Coal Mines In China Research Articles

Development of an Intelligent Coal Production and Operation Platform Based on a Real-Time Data Warehouse and AI Model

Smart mining solutions currently suffer from inadequate big data support and insufficient AI applications. The main reason for these limitations is the absence of a comprehensive industrial internet cloud platform tailored for the coal industry, which restricts resource integration. This paper presents the development of an innovative platform designed to enhance safety, operational efficiency, and automation in fully mechanized coal mining in China. This platform integrates cloud edge computing, real-time data processing, and AI-driven analytics to improve decision-making and maintenance strategies. Several AI models have been developed for the proactive maintenance of comprehensive mining face equipment, including early warnings for periodic weighting and the detection of common faults such as those in the shearer, hydraulic support, and conveyor. The platform leverages large-scale knowledge graph models and Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation (GraphRAG) technology to build structured knowledge graphs. This facilitates intelligent Q&A capabilities and precise fault diagnosis, thereby enhancing system responsiveness and improving the accuracy of fault resolution. The practical process of implementing such a platform primarily based on open-source components is summarized in this paper.

Research on Enhancing Gas Extraction Efficiency through CO2 Gas Fracturing in Outburst-Prone Coal Seams.

Given the background of significant Coal Mine gas disasters worldwide, the research and development of efficient gas control technologies have become critical to ensuring mining safety. CO2 gas fracturing (CO2-Frac), an innovative technology for Coal Mine gas control, has demonstrated efficiency in various mining areas across China. However, its application in outburst-prone coal seams is not yet fully understood. This study presents a field-scale CO2-Frac project conducted in an outburst Coal Mine in China, specifically the Pingshu Coal Mine, where the previously employed dense-borehole gas extraction technology failed to efficiently achieve gas extraction and outburst prevention. The CO2-Frac plan was evaluated through fracture propagation experiments utilizing both single-hole and dual-hole configurations, highlighting the advantages of the dual-hole CO2-Frac method. Subsequently, on-site gas extraction tests were conducted to further assess the efficacy of the CO2-Frac plan. The results indicate that (1) In the dual-hole CO2-Frac scheme, the fractured and pressure relief area expanded to approximately 26.82 m2, which is 220% larger than that of the single-hole scheme. (2) The dual-hole CO2-Frac significantly enhanced gas extraction effectiveness, increasing the flow rate from 0.026 to 0.216 m3/min in a 100m borehole, a 7.3-fold improvement. Additionally, the gas extraction period to reach the standard was reduced from 20 to 6 days. These findings conclusively demonstrate that the dual-hole CO2-Frac technique is an effective method for safe excavation in outburst-prone coal seams, providing both theoretical and practical validation for its application in similar geological settings.

Spatio-temporal differentiation characteristics of coal mine safety levels in China based on spatial spillover effects

In order to solve the problem of "potpourri" of safety risk prevention and control measures, which is caused by the unclear mechanism of the spatial effect of coal mine safety level heterogeneity and its influencing factors. This paper discriminates the dominant factors of spatio-temporal heterogeneity of coal mine safety production level in China and their spatial effect types by means of GeoDetector and the Spatial Dubin Model (SDM), specifies the categories and degrees of acts on local and surrounding areas by changes in indicators, and provides further visualization of the detection outcomes with the assistance of the Neo4j graph database, and the findings indicate that:(1) All 15 indicators selected in the study have a certain influence on the generation of spatial heterogeneity in China's coal mine safety production level, and all of them show an enhancement relationship after the interaction of indicators. Especially, the combination of excavated environment and other indicators basically has a non-linear enhancement relationship. (2) In terms of spatial effects, the influence of the 5 effects on the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of coal mine safety level is, in descending order, industrial development effect > capital allocation effect > production environment effect > government supervision effect > enterprise management effect, which indicates that macroeconomic and market conditions have a much stronger influence on the generation of spatio-temporal heterogeneity in coal mine production safety status. (3) From the single indicator perspective, the average annual temperature, average annual wind speed, coal consumption and monitoring efficiency primarily affect the dependent variable through direct effects; GDP per capita, average labor compensation as well as railroad operating mileage have positive spatial spillover on the changes of coal mine safety production level in surrounding areas; the evaluation of the spatial effect for average labor compensation exhibits a positive indirect effect with low influence; for the two indicators of production efficiency and ex-factory price, not only do they have negative effects on the local coal mine safety level, but also have significant spillover effects on surrounding areas.

Visual analysis of coal mine safety using CiteSpace V

AbstractTo intuitively and systematically grasp the development status and trend of safety evaluation research in China's coal mining operations, we consulted relevant literature in the fields of “coal mine” and “safety evaluation” collected by China Knowledge Network, and deployed CiteSpace V software to summarize and analyze research pertaining to safety evaluation in China's coal mines from three aspects: research institutions, authors, and hot keywords. With respect to research institutions, the results show that although many researchers have conducted in‐depth evaluations of coal mine safety, most of these studies were independent, and two‐way information exchange and cooperation between research institutions remains scarce. With respect to authors, most cooperation between authors has been limited to team members, and relatively stable research teams have been formed. However, most of these research teams are independent. With respect to hot keywords, the trends of coal mine safety evaluation studies exhibit continuous change, with an overall increase in richness. According to the frequency burst times of important keywords, “entropy weight method” and “mining with pressure” are expected to remain important keywords in future evaluations of coal mine safety in China.

The Effect of CO on the Exothermic Characteristics of Low-Temperature Oxidation in Coal

ABSTRACT In recent years, abnormally high concentrations of CO gas have often been detected in goaf areas of coal mines in China, which have posed a serious threat to safe production in coal mines and the life and safety of underground personnel. The effect of CO on the exothermic characteristics of low-temperature oxidation in coal was studied by analyzing the exothermic characteristics, heat release, oxidation stages, and activation energy of coal at different CO concentrations using a C600 microcalorimeter. The experimental results indicated that CO promoted the coal oxidation at low temperature, but inhibited it after reaching 144°C. When the CO concentration is 30%, the exothermic characteristics of coal in low-temperature oxidation adsorption stage were significantly affected, with the heat flow value decreased by 27.0% and the initial exothermic temperature point moved forward by 3.9 K. In the later stage of the oxidation reaction, the heat release of coal was linearly negatively correlated with CO concentration. The higher the concentration, the lower the heat release. These findings contribute to understanding the combustion mechanism of coal in high-concentration CO atmosphere and provide valuable insights for designing and optimizing coal utilization technologies.

The neurocognitive mechanism linking temperature and humidity with miners' working memory: an fNIRS study.

In China's coal mines, employees work in environments reaching depths of 650 m, with temperatures around 40°C and humidity levels as high as 90%, adversely affecting their health, safety capabilities, and cognitive functions, especially working memory. This study aims to explore different temperature and humidity conditions' impact on neurocognitive mechanisms to enhance occupational health and safety. This study, conducted between June and August 2023, with 100 coalmine workers from the Hongliulin Mining Group, utilized functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and short-term visual memory tasks to evaluate the effects of high temperatures and humidity on working memory by monitoring activity in the cerebral cortex. Behavioral data, and neurophysiological data were analyzed using Tukey's HSD for significant differences and multiple regression to explore the impact of temperature and humidity. The β-values of Oxy-Hb for different regions of interest were calculated using General liner model (GLM), and the activation maps were plotted by NIRS_KIT. High temperature and humidity (Condition IV) significantly depressed reaction times and working memory compared to other conditions, with temperature having a more pronounced impact than humidity on these cognitive measures (p < 0.05). Oxy-Hb concentration increased notably under Condition IV, emphasizing temperature's influence on brain oxygen levels. ROI analysis revealed varied brain activation patterns. The activation of ROI A and B (prefrontal cortex) increased with the increase of temperature and humidity, while ROI C (supplementary motor area) was less sensitive to temperature, indicating the complex influence of environmental factors on brain function. This study highlights the important effects of temperature and humidity on cognitive performance and brain function, highlighting the need to optimize the environment of miners' sites to improve productivity and safety.

Effect of super-high water materials backfilling on stress decrease and energy release during strip coal pillar mining: A case study

Mining strip coal pillars left due to strip mining is important to resource-exhausted coal mines in eastern China. Backfilling mining is an effective means to mine strip coal pillars, which could decrease high stress and high energy release. However, materials with super-high water content were not widely applied in deeply isolated coal pillar mining due to lower strength characteristics and durability. In the paper, taking panel c8301 as engineering background, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and field monitoring were used to study the feasibility and application effect of the super-high-water backfilling technology in deep isolated coal pillar mining. The results showed that: (1) Panel c8301 is a strip-filling working face with insufficient mining on both sides, and the mining of the panel will trigger the rebalancing of the overlying rock structure on both sides, which increases the rock burst risk. (2) Simulation results indicate that the super-high-water filling method, in comparison to the traditional caving method, significantly reduces peak stress and elastic energy from 112.3 MPa to 4.6 × 106 J to 79.2 MPa and 2.23 × 106 J, respectively. This represents reductions of 29.6 % and 51.5 %, effectively mitigating the impact of mining activities on overburden movement. (3) On-site measurement data confirmed that the measured equivalent mining height was 1.25 m. The total number of microseisms and the amount of released energy decreased significantly, More specifically, three big energy release instances (>1.8 × 105 J) were recorded during the first roof weighting stage and panel in square meters. Super-high-water filling technology has achieved remarkable results in the mining of strip coal pillars and has significant application prospects.

Remote sensing of artisanal and small-scale mining: A review of scalable mapping approaches

Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) significantly influences the socio-economic development of many low-to-middle-income countries, albeit sometimes at the expense of environmental and human health. Characterized by its labor-intensive extraction from confined (<5 ha) or peripheral mineral reserves, congregated ASM practices can rival the spatial footprint of industrial mines. The unregulated and informal nature of many ASM activities presents monitoring challenges that remote sensing (RS) methods aim to address. While local-scale ASM mapping has seen success, scaling these methods to regional or global levels remains unclear. We review literature on mapping ASM to determine: (1) if studies represent the global distribution and diversity of ASM activities, (2) how ASM's unique characteristics influence the choice of RS methods, and (3) which RS approaches are the most accurate and cost-effective. We found current studies disproportionately focused on ASM regions in Africa, which highlights the need to extend the research to other regions with unique ASM characteristics, such as coal and sand mining in India and China. The selection of RS approaches is heavily influenced by local ASM contexts, the scale of analysis, and resource constraints such as funding for high-resolution imagery and validation data availability. We argue that accurate regional-scale ASM mapping (>100,000 km2) requires innovative combinations of data and methods to overcome data management and storage challenges. Local community participation, including miners, is vital for on-ground mapping and monitoring capacity. We outline a research agenda needed to develop a range of approaches for mapping and monitoring ASM in under-studied regions. By synthesizing effective methods, we provide a foundation for generating accurate and comprehensive spatial data, addressing the issues of inaccurate and incomplete data that global ASM platforms aim to resolve. This spatial data can guide policymakers, NGOs, and businesses in making informed decisions and targeted interventions to improve ASM sector safety, sustainability, and efficiency. Leveraging cloud-based geoprocessing platforms, with regularly updated global satellite image archives, combined with crowd-sourced on-ground information offers a potential solution for sustained regional-scale monitoring.

Three-dimensional slope stability analysis based on irregular ellipsoid sliding surface

The determination of the critical sliding surface is a crucial aspect of slope stability analysis. In reality, the environment in which slopes are located is often very complex, and the sliding surfaces have different shapes. Therefore, a three-dimensional stability study is proposed, using irregular ellipsoidal shapes as the sliding surface. By constructing the equation of the irregular ellipsoid and applying spatial geometric transformations, an irregular ellipsoid controlled by six parameters, (semi-axis length (a), width (b), height (c), rotation angle (θ), and spatial displacements (tx and tz)), is obtained. The interpolation method is employed to apply the irregular ellipsoid to 3D slopes, thereby generating irregular ellipsoidal sliding surfaces. The slope stability coefficient is calculated by using the residual thrust method and genetic algorithm to determine the critical sliding surface. A comparative stability analysis is conducted between the standard ellipsoidal sliding surface and the irregular ellipsoidal sliding surface through a classic case study. The results show that the Type II irregular ellipsoidal sliding surface aligns well with the mining area. Finally, the research findings are applied to the 3D slope stability analysis of the Shengli West No.2 Open-Pit Coal Mine in China, validating the feasibility of the proposed method.

Analysis of the spatial distribution and future trends of coal mine accidents: A case study of coal mine accidents in China from 2005–2022

A scientific grasp of the macro law of coal mining accidents can contribute to strengthening their prevention and control and guaranteeing a stable energy supply. In this study, 2,269 investigation reports of China's coal mining accidents from 2005 to 2022 were adopted as the basic data source, and GIS spatial analysis and rescaled range analysis methods were utilized to comprehensively reveal the spatial-temporal distribution features, and evolutionary patterns of coal mining accidents in China. The findings indicate that the numbers of gas explosion, permeability, outburst, suffocation and roof fall accidents has rapidly declined. The coverage area of coal mining accidents has gradually moved toward western of China. However, the center of the area covered by coal mining accidents during the study period was mainly concentrated in Shanxi and Henan Provinces. Besides, the number of deaths resulting from coal mining accidents across the country has gradually decreased, while the time series exhibited high continuity, with future changes consistent with past changes. The average cycle period of the coal mining accident sequence was 5 years. Through the systematic analysis of coal mine accidents conducted in this research, the law of accident occurrence was more comprehensively revealed, providing a reference and basis for the government and enterprises to implement precise preventive measures.

Study on the suspending mechanism of gangue particle in coal-based solid waste slurry

In China's coal mine backfill mining projects, certain mines demonstrate an extensive filling distance that exceeds 3000 m. However, there are few researches concerning the theoretical underpinnings for slurry long-distance pipeline transportation. Gangue particles suspending in filling slurry is the prerequisite for successful long-distance pipeline transportation. This paper conducts theoretical researches on the heightened sensitivity issue of particle settling within coal-based solid waste filling slurry (CSWFS) for long-distance pipeline transportation, which can easily lead to unstable slurry concentration then pipe blockage or bursting accidents. The mechanical model for particle settling and critical non-settling particle diameter for long-distance pipeline transportation are developed based on the "solid-liquid two-phase carrier suspension fluid", and reveal the intrinsical mechanism of particle settling within CSWFS for long-distance pipeline transportation. Through the calculation of the mechanical model for critical non-settling particle diameter and particle settling, coupled with the particle diameter screening experiment, the value of critical non-settling particle diameter is determined to be 0.0067 m, and the density of solid-liquid two-phase carrier suspension fluid is 1712.37 kg/m3. The CSWFS is classified as a semi-stable slurry, lacking time-dependent suspending state required for long-distance pipeline transportation, which could lead to pipe blockage accidents. Further research into effective methods is urgently required to ensure adequate safety and adaptability for long-distance pipeline transportation of CSWFS.

Research on the Influence Radius on the Surrounding Groundwater Level in the Beidianshengli Open-Pit Coal Mine of China

Coal mining has a certain influence on and causes disturbances in groundwater. To investigate the variation trend of groundwater around the open-pit mine in grassland area, taking Shengli No. 1 open-pit mine as an example, the impact and variation trend of groundwater level in Quaternary aquifer around the mine area was studied by using the data of hydrological monitoring wells. The results show that the water level around the mining area varies from one year to the next. Since 2008, the water level has experienced a process of reduction, stability and increase. Compared with the background water level value, the current water level of each monitoring well is lower than the background water level. The influence radius calculated by Kusakin formula ranges from 94.15 m to 906.80 m, and the aquifer is heterogeneous. On the basis of the correlations between changes in waterline in monitoring wells and the stope distance, the disturbance radius of open-pit mining on surrounding diving water in grassland area is less than 2000 m. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the alteration of diving waterline and its influencing factors, the main factors affecting the variation in the phreatic water level are atmospheric precipitation, evaporation, groundwater usage and dewatering water. All factors act on the diversification of diving water level synthetically. The internal waste dump of an open-pit mine has a positive effect on the surrounding groundwater recovery. The aim of this study is to reveal the impact of open-pit mining on surrounding groundwater and providing scientific basis for future mining in other open-pit mines.

Preferential evaluation of coal filling mining scheme under building pressure based on improved grey target decision-making model of game theory

The problem of coal compression under buildings is common in underground mining of coal mines in China. The selection of traditional mining programme is subjective and lacks scientific rationality. In order to solve this problem, this paper studies the evaluation index system and model applicable to the selection of coal filling mining scheme under buildings. A multi-objective evaluation index system integrating economic, technical and adaptive factors is constructed. And an integrated optimization model is established, which is based on the traditional grey target model, combining the game theory optimal combination of weights with the hierarchical analysis method, entropy weight method, Critic method to determine the weights, and then introducing the TOPSIS model and the Mars distance to establish an improved grey target decision-making model. The validity of the evaluation index system and model is verified by taking the example of coal mining under pressure of buildings in five mining areas of a coal mine, which provides technical support for decision makers. This study helps to scientifically and reasonably carry out the preferred mining scheme of coal filling under building pressure.

Research on coal mine longwall face gas state analysis and safety warning strategy based on multi-sensor forecasting models

Intelligent computing is transforming safety inspection methods and response strategies in coal mines. Due to the significant safety hazards associated with mining excavation, this study proposes a multi-source data based predictive model for assessing gas risk and implementing countermeasures. By examining the patterns of gas dispersion at the longwall face, utilizing both temporal and spatial correlation, a predictive model is crafted that incorporates safety thresholds for gas concentrations, four-level early warning method and response strategy are devised by integrating weighted predictive confidence with these correlations. Initially tested using a public dataset from Poland, this method was later verified in coal mine in China. This paper discusses the validity and correlation of multi-source monitoring data in temporal and spatial correlation and proposes a risk warning mechanism based on it, which can be applied not only for safety warning but also for regulatory management.

Research Progress and Visualization Analysis of Spontaneous Combustion of Water-Immersed Coal

ABSTRACT One of the most catastrophic events that can occur during coal mining is a fire triggered by spontaneous combustion of the coal. Due to complex geological conditions, some coal mines in China have the characteristics of shallow burial and small spacing between coal seams. With the increase of mining depth, there will be many cracks in the overlying goaf. Surface water and groundwater flow into the goaf along these fissures. After long-term water immersion, the increase of ground temperature will lead to the spontaneous combustion of coal. A thorough analysis of the impact of water immersion on the spontaneous combustion of coal necessitates a review of the most recent findings in this field. The review will promote the further development of the theory and prevention of spontaneous combustion of water-immersed coal and provide theoretical help for monitoring and preventing spontaneous combustion of water-immersed coal. The creation of water-immersed coal and the reason for spontaneous combustion is investigated, as are the characteristics of the water accumulation in the goaf and their origins. The research status of spontaneous combustion of water-immersed coal is presented and illustrated domestically and internationally. On this basis, the theoretical and experimental research directions, problems, and prospects of spontaneous combustion of water-immersed coal are put forward. This study can provide a theoretical basis for monitoring, preventing, and controlling the spontaneous combustion of water-immersed coal, and provide a reference for reducing energy waste.

Exploration and Frontier of Coal Spontaneous Combustion Fire Prevention Materials

Mine fires have always been one of the disasters that restrict coal mining in China and endanger the life safety of underground workers. The research and development of new fire prevention materials are undoubtedly important to ensure the safe and efficient production of modern mines. At present, the main inhibiting materials used are grout material, inert gas, retarding agent, foam, gel, and so on. In order to explore the current situation of coal spontaneous combustion (CSC) fire prevention, the existing fire prevention materials were reviewed and prospected from three aspects: physical, chemical, and physicochemical inhibition. The results show that, at present, most of the methods of physicochemical inhibition are used to inhibit CSC. Antioxidants have become popular chemical inhibitors in recent years. In terms of physical inhibition, emerging biomass-based green materials, including foams, gels, and gel foams, are used to inhibit CSC. In addition, CSC fire-fighting materials also have shortcomings, including incomplete research on the mechanism of material action, poor stability of inhibitory properties, low efficiency, and economic and environmental protection to be improved. The future research direction of fire-fighting materials will be based on theoretical experiments and numerical simulation to study the mechanism and characteristics of CSC and develop new directional suppression materials with physicochemical synergies. These findings have extremely important implications for improving materials designed to prevent CSC.

Risk prediction of coal mine rock burst based on machine learning and feature selection algorithm

ABSTRACT With the intensification of coal mining in China, rock burst hazards have become increasingly frequent and serious. To comprehensively investigate the accident indicators during mining activities, identify the key triggering factors, and better prevent rockburst accidents, this study establishes a rockburst risk prediction index system containing 16 indicators in four subsystems: geological structure, mining technology, safety management, and employee situation. By using 118 cases as sample data, this study proposes to apply four feature selection methods (Boruta, PC, RF, BE) to reveal the relationship between these indicators and select the most salient indicators for risk prediction. Then four machine learning algorithms, namely Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), SVM, and KNN are used to compare the effects of different feature selection methods on the prediction accuracy of risk level. The results show that Boruta performs best as a feature selection method for RF, GBM, and KNN, and the Boruta-RF model has better predictive performance than the others.

A landscape index for indicating the spatio-temporal dynamics of carbon storage in an opencast coal mine

Coal is China’s main resource, with open-pit mining accounting for a significant portion of global production. However, this activity, including mining and ecological restoration, can have a definite impact on ecosystem carbon storage and its distribution; its associated factors are also unclear. In this paper, we quantify the carbon storage changes in Haerwusu coal mine, a typical large-scale coal mine in China, based on land use/land cover (LULC) characteristics, and analyze the impact factors of carbon density from 2007 to 2022 by integrating the InVEST model with the landscape ecological function contribution ratio and multiple regression model. The results are as follows. (1) Carbon storage decreased from 159.95 × 104 to 147.51 × 104 from 2007 to 2017 and then increased to 151.91 × 104 to 2022. (2) The degree of coordination between carbon storage forest and grassland area landscape pattern coupling ranged from 0.887 to 0.867 from 2007 to 2022, with the lowest point at 0.720 in 2012. (3) Carbon storage was significantly related to vegetation indices, temperature, and elevation, and these factors can explain 37.5% of the carbon storage spatial variability; stepwise regression analysis showed that the integration of landscape patterns, such as Shannon’s diversity index (SHEI) and the aggregation index (AI), could improve the explanation by 1.4%. (4) Based on the analysis of the landscape ecological function contribution ratio, the carbon storage-sensitive areas can be classified into three levels: extremely sensitive areas ranging 0 to 4 km from the mine, sensitive areas ranging 4 to 8 km, and insensitive areas ranging beyond 8 km. This study proposes a strategy for analyzing changes of carbon storage in coal mines, highlights the important role of landscape patterns in influencing carbon storage, and provides a reliable reference support for the ecological management of coal mines.

Nonlinear evolution characteristics and seepage mechanical model of fluids in broken rock mass based on the bifurcation theory

With the deep extension of coal mining in China, fault water inrush has become one of the major disasters threatening the safety production of coal mine. Based on the control equations of steady state and non-Darcy seepage in fractured rock mass, the multi-parameter nonlinear dynamic seepage equations of fractured rock mass are established in this paper. Based on the nonlinear dynamics theory, the function of the state variable in the system is derived, and the influence of the gradual change of non-Darcy flow factors on the structural stability of seepage system is studied. The research achievements show that there are three branches in the equilibrium state of the seepage system. Specifically, the stability of the equilibrium state changes abruptly near the limit parameter. The seepage dynamic system of fractured rock mass has the delayed bifurcation, and the coal mine disaster such as fault water inrush occurs easily at the bifurcation point. The research results are of great significance to enrich the theory of fault water inrush in coal mine, and to reveal the disastrous mechanism of fault water inrush and guide its prevention and control technology in coal mine, which can provide the theoretical reference for predicting the water seepage stability in fractured rock mass.

Review on Dust Control Technologies in Coal Mines of China

China faces a challenge in the sustainable development of the coal industry due to pneumoconiosis problems. Dust control technologies are crucial for safe production and miners’ health, ensuring the industry’s longevity. This article reviews the development process of dust prevention and control in underground coal mines in China, summarizes various technologies, and divides them into dust suppression, open-space dust reduction, and mine dust collectors according to different stages and environments of use. In dust suppression technologies, coal-seam water injection can reduce total dust generation by 60%, wet rock drilling can reduce drilling dust in the presence of stable water sources and high-pressure bearing equipment, and water-seal blasting can reduce blasting dust by 50–70%. In open-space dust reduction technologies, spray dust suppression can remove total dust by 50–95% and the removal efficiencies of foam dedusting for total and respirable dust are reported to reach 95% and 85% under the right conditions, respectively. In dust collector technologies, dry collectors can remove 80–95% of total dust. Wet collectors achieve up to 90% efficiency, dependent on water supply and waste processing. This article also discusses vapor heterogeneous condensation technology as a promising method for improving respirable dust removal in humid mine environments.