Anthracnose Disease In Chilli Research Articles

Diversity of morphology, pathogenicity, and host range of Colletotrichum spp. associated with chili anthracnose in East Priangan, Indonesia

Abstract. Hodiyah I, Suryaman M, Hartini E, Juhaeni AH, Laksana BY, Aisyah, Benatar GV. 2024. Diversity of morphology, pathogenicity, and host range of Colletotrichum spp. associated with chili anthracnose in East Priangan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 533-541. Chilies, in Indonesia, encounter several obstacles that impact their production and quality. Chili production in Indonesia has seen oscillations, partly due to the detrimental effects of anthracnose disease produced by the Colletotrichum fungus species. The disease has a detrimental effect on the quality of fruit, foliage, and plants, resulting in unpredictable yields and significant losses, especially during the rainy season. Although chilies has important economic value in Indonesia, more comprehensive studies are needed on chili anthracnose in the East Priangan area, West Java Province, Indonesia. The purpose of this research was to specifically investigate the incidence of chili anthracnose and to isolate the pathogen responsible for the disease. Colletotrichum isolates were subjected to morphological characterization and pathogenicity tests to assess their virulence. In addition, the research evaluated the possible spectrum of hosts that these isolates might infect in order to determine their effect on other commodities. In East Priangan, chili anthracnose disease was found everywhere with severe disease incidence. Highest disease incidence was recorded in Garut District (100%), and the lowest was in Ciamis District (50.5%). The isolation results showed that a total of 18 diverse isolates were isolated from three chilli species at different altitudes. Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics showed variability, with growth rates ranged from 0.24 to 3.7 mm per day and diverse conidia shapes and sizes. The pathogenicity test confirmed the virulence of 17 isolates, causing symptoms with concave circular wound diameters ranged from 6.88 to 61.08 mm. Host range results demonstrated the pathogenicity of specific isolates to tomatoes, strawberries, and grapes, with strawberries exhibited higher severity levels (28.05 to 56.38 mm lesions). Gaining comprehensive knowledge about the variety and widespread occurrence of chili anthracnose in this particular area is essential for formulating effective measures to minimize its adverse effects on chili cultivation and guarantee the long-term viability of the chili sector in Indonesia. To our knowledge, this is the first study of chili anthracnose in the East Priangan region.

Biocontrol activity of Streptomyces isolate SDSRO-13 against Colletotrichum spp. causing anthracnose disease of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)

Biocontrol activity of Streptomyces isolate SDSRO-13 against Colletotrichum spp. causing anthracnose disease of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)

ASSESSMENT OF PLANTS’ LEAF EXTRACTS FOR ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY AGAINST THE FUNGUS COLLETOTRICHUM ACUTATUM IN CHILI (CAPSICUM ANNUUM L.)

In horticultural crops, including chili, the wide use of synthetic fungicides has manifested to control anthracnose disease; however, these chemicals have some side effects to deal with. In reducing the dependency on synthetic fungicides, other alternatives and means need searching to prevent pathogenic fungi. Therefore, the presented study sought to examine plant extracts with the potential to inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi Colletotrichum acutatum, the causal organism of anthracnose disease in chili. This study collected 20 potential plant species for the investigation. The leaf extraction used the maceration method in methanol and n-hexane. The contents of chemical compounds sustained the GC-MS analysis. All the leaf extracts tested for their bioactivity underwent the colony method and diffusion well. The results revealed that out of 20 types of plants, six plant species were capable of inhibiting the growth of C. acutatum fungi, including Piper nigrum, Piper ornatum, Piper retrofractum, Ficus septica, Samanea saman, and Tithonia diversifolia. The leaf extract of F. septica has the highest inhibition rate (81.11%) for the growth of C. acutatum compared with other plant leaf extracts. The GC-MS analysis of the F. septica leaf extract showed the presence of 15 types of metabolite constituents, with nine having antimicrobial activities.

Biological Control of Chili Anthracnose Disease using Talaromyces flavus Bodhi001

Background: Anthracnose disease of chili caused by Colletotrichum spp is one of the most destructive diseases affecting chili fruits in Thailand and significantly reduces fruit quality and chili production. Currently, this disease is managed primarily with synthetic fungicides that may affect public health and the environment adversely. Consequently, there is a need for biological management options. In vitro and in vivo evaluations of the antagonistic activity of Talaromyces flavus Bodhi001, Talaromyces trachyspermus Bodhi002, Talaromyces flavus Bodhi003 and Neosartorya fischeri Bodhi004 against Colletotrichum capsici, the causal agent of chili anthracnose disease, were conducted in the present study. Methods: The activity of antagonistic fungi against C. capsici was determined using PDA plate by dual culture method. The spore suspensions of C. capsici and antagonistic fungi were prepared in sterile water and adjusted using a hemocytometer to achieve a final concentration of about 106 spores mL-1. Result: The most effective antagonistic strains were T. flavus Bodhi001 and N. fischeri Bodhi004, which inhibited the mycelial growth of C. capsici by 68.99% and 70.76%, respectively. Interestingly, the antagonistic T. flavus Bodhi001 strain was the most effective at reducing the severity of chili anthracnose in vivo by up to 80%. The biological control activity of T. flavus Bodhi001 was to produce antibiosis against C. capsici; therefore, testing can be recommended to confirm its field trial stability. The results indicate that the application of the antagonistic fungi T. flavus Bodhi001 may be quite effective in biological control of chili anthracnose.

Biochemical profiling of selected plant extracts and their antifungal activity in comparison with fungicides against Colletotrichum capsici L. causing anthracnose of Chilli

Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) is the utmost significant cash crop of Pakistan. Annually, about 50% chili yield is reduced by chili anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum capsici. The current study was conducted to explore the antifungal potential of plant extracts in comparison with commercial fungicides against C. capsici. Morphologically recognized strains of C. capsici were subjected to pathogenicity assay where strain CC-2 showed a highly virulent response. Results from in-vitro studies showed that Ginger (15 % concentration) inhibited fungal mycelial growth and spore germination and results were comparable to Nativo and Antracol at 1000 ppm. From the protective and curative trials, among plant extracts, Ginger at 15% showed maximum crop protective activity (84%) and maximum curative activity (70%). Consequently, among fungicides, Antracol at 1000 ppm showed highest crop protective activity (92%) and maximum curative efficacy (96%). The results of pot experiments showed that among the plant extracts, Ginger significantly inhibited C. capsici and increased plant growth while among fungicides, Antracol was found to be more effective than Nativo. PCA explored the correlation between growth parameters of chili plants treated with plant extracts and fungicides. Biochemical profiling and phytochemical characterization indicated the presence of tannins, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, reducing sugars and anthraquinones in ginger and chicory extracts. Ginger showed the highest DPPH scavenging activity (64.9 ± 1.85) as compared to chicory (54.6 ± 2.8). GC–MS analysis of plant extracts revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds including Ethanol, Acetone, 2-Butanone, Trichloromethane, 2-Butanone, 4-(4‑hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-, Gingerol, 1, 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester, Hexane, Glycerin, Sucrose, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono (2-ethylhexyl) ester, n-Hexadecanoic acid, cis-Vaccenic acid, 1-Monolinoleoylglycerol trimethylsilyl ether, and 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, 2-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-[[(trimethylsilyl)oxy] methyl]ethyl ester, (Z,Z,Z). FTIR analysis showed 12, 8 and 13 peak values respectively indicating the presence of important functional groups. NMR analysis showed 4 and 7 peak values of ginger and chicory extracts indicating the structures of functional groups. There is a need to test the disease suppressive potential of plant extracts under field conditions to manage other fatal plant pathogens.

Isolation of bacteria displaying potent antagonistic activity against fungi causes anthracnose disease in chili

Abstract. Tram TTN, Quang HT, Vu NQH, Nguyen PTT, Thi TNM, Phuong TTB, Thi PTD. 2023. Isolation of bacteria displaying potent antagonistic activity against fungi causes anthracnose disease in chili. Biodiversitas 24: 4919-4926. Anthracnose is a common disease on many crops caused by Colletotrichum species, and it leaves serious consequences, especially on chili. Beta-1,3 glucanase is a semi-constitutive hydrolytic enzyme that is involved in the biological regulation of plant pathogens. Its main function is the breakdown of ?-1,3-glucan, a major constituent of the fungal cell wall. In a study conducted in Vietnam's Quang Tri and Thua Thien Hue Provinces, researchers isolated five bacterial strains from soil where chili plants were grown. To induce the production of beta-1,3 glucanase, these isolates were cultivated in a nutrient-rich medium supplemented with 1% laminarin. The activity of beta-1,3-glucanase in the bacterial strains ranged from 0.31 to 1.72 U mL-1, and antagonistic activity against Colletotrichum spp. causes of anthracnose reached from 50.68 to 69.04%. Strain AT4 had strong antagonistic activity against C. scovillei HUCL1, C. siamensis PV6, and CL3 of 76.44, 62.65, and 68.04%, respectively. Molecular identification based on 16S-rRNA sequences showed that the strains were Paenibacillus polymyxa AT4, B. siamensis ML3, B. tequilensis ML4 and ML6, and B. velezensis GL7. AT4 and ML6 are potential strains for the control of anthracnose diseases caused by Colletotrichum spp. on chili peppers.

Management of Anthracnose Disease of Chilli caused by Colletotrichum capsici

Chilli crop suffers from various diseases in which anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum capsici is a very serious one, causes huge yield losses in India. The present investigation was carried out to find out its suitable control measures by evaluating different fungicides including botanicals and bio-agent first in vitro followed by in field at MES, Vegetable Science, ANDUAT, Kumarganj, Ayodhya. In vitro propiconazole @ 0.1% and hexaconazole @ 0.1% completely inhibited growth of the fungus followed by copper oxychloride @ 0.4%, garlic bulb extract @5% and NSKE @ 5% and Trichoderma harzianum @5% which inhibited (80.88%) mycelial growth of the fungus. In field conditions seed treatment with T. harzianum + Foliar spray with propiconazole was found best with minimum disease intensity (9.37%) and highest yield (151.42 q/ha) in comparison to other treatments.

Reactions of several chili cultivars against Colletotrichum capsici and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum spp. is one of the most damaging chili diseases. The purpose of the current study was to determine the pathogenicity of two important pathogens of chili anthracnose disease, C. gloeosporioides (Penz) Penz. & Sacc. and C. capsici E.J. Butler & Bisby, on several chili cultivars in laboratory. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design in factorial. The first factor was chili cultivar: Gandewa, Lado, Laris, Pilar, Provost, Bhaskara, and Bara; and the second factor was inoculation method: wounding and non-wounding the fruits. The treated fruits were then incubated in room temperature. Symptom severity was assessed 48 h after the inoculation and every 24 h thereafter for a total of four observations. The results showed that for non-wounding inoculation, all cultivars were highly resistant against C. gloeosporioides and C. capsici with no symptom, except Gandewa was moderately susceptible to C. gloeosporioides. However, for the wounding inoculation, all cultivars were infected by both C. gloeosporioides and C. capsici with varying severity levels. Lado and Pilar were moderately resistant to C. gloeosporioides. For cultivar reaction against C. capsici, Gandewa, Lado, Laris, and Provost were moderately resistant, and the other cultivars were moderately susceptible.

Green synthesis of chitosan silver nanocomposites and their antifungal activity against Colletotrichum truncatum causing anthracnose in chillies

Biopolymer-based metal nanocomposites are gaining importance due to their safety, stability, and ease of synthesis. Chitosan and silver-based nanoparticles have been found to be effective as anti-fungal agents. In this study, we tested the fungicidal effect of green synthesized chitosan silver nanocomposites (CS-AgNPs) against the chilli anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum truncatum (syn. C. capsici). The nanoparticles were synthesized at 90 ± 1 °C under alkaline condition. Chitosan was used as a reducing and stabilizing agent in the synthesis. The formation of nanoparticles (NPs) was indicated by a change in the colour of the solution to yellow. UV-Visible spectroscopy of the synthesized nanoparticles showed a surface plasmon resonance peak between 406 and 420 nm. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were small, and the average particle size distribution was 4 nm, as characterized by TEM and FESEM. The Zeta potential measurement of the synthesized nanoparticles ranged from + 41.9 mV and + 50.5 mV. The nanoparticles were further characterized by XRD and FTIR analysis. The nanocomposites showed antifungal activity against C. truncatum in an in vitro conidial germination assay even at a concentration of 0.0005%. In vivo assay using detached chilli fruit (Capsicum annuum) showed that the nanocomposites significantly inhibited anthracnose in both preventive and curative measures. Even when applied at a concentration of 0.0625%, the nanocomposites exhibited growth-promoting activity with chilli seeds. Thus, the synthesized nanocomposites have a dual benefit of growth promotion as well as an effective antifungal agent in preventing postharvest anthracnose disease in chilli.

Identification of Colletotrichum species associated with anthracnose disease of chilli in major chilli growing area of India

Anthracnose fruit-rot samples were randomly collected from 95 chilli farms grown in different hotspot regions from following states. Survey was conducted during Kharif 2020 from Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, while during Kharif 2021 from Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh. Samples were analyzed based on morphological characters. After morphological characterization of collected samples, it was confirmed that 80 fields were infected alone with C. capsici, 7 fields were infected alone with C. gloeosporioides while 8 fields were mixed infected with both C. capsici and C. gloeosporioides. Anthracnose infection mainly affects chilli at red fruit stage. Morphological characterization of collected samples from the surveyed region revealed that Colletotrichum capsici and C. gloeosporioides were the major species infecting chilli while Colletotrichum capsici was the predominant species. As C. capsici is predominant species causing Anthracnose, we need anthracnose resistant source at least against C. capsici. Resistant source against both C, capsici and C. gloeosporioides will be a boon for breeders to strengthen disease resistance

Bio efficacy of frog skin bacteria as biological control agents against chili anthracnose disease

Amphibian skin e.g., frog carry bacterial symbionts on their skin that protect the frog from invasion of pathogen infection. This study aimed to evaluate antifungal activity of five bacterial skin frog (namely KSMD3; KSMD9; KSMD10; KSMV12; KSMV15) of Indonesian origin, Fejervarya limnocharis, against phytopathogen (Colletotrichum capsici) TCKr2. Primary screening for their antifungal activity was performed using dual culture method on nutrient agar contained 2% (w/v) of dextrose. The alteration of hyphal morphology on media and the detached chili fruit bioassay were observed. Isolate of KSMD3 was selected based on its significant performance in inhibiting the growth of the chili anthracnose pathogen, C. capsici. In addition, the KSMD3 showed low severity of disease incidence on detached chili fruit. Based on the analysis of 16S rDNA, the isolate of KSMD3 was identified as member of genera of Pseudomonas.

Plant growth promotion and differential expression of defense genes in chilli pepper against Colletotrichum truncatum induced by Trichoderma asperellum and T. harzianum

BackgroundTrichoderma asperellum and T. harzianum were assessed in this study as a potential biological control against Colletotrichum truncatum. C. truncatum is a hemibiotrophic fungus that causes anthracnose disease in chilli thereby affecting plant growth and fruit yield. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) technique showed the beneficial interaction between chilli root-Trichoderma spp. inducing the plant growth promotion, mechanical barrier, and defense network under C. truncatum challenged conditions.MethodsSeeds bio-primed with T. asperellum, T. harzianum, and T. asperellum + T. harzianum promoted the plant growth parameters and strengthening of physical barrier via lignification on the wall of vascular tissues. Seed primed with bioagents were used for exploring the molecular mechanism of defense response in pepper against anthracnose to assess the temporal expression of six defense genes in the Surajmukhi variety of Capsicum annuum. QRT-PCR demonstrated induction of defense responsive genes in chilli pepper bioprimed with Trichoderma spp. such as plant defensin 1.2 (CaPDF1.2), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APx), guaiacol peroxidase (GPx), pathogenesis related proteins PR-2 and PR-5.ResultsThe results showed that bioprimed seeds were assessed for T. asperellum, T. harzianum, and T. asperellum + T. harzianum-chilli root colonization interaction under in vivo conditions. The results of the scanning electron microscope revealed that T. asperellum, T. harzianum and T. asperellum + T. harzianum interact with chilli roots directly via the development of plant-Trichoderma interaction system. Seeds bio-primed with bioagents promoted the plant growth parameters, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, plant height, leaf area index, number of leaves, stem diameter and strengthening of physical barrier via lignification on the wall of vascular tissues and expression of six defense related genes in pepper against anthracnose.ConclusionsApplication of T. asperellum and T. harzianum and in combination of treatments enhanced the plant growth. Further, as seeds bioprimed with T. asperellum, T. harzianum and in combination with treatment of T. asperellum + T. harzianum induced the strengthening of the cell wall by lignification and expression of six defense related genes CaPDF1.2, SOD, APx, GPx, PR-2 and PR-5 in pepper against C. truncatum. Our study contributed for better disease management through biopriming with T. asperellum, T. harzianum and T. asperellum + T. harzianum. The biopriming possess enormous potential to promote plant growth, modulate the physical barrier, and induced the defense related genes in chilli pepper against anthracnose.

Potensi Ekstrak Daun Sirih dan Rimpang Lengkuas dalam Menekan Pertumbuhan Colletorichum gloeosporiodes Skala In Vitro

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the cause of anthracnose disease in chili both pre-harvest and post-harvest. Various control efforts continue to be developed to overcome these problems. The purpose of this study was to test the potency of betel leaf extract and galangal rhizome to suppress the growth of C. gloeosporioides on an in vitro scale. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD), consisting of 3 treatments, namely betel leaf extract, galangal rhizome extract, and control. Extracts of betel leaf and galangal rhizome were each prepared at a concentration of 25%, while pure cultures of C. gloeosporioides were isolated from chili peppers with anthracnose symptoms. Then 3 mL of each extract was mixed in 7 mL of Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media until homogeneous. Furthermore, the culture of C. gloeosporioides was inoculated on PDA media that had been treated with extract and without extract as a control. The growth diameter of C. gloeosporioides was then observed at 7 days after inoculation. The results showed that the treatment of betel leaf extract and galangal rhizome significantly affected the growth suppression of C. gloeosporioides compared to controls. Galangal rhizome extract was the best treatment in suppressing the growth of C. gloeosporioides with an efficacy of 100%, while betel leaf extract still had a low efficacy of 35%.

In Vitro Analysis of Effectiveness Clove Leaf Extract (Syzygium aromaticum) Against Anthracnose Disease (Colletotrichum capsici) on Chili Plants (Capsicum annum L)

Chili (Capsicum annum L) is a plant with a high economic value and is in great demand by the Indonesian people. This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of the difference in the concentration of clove leaf extract in inhibiting anthracnose disease in chili. This research was conducted from February to April 2022. This research used the Complete Randomized Design (CRD) method with six treatments and four replications. The treatment used in this research was the difference in the concentration of clove leaf extract, namely 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%. The research showed that clove leaf extract could inhibit the growth of C. capsici, which caused anthracnose disease in chili. In vitro tests showed that the concentrations of 3%, 4%, and 5% of clove leaf extract significantly differed from all treatments and had fungicidal properties against C. capsici. In conclusion, the research results showed that the effective concentration in inhibiting the growth of C. capsici, which causes anthracnose disease in chili, is the concentration of clove leaf extract 3%, 4%, and 5%.

Whole-Genome Sequence Resource of Fusarium oxysporum Strain TH15, a Plant Growth Promoting Endophytic Fungus Isolated from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum

Whole-Genome Sequence Resource of <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> Strain TH15, a Plant Growth Promoting Endophytic Fungus Isolated from <i>Tetrastigma hemsleyanum</i>

Genetic diversity of inbred lines in chilli based on phenotypic and genotypic responses against Colletotrichum truncatum

Anthracnose disease in chilli is one of the major problems that has been faced by farmers worldwide. This problem is further aggravated due to the lack of resistant genotypes against Colletotrichum species. It is very important to identify genotypes with resistance genes. Thirty-two inbred lines were challenged with Colletotrichum truncatum using the fruit inoculation method. Genotypic response of four resistant and three susceptible inbred lines against C. truncatum were studied using 14 SSR and two STS markers linked to disease resistance. Four inbred lines, MICH PL CA 2018/3, MICH PL CA 2018/20, MICH PL CA 2018/21 and MICH PL 35 were identified as potential disease-resistant sources against C. truncatum. Three SSR markers were selected for the validation of four resistant inbred lines and three susceptible inbred lines. Molecular markers, HpmsE 051, HpmsE 082 and HpmsE 143 were identified as potential markers to identify genotypes with resistant genes against C. truncatum.

Biopriming and integrated management of powdery mildew and anthracnose disease of chilli caused by Colletotrichum capsici (Sydow)

Field experiment evaluating therein the effect of integrated use of seed treatment, vermicompost enriched with Tricoderma harzianum, seedling dip and foliar application of fungicides, conducted with the aim of finding safer alternatives to chemical fungicides for management of foliar diseases of chilli powdery mildew and anthracnose/fruit rot diseases during kharif 2015 and 2016 revealed that seed treatment with T. harzianum @ 10 g kg−1 at nursery followed by seedling dip with Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 10 g L−1 and spot application of enriched P. fluorescens (1.0 kg P. fluorescens enriched in 100 kg farm yard manure) @ 250 kg ha−1 followed by spray of (tebuconazole 50% + trifloxistrobin 25% WG) @ 0.5 g L−1 recorded least per cent disease index 47.80 and 33.30 per cent for anthracnose and powdery mildew, respectively, and recorded highest dry chilli yield (12.76 q ha–1) with net returns of ₹99,598 and highest B: C ratio (1:2.74) as compared to untreated check with 73.82 and 69.10 per cent disease index and dry chilli yield of 5.37 q ha−1.

Efficacy of Chemical Fungicides and Plant Extracts Against Anthracnose Pathogens of Capsicum Frutescens L.

To evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of five fungicides viz., Capvit 50 WP, Contaf 5 EC, Greengel 72 WP, Knowin 72 WP and Score 250 EC as well as five plant extracts viz., Acalypha indica L., Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Heliotropium indicum L., Lippia alba L. and Magnolia champaca L. at different concentrations were selected against Colletotrichum dematium and C. gloeosporioides following poisoned food technique. Among the five fungicides, Capvit 50 and Score 250 showed the complete growth inhibition of C. dematium whereas Contaf 5 EC showed the complete growth inhibition of C. gloeosporioides at all the concentrations. Contaf 5 was found as the most effective inhibitor against C. dematium. On the other hand, Knowin 72 and Score 250 were found as the most effective fungicides against C. gloeosporioides. A. indica and L. alba showed highest radial growth inhibition of C. dematium and C. gloeosporioides at 20% concentration. Moreover, A. indica and M. champaca also showed desired growth inhibition of the test pathogens. This study paves the way for the management of C. dematium and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose disease of chilli.&#x0D; Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(2): 437-440, 2021 (June)

Potensi Isolat Kamir Filosfer Buah Cabai sebagai Antagonis Terhadap Patogen Antraknosa

Anthracnose disease in chili is caused by C. acutatum. This disease can cause a decrease in quality and production of chili pepper. The use of biological control agents can be an alternative in controlling of C. acutatum. The use of biological agents is more environmentally friendly and reduces the negative effects of synthetic pesticides. This study aims to obtain yeast isolates from the phyllosphere that have the potential to suppress anthracnose disease. The research was carried out at the Laboratory of Diseases at the Faculty of Agriculture, Tanjungpura University, Pontianak from July to October 2019. Yeast isolation used a pouring plate method on the media YGCA after the yeast on the fruit surface was enriched in liquid media YGC during 24 hours. Yeast antagonism test against C. acutatum using the dual culture method, conidia viability, and the ability of pathogens to infect fruit. The results of the isolation obtained 8 yeast isolates in healthy chili of Gada variety. Antagonism test obtained 3 yeast isolates with the highest inhibitory to C. acutatum growth, isolates K2, K3 and K5. Inhibition is greater than 50%. Based on the severity index of the disease in the hypovirulent test, the three yeast isolates were not pathogenic. In the in vivo test with the immersion method, both using yeast cells and filtrate showed that yeast cells could inhibit the growth of C. acutatum infection ability better than yeast filtrate. All yeast isolates can suppress the growth of C. acutatum with a different percentage of disease.

Antifungal effect of volatile organic compounds produced by Streptomyces salmonis PSRDC-09 against anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides PSU-03 in postharvest chili fruit.

Application of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from Streptomyces salmonis PSRDC-09 (VOCs PSRDC-09) grown on sterile wheat seeds against chili anthracnose pathogen was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Among 10 isolates of Colletotrichum species tested, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides PSU-03 was selected as the most aggressive anthracnose pathogenic strain on chili fruit against VOCs produced by Streptomyces species. Among 11 isolates, the strain PSRDC-09 exhibited the highest antifungal activity and was identified as S. salmonis PSRDC-09. The antagonistic mechanism of the VOCs PSRDC-09 on morphological of C. gloeosporioides PSU-03, observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), revealed the irregular distortions in the fungal hyphae. The effect of inoculum size and spore concentration of S. salmonis PSRDC-09 prepared as a wheat seed inoculum on the suppression of C. gloeosporioides PSU-03 was studied both in vitro and on chili fruit. The optimum inoculum size (45g 0·31l-1 ) and spore concentration (107 spores per ml) of the wheat seed culture of S. salmonis PSRDC-09 exhibited the complete suppression (100% inhibition) on C. gloeosporioides PSU-03. The optimum fumigation period of the VOCs PSRDC-09 (45g 1·38l-1 ) was found to be 24h. Based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, 14 major VOCs (produced by the strain PSRDC-09) were detected and l-linalool was the main volatile component. The results indicated that the VOCs from S. salmonis PSRDC-09 could effectively control the chili anthracnose disease caused by C. gloeosporioides. These findings suggest that S. salmonis PSRDC-09 may have the potential to become a promising biofumigant for biocontrol of chili anthracnose disease in the postharvest system.