO concentrations, which resulted in the positive movement of water δ13C-CO2 and a decrease in the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and FCO2. Comparative analysis with global river FCO2 indicates that under the combined driving forces of metabolic processes of aquatic photosynthetic organisms and hydrodynamic conditions, rivers tend to act more frequently as CO2 sinks, particularly in subtropical and temperate rivers. In conclusion, this study represents a new example focusing on CO2 dynamics to address the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of carbon emissions in inland waters on a global scale.

The Unprecedented 2023 North China Heatwaves and Their S2S Predictability

AbstractThis study unravels the characteristics, mechanisms, and predictability of four consecutive record‐breaking heatwaves hitting North China in June and July 2023. The first three heatwaves primarily influenced the northern part of North China and were accompanied by consistent anticyclonic anomalies in the upper troposphere. The anomalous anticyclone was caused by the British–Baikal corridor teleconnection along the polar front jet, particularly during the second heatwave. In contrast, the fourth heatwave was induced by a distinct low‐pressure system, attributed to the Silk Road pattern along the subtropical jet. The presence of this low‐pressure system and its interaction with atmospheric rivers and local topography led to the foehn wind, further contributing to the rise in surface temperatures. Sub‐seasonal to seasonal models can effectively predict the occurrence of all heatwaves 2–5 days in advance despite underestimating the intensity. However, models exhibit limitations in providing reliable predictions when the lead time exceeds 2 weeks.

Screening Through Investment: Evidence from the Chinese Automobile Industry

This paper proposes a competition theory to explain the role of automobile dealers’ investment in a vertical contract with manufacturers. Dealer contracts specify manufacturer-suggested retail prices and elements of dealer quality. Dealer quality investments require minimum financial capital where manufacturers impose these limits on dealers. The required dealer investment screens for qualified dealers and incentivizes the desired dealer quality. The prediction is that promotional services, prices, and gross returns are greater for high-quality brands than that for standard-quality brands. To test the theory, we collected data on auto dealers in China in June 2015 for an empirical analysis. Our findings support these predictions: Dealer investment (registered capital) is positively correlated with brand average product prices. In addition, the registered capital is higher when the aggregate demand is greater since high demand increases returns, which induces dealers to increase their investment.

Emoji as a Non-Verbal Language Created for Jinuo Minority, China

The Jinuo community, officially recognized as an ethnic minority in China in June 1979, represents the final of 55 ethnic groups identified apart from the Han Chinese. This small group, notable for its lack of a written language and reliance on oral tradition, possesses distinct cultural traits. However, it currently confronts the challenges of Sinicization and potential cultural extinction. Larry A. Samovar, a renowned scholar in non-verbal expression, observed that in face-to-face interactions, verbal behaviors communicate only about 35% of social meanings, with the remainder conveyed through non-verbal communication (NVC). Additionally, the use of emojis as a form of non-verbal language (NVL) has gained significant global popularity in online communication. This research aims to explore the utilization of NVC in preserving Jinuo culture, particularly focusing on emoji communication. The study's objectives include a detailed analysis of the NVC practices within the Jinuo community, aboriginals' usage of emojis in communication, and the imperative of developing unique emojis as a NVL tailored for the Jinuo. The research initially developed 2 emojis that encapsulate key cultural symbols of the Jinuo, such as the Jinuo Big Drum and Birth Myths. The new design is intended not just for the Jinuo members but also to spark broader outgroup public interest in Jinuo culture, both among ingroupers and outgroupers. This investigation marks the first exploration into emoji creation specifically for the Jinuo, highlighting its potential as a tool for cultural preservation and awareness.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding cardiovascular disease prevention among middle school students in China: a cross-sectional study.

The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is rapidly increasing globally. With a concerning increase among adolescents due to unhealthy habits, obesity, and hypertension, understanding the current status of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to CVD prevention among middle school students is crucial for developing effective school-based health programs to prevent CVD. The analytic cross-sectional survey is used in questionnaires to assess KAP related to CVD prevention among middle school students (N = 17,731) from 50 schools across 16 provinces in China in June-July 2023. The pass rate of KAP scores is categorized as good and poor. Independent predictors of good KAP of CVD prevention are ascertained using a binary logistic regression model. The study surveyed 8,118 (45.78%) junior high school students and 9,613 (54.22%) high school students. The overall mean [standard deviation (SD)] for the knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were 26.88 (8.12), 53.53 (7.22), and 39.80 (5.96), respectively. The knowledge scores had the lowest pass rate at 56.89%. Only 6.83% of the students know "the definition of blood pressure in adolescents." Attitudes toward health were positive, though the attitude regarding "the danger of prolonged sedentary to cardiovascular health" scored lowest at 73.55%. The practice section had a pass rate of 89.30%; 40.27% of students reported that they spend more than an hour a day on screens. Only one-third of the students would go to bed before 12 o'clock. In univariate analysis, junior high school and high school students differed significantly in knowledge and practice (p < 0.001), but attitude did not differ significantly (p = 0.103). The majority of students lack sufficient knowledge about CVD. It is also found that socioeconomic background, family environment, and educational levels have an impact on cardiovascular health behaviors among students. Strengthening health education involving students, parents, teachers, and communities is essential to promote health knowledge and practices among adolescents.

Films box office in China in June

With the development of cultural industries and economics, more Chinese people are likely to spend their time in the entertainment industry, and this is also a popular trend for people to major in or work for. At the top of the list of the entertainment industry is film. These days people are keen on watching movies at the cinema. Therefore, a monthly report for this field is vital; data analysis is key. For instance, I will explain the June monthly report.

Epidemic trend, genetic characteristics, and transmission networks of HIV-1 among treatment-naive men who have sex with men in Hebei province, China.

Homosexual transmission has contributed greatly to the current HIV-1 epidemic in Hebei province, China. Dolutegravir (DTG) will be conditionally used as a component of free antiretroviral therapy (ART) according to manual for national free anti-AIDS treatment drugs (2023 edition) issued by China in June 2023. However, current genetic characteristics and pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) to proteinase inhibitors (PIs), reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTs) and integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) of HIV-1 in this population have remained unclear. Serial consecutive cross-sectional analyses for HIV- 1 infection trend, genetic characteristics, PDR and molecular transmission networks were conducted from 2018 to 2022. All of participants were HIV-1- infected MSM newly diagnosed at the HIV surveillance points (HSPs) in Hebei, China. Evidence of PDR was confirmed using the world health organization (WHO) list for surveillance of drug resistance mutations. In this study, a total of 14 HIV-1 subtypes were circulating in the HSPs of Hebei province, China. CRF01_ AE (51.9%, 350/675), CRF07_BC (30.4%, 205/675), B (6.2%, 42/675) and URFs (5.8%, 39/675) were the four most predominant subtypes among MSM. And, CRF07_BC (r > 0) and URFs (r > 0) indicated an increasing trend, respectively; however, CRF01_AE (r < 0) showed a decline trend. The overall prevalence of HIV-1 PDR showed a substantial increase from 6.3% in 2018 to 7.9% in 2022. The prevalence of NNRTI-PDR was the highest (5.8%, 39/675), followed by INSTIs (2.4%, 16/675), NRTIs (0.6%, 4/675) and PIs (0.3%, 2/675). Furthermore, extensive HIV-1 strains bearing PDR were circulating in the MSM population via molecular transmission networks for major HIV-1 subtypes, especially CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC. Our findings reflect that HIV-1 epidemic in the MSM population is complex and severe in Hebei, China. Therefore, it is urgent for us to implement more effective intervention measures to limit the further dissemination of HIV-1, especially the spread of HIV-1 INSTI-PDR strains.

Rapid attribution of the record-breaking heatwave event in North China in June 2023 and future risks

A record-breaking heatwave event occurred in North China from 22 to 24 June 2023, with temperatures >40 °C at many meteorological stations. This marked the first time that Beijing had reached or exceeded 40 °C for three consecutive days. However, the extent to which such exceptional heatwave events are related to anthropogenic climate change remains unclear. It is also unclear how frequent and intense such strong heatwave events will be in the future. We carried out a rapid attribution analysis to address these questions. Our findings show that the return period of this three-day heatwave event in North China is about 111 years (24.3, +∞) at the 2023 climate state. Both the empirical and coupled model approaches consistently showed that the intensity of 2023-like three-day heatwave events has significantly increased by at least 1.0 °C (range 0.8 °C–1.3 °C) due to anthropogenic climate change. Future projections indicate that 2023-like events in North China are likely to occur at least 1.6 (range 1.3–2.1) times throughout the remainder of this century and be 0.5 °C (range 0.2 °C–0.8 °C) more intense than those under the 2023 climate even if carbon neutrality is achieved based on the very low CO2 emissions scenario simulations. For the intermediate emissions scenario, the occurrence probability of 2023-like events in the North China region by the end of this century will be 5.5 (range 4.9–6.3) times those under the 2023 climate, with an intensity 2.9 °C (range 2.4 °C–3.1 °C) higher than those under the 2023 climate. These findings highlight the need for adaptation measures to address the occurrence of 2023-like three-day heatwaves in North China in June even if carbon neutrality is achieved.

The rise of home-returning women's entrepreneurship in China's rural development: Producing the enterprising self through empowerment, cooperation, and networking

The phenomenon of return migration is on the rise in China as more young rural women are returning to their home communities for entrepreneurship and small business development, reshaping power structures and social identities in rural areas. This study explores the strategies of rural women entrepreneurs (RWE) in inventing and transforming themselves through personal training, professional education, capacity building, gaining individual success, and building confidence. The study draws on data collected in Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou Province, Southwestern China in June 2019 and August 2021. Specifically, the study examines how RWE strategically network with various resources, skills, knowledge, and social capital to negotiate multiple heterogeneous actors in terms of resistance, resilience, and adaptation. Additionally, the study showcases the crucial influence RWE have on maintaining family households, economic benefits, cultural inheritance, and community development.The study provides a case study to understand the life experience, capabilities, and network strategies of rural return migrant women in a fiercely competitive market and complex society, exploring the leadership of women entrepreneurs and the process of how they actively create social value and facilitate social change. This research enriches the scholarship of women's entrepreneurship in China, advancing broader debates including rural renaissance, women's competence, ability construction, gender equality, and social harnessing. It highlights how Chinese rural women use their political and social skills to network multiple actors, reflecting the dramatic social change and cultural shifts in China. The study's ethnographic findings suggest that new paths are needed for entrepreneurship to support these emerging social and economic changes in rural communities.

Effect of cooling roofs on gust wind speed over an urban agglomeration in Southern China

Urbanization has promoted economic growth but it can increase gust wind speed, which may lead to serious damage to infrastructures. This study uses the Weather Research and Forecasting model and a gust parametrization scheme to evaluate the mitigation impact of white roofs and green roofs on wind gust over the Pearl River Delta, an urban agglomeration in Southern China in June, July, and August of 2014. The results show that both white and green roofs decrease the gust wind speed by decreasing the mean wind speed, suppressing the turbulent motion and weakening the convection. The impacts of white roofs are stronger than those of green roofs. The daily mean reductions of gust wind speed are approximately 1.2–1.3 m s−1 (12%–16%) and 0.4–0.6 m s−1 (6%–10%) by white and green roofs, respectively. In general, the contribution of turbulence (60%–85%) to the gust wind speed is the largest, and the contribution of mean wind speed is approximately 10%–30%, however, the effect of deep convection is not obvious (0%–15%) on the decrease of gust wind speed. The effect of cooling roofs on reducing the gust wind speed is stronger during daytime than during nighttime, and the effect is more significant in city areas that have higher building densities. Based on the findings, this study is potentially beneficial for policy-makings in developing urban disaster mitigation methods.

Assessment and Mechanism Analysis of Forest Protection against Rockfall in a Large Rock Avalanche Area

Trees in forests can obstruct falling rocks and serve as a natural barrier to reduce the velocity of falling rocks. Recently, there has been growing interest in utilizing forests to safeguard against potential rockfall. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of research regarding the impact of rock size and forest structure on forest preservation against rockfall. This study takes the Jiweishan rock avalanche that occurred in China in June 2009 as an example to discuss the protection mechanism of forests against rockfall in rock avalanche disasters. Three sizes of rockfalls from the Jiweishan rock avalanche were simulated and analyzed with and without forests using Rockyfor3D software. The findings indicate that forests can mitigate the energy impact of falling rocks. Especially in the debris flow area of rock avalanches, the protective effect of trees on small-sized falling rocks is most obvious, reducing the runout distance and damage range of the debris flow. Moreover, the protective effect of forest structures on rockfall risk was explored. It was found that broad-leaved forests had the best protection against falling rocks, followed by coniferous broad-leaved mixed forests, and coniferous forests had the worst protective effect. Furthermore, increasing forest planting density and tree diameter at breast height (DBH) can result in better protection against rockfall. Thus, rational planning of forest species and planting density in areas of rockfall can effectively reduce the threat of rockfall risk. The research ideas in this study can provide a basis for evaluating the mitigation of rockfall hazards by forests and provide a reference for constructing and planning protective forests in rockfall and rock avalanche hazard areas.

Molecular phylogenomic analysis reveals a single origin of monkeypox virus transmission in Guangzhou, China in June 2023

The monkeypox (mpox) virus has caused worldwide transmission since its initial report in England in early May 2022. Available data from the World Health Organization (WHO) show that Europe and the Americas experienced a huge wave of mpox virus infection. Now the number of infected cases is on the rise in Asia. Several sporadic infections have been reported in China. In this study, we obtained high-quality whole viral genomic sequences using a mpox virus-specific amplicon-based sequencing strategy. Our analysis of the phylogenomic characteristics indicated that all eight mpox virus sequences from Guangzhou belonged to the clade IIb lineage B.1.3 cluster. However, we could not locate the exact origins where the virus was imported, based on all the available mpox virus sequences from the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (GISAID) database (https://gisaid.org/), except for their closest sequence similarity to that was reported from Japan. Novel amino acid mutations were found among the eight cases, suggesting that a local transmission may have occurred in Guangzhou, China.

Equecabtagene Autoleucel: First Approval.

Equecabtagene autoleucel (Fucaso®), an autologous anti-B cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy that uses lentivirus as a gene vector to transfect autologous T cells, is being developed by IASO Biotechnology and Innovent Biologics, Inc. for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) and autoimmune diseases of the nervous system, including neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Equecabtagene autoleucel was granted conditional approval in China in June 2023 for the treatment of adults with relapsed or refractory MM (RRMM) who have progressed after ≥ 3 lines of therapy (≥ 1 proteasome inhibitor and an immunomodulator). This article summarizes the milestones in the development of equecabtagene autoleucel leading to this first approval in patients with RRMM who have progressed after multiple lines of therapy.

First report of Neofusicoccum sinoeucalypti causing leaf spot on Terminalia catappa in China.

Terminalia catappa belonging to the family Combretaceae, spreads in tropical and subtropical coastal areas. It mainly serves as shading and decorative tree (Anand et al, 2015). It is planted as roadside tree in Southern China. A leaf spot disease of T. catappa was observed at Wencheng Town (110.805323°E, 19.524567°N), Wenchang City, Hainan province, China in June, 2022. The disease incidence of leaves reached 10%. The occurrence of this leaf spot would reduce the ornamental value of T. catappa. The early symptoms of infected leaves were small, round, dark brown spots surrounded by irregular light halos, developing to larger irregular necrotic lesions and leaves withered. Twelve diseased leaves were collected from three survey trees. Symptomatic leaf samples were collected and cut into small pieces (3×3 mm). The pieces were surface sterilized with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite for 1 min, rinsed with sterile distilled water three times, placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and incubated at 28 ℃ in the dark for 3 days. Three hyphal tip isolates (DYLR-1, DYLR-2 and DYLR-3) were cultured on PDA. Colonies on PDA reached the edge of the 90 mm plates after 3 d and had fluffy mycelia with an uneven margin, initially creamy white, becoming light grey (5 d) to mouse grey (10 d) at the surface with the black globular cavity. To induce sporulation, the isolates were transferred to 2% water agar media with sterilised pine needles placed on the surface of the media. Conidia was hyaline, unicellular, thin-walled, smooth with granular contents, aseptate, narrowly fusiform, base subtruncate to bluntly rounded, 11.1 to 16.7 (14.5±1.4) × 4.6 to 7.6 (6.2±0.7) μm (n=50). Spermatia was hyaline, unicellular, aseptate, allantoid to rod-shaped, 3.2 to 6.9 (5.1±0.9) μm × 2.0 to 3.8 (2.5±0.4) μm (n=50). Pathogenicity tests were performed both in vitro and in vivo, and replicated twice. All three isolates were used for pathogenicity tests, with 18 detached leaves used for pathogenicity tests in vitro and 3 seedlings used for pathogenicity tests in vivo. A 5-mm-diameter agar plug containing mycelia were placed on the leaves both without and with wound. Sterile PDA plugs were used as controls. The leaves were moisturized with a clear plastic bag for 24 hours in a greenhouse under 90% ± 5% RH at 25 ℃. Brown spot symptoms were observed at 1 day post-inoculation (dpi) in vitro and 3 dpi in vivo. The same strains were reisolated from lesions of inoculated leaves. Control plants were symptomless. For molecular identification, internal transcribed spacer region and intervening 5.8S nrRNA gene (ITS; ITS1/ITS4 primers; White et al. 1990), translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (tef1-α; EF1-728F/EF1-986R primers; Carbone and Kohn 1999), beta-tubulin gene (tub2; Bt2a/Bt2b primers; Glass and Donaldson 1995) and DNA directed RNA polymerase II second largest subunit gene (rpb2; RPB2bot6F/RPB2bot7R; Sakalidis et al. 2011) regions were PCR amplified from genomic DNA. The sequences (GenBank accessions numbers: OP435357 to OP435359 of ITS; OP535354 to OP535356 of tef1-α; OP535351 to OP535353 of tub2; OP535348 to OP535350 of rpb2) had 100%, 99.7%, 100%, 100% similar to the type strain of Neofusicoccum sinoeucalypti CERC2005 (GenBank accessions numbers: KX278061, KX278166, KX278270 and KX278290), respectively. Multi-locus phylogenetic tree (ITS, tef1-α, tub2 and rpb2) of Neofusicoccum spp. (Zhang et al. 2021) showed that those three isolates were sister to N. sinoeucalypti based on the maximum likelihood and bayesian inference methods. N. sinoeucalypti was first reported pathogen causing from Eucalyptus plantations and adjacent plants in China (Li et al. 2018). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Neofusicoccum sinoeucalypti causing leaf spot disease on Terminalia catappa in China. Neofusicoccum species, commonly cause diseases in woody plants worldwide, and identification of this pathogen is important for effective disease management and control.

Fast Response of East Asian Precipitation in June 2020 to Local and Remote Aerosol Emission Reductions during COVID-19

Abstract In this study, the fast response of East Asian summer precipitation to COVID-19–induced aerosol emission reductions is examined using the Community Earth System Model, version 2.2 (CESM2.2). The emission reductions decreased aerosol optical depth and cloud cover over northern China in June 2020. The troposphere became warmer, strengthening the land–sea thermal contrast and anomalous southerly winds. The subtropical westerly jet accelerated and shifted southward, favoring low-level convergence, upward air motions, and subsequent condensational heating over the Yangtze River basin (YRB). The feedback of condensational heating in return strengthened the convergence and ascent. The western North Pacific subtropical high was intensified, which further enhanced the moisture advection and convergence over the YRB. Both the enhanced moisture convergence and ascent increased precipitation over the YRB during June 2020. Furthermore, local and remote emission reductions show different impacts on convection and moisture transport over the YRB. The emission reductions over China caused stronger convective precipitation (1.15 vs 0.63 mm day−1) but weaker larger-scale precipitation (1.17 vs 2.24 mm day−1) than the emission reductions outside China. In addition to the emission reductions, the sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in 2020 also play an important role in increasing precipitation over the YRB, contributing about 42.8%. The relative contribution of SST anomalies also increases under the COVID-19–induced emission scenario.

How Chinese attitudes toward COVID-19 policies changed between June and early December 2022: Risk perceptions and the uses of mainstream media and WeChat

Debates about China's zero-COVID policy should consider Chinese public attitudes toward COVID-19 and China's COVID-19 policies. Such attitudes can provide a theoretical account for public health crisis management and have implications for China to manage future public health crises. The present research reports on two surveys conducted in mainland China in June (N = 460) and early December 2022 (N = 450) to examine the changing COVID-19 risk perceptions and policy attitudes. Results showed that the participants' perception of the severity of COVID-19, perceived health consequences of a COVID-19 policy, and fear predicted their policy attitudes. In contrast, perceived disruption to the economy and daily lives was a weak predictor of Chinese attitudes toward a COVID policy. Furthermore, mainstream media use was positively associated with favorable attitudes toward the COVID-19 policy backed by the government (i.e., zero-COVID in June and relaxing restrictions in December). On the other hand, the uses of WeChat positively predicted favorable attitudes toward the alternatives to the government's approach. The results indicate the need to address public health concerns and employ the mainstream media in China for public health communication.

Sensitivity of Nocturnal Warm Sector Rainfall Simulation to the Configuration of Initial and Lateral Boundary Conditions: A Case Study in Southern China Based on the Operational TRAMS Model

AbstractA heavy nocturnal warm sector rainfall occurred over the western coastal region of South China in June 2020, of which the precipitation magnitude was seriously underestimated by the operational TRAMS (Tropical Regional Atmosphere Model System) model. In this study, by improving the configuration of initial conditions (ICs) and lateral boundary conditions (LBCs) in offline nesting, the simulation of the convection initiation (CI) process can be well improved. The CI simulation is found to be sensitive to the vertical resolution in ICs in this case. When the low‐level vertical resolution of ICs is increased, the nocturnal near‐surface cold layer caused by inland mountains can be resolved better, which is necessary to form the convergence line along the coastline. Another important impact of increasing the vertical resolution of ICs is the successful simulation of horizontal convective rolls (HCRs) over the northern South China Sea. The HCRs apparently increase the depth of the warm‐moist marine boundary layer jet (MBLJ), and finally lead to the CI along the coastline. The increased vertical resolutions of LBCs can reduce the discontinuity of simulated moist tongue across the southern lateral boundary of the TRAMS model, which provides more moisture for the warm sector rainfall through MBLJ. LBCs with Higher temporal frequency help to alleviate the western position bias of rain belt by reducing the temporal interpolation error. Our study highlights the importance of finer ICs and LBCs in offline nesting for regional operational NWP systems in the South China region.

State of China's climate in 2022

China experienced a warm and dry climate in 2022. The average annual surface air temperature (SAT) was 10.51°C, which was the second highest since 1961. The annual average rainfall was 606.1 mm, which was the lowest since 2012. The seasonal SAT broke the record in spring, summer, and autumn, while the SAT in winter was slightly cooler. More rainfall was observed in winter and spring, but less in summer and autumn. During the flood season from May to September, rainfall was 11.9% less than normal, which was the third lowest since 1961. The spatial distribution of rainfall anomalies exhibited a wet/dry pattern in the north/south of central and eastern China. The onset of the rainy season was generally earlier but with significant differences in rainfall. More rainfall was observed in the pre-flood season in South China and the rainy season in North China and Northeast China. In contrast, less rainfall occurred in the Mei-yu season in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze and Huaihe River valleys, the southwestern rainy season, and the autumn rainy season in West China. In 2022, China's drought and flood disasters were stark, and heat waves were strong. Severe droughts occurred along the Yangtze River valley during summer and autumn, while heavy rainfall and flooding struck South China in the pre-flood season and Northeast China in June–July. A historically strongest summer heat wave occurred in central and eastern China, while drastic cooling prevailed in most of China at the end of November. Landfalling typhoons were extremely less frequent.摘要2022 年我国气候暖干特征明显, 年平均气温偏高 0.62℃, 位居1961年以来历史第二高; 年降水量偏少5%, 为2012 年以来最少, 冬春季降水偏多, 夏秋季降水偏少. 汛期(5–9 月)降水量偏少11.9%, 位居1961年以来第3少, 中东部降水距平呈“北多南少”分布. 雨季进程偏早, 雨量空间差异大, 华南前汛期, 华北雨季, 东北雨季降水量偏多, 而长江中下游和江淮梅雨降水偏少. 华南, 东北洪涝灾害重, 南方夏秋连旱严重, 中东部遭遇最强高温过程, 登录台风异常偏少.