Mood In Children Research Articles

Cord serum cytokines at birth and children's trajectories of mood dysregulation symptoms from 3 to 8 years: The EDEN birth cohort

There is growing evidence that in utero imbalance immune activity plays a role in the development of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in children. Mood dysregulation (MD) is a debilitating transnosographic syndrome whose underlying pathophysiological mechanisms could be revealed by studying its biomarkers using the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) model. Our aim was to study the association between the network of cord serum cytokines, and mood dysregulation trajectories in offsprings between 3 and 8 years of age. We used the data of a study nested in the French birth cohort EDEN that took place from 2003 to 2014 and followed mother-child dyads from the second trimester of pregnancy until the children were 8 years of age. The 2002 mother-child dyads were recruited from the general population through their pregnancy follow-up in two French university hospitals. 871 of them were included in the nested cohort and cord serum cytokine levels were measured at birth. Children's mood dysregulation symptoms were assessed with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Dysregulation Profile at the ages 3, 5 and 8 years in order to model their mood dysregulation trajectories. Out of the 871 participating dyads, 53% of the children were male. 2.1% of the children presented a high mood dysregulation trajectory whereas the others were considered as physiological variations. We found a significant negative association between TNF-α cord serum levels and a high mood dysregulation trajectory when considering confounding factors such as maternal depression during pregnancy (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) = 0.35, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) [0.18–0.67]). Immune imbalance at birth could play a role in the onset of mood dysregulation symptoms. Our findings throw new light on putative immune mechanisms implicated in the development of mood dysregulation and should lead to future animal and epidemiological studies.

Outcomes of remotely delivered behavioral insomnia interventions for children and adolescents: systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Pediatric insomnia is common and can be effectively treated with behavioral therapies delivered face-to face. Such treatments could also improve children's mood, cognition, and quality of life, and caregivers' wellbeing. There is a discrepancy between high needs and limited access to pediatric behavioral insomnia treatments, which could be improved by provision of technology enhanced interventions. No study reviewed outcomes of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of remotely delivered psychological treatments for pediatric insomnia. The current study aimed to examine (i) the outcomes of remotely delivered RCTs for pediatric insomnia/insomnia symptoms and (ii) whether gains made in treatment extend to functional correlates. We conducted a systematic review according to Cochrane and PRISMA guidelines. PsychINFO, PubMed/Medline and Cochrane CENTRAL databases were searched for RCTs reporting on remotely delivered behavioral treatments for insomnia and insomnia symptoms. Data was abstracted and the risk of bias were assessed in November 2022 and November 2023. Seven RCTs (nine manuscripts) involving 786 participants, with the mean age from 19.3 months to 16.9 years, were identified. Four different treatments were used. Risk of bias ranged from low to high and was the highest for the randomization process. Across studies, significant improvements were found in some (but not all) sleep parameters, namely: sleep quality and sleep efficacy on questionnaires and on actigraphy, despite heterogeneity of the treatments used, age of participants and instruments employed to assess outcomes. Improvements gained in treatments delivered remotely was compared to treatments delivered face-to-face in 3 studies and were found to be comparable or slightly lower. No worsening was observed on either objective or subjective measures of sleep, except for sleep onset latency and wake after sleep onset that improved on questionnaires but worsened on actigraphy in one study each. Children's mood improved across studies on parent and self-report measures. Other possible functional gains were understudied. Our study provides preliminary evidence of improved sleep following remotely delivered behavioral treatments for pediatric insomnia, and improvements in children's mood. Further research is needed to develop individualized treatments that will cater for different developmental needs and types of insomnia symptoms and examine not only group but also individual outcomes.

Experiences with Efanesoctocog Alfa: Exit Interviews with Caregivers of Previously Treated Patients with Hemophilia A from the XTEND-Kids Phase 3 Clinical Trial

Introduction Hemophilia A is a rare, genetic bleeding disorder that leads to recurrent hemarthrosis, causing debilitating pain and joint deterioration, and ultimately results in reduced mobility and a poor quality of life. The aim of this study was to gain insight into caregivers' perspectives on the impact of hemophilia and its treatment as well as experiences with efanesoctocog alfa prophylaxis, by conducting optional qualitative exit interviews with caregivers of children with severe hemophilia A exiting the XTEND-Kids study. Methods XTEND-Kids (NCT04759131) was a Phase 3, open-label, multicenter study evaluating the safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of once-weekly efanesoctocog alfa (50 IU/kg) for 52 weeks, in previously treated children aged <12 years with severe hemophilia A. Semi-structured exit interviews were conducted with caregivers of children from 12 clinical sites across four countries (Canada, France, United Kingdom, and the United States) at their 52-week end-of-treatment (EOT) visit and before end-of-study (EOS) was declared. All caregivers of children across these countries were given the option of participating in the exit interviews. In addition to open-ended questions about the caregiver and their child's experience with hemophilia A, more targeted questions relating to hemophilia-related symptoms and experience with treatments before and during the XTEND-Kids study were queried (Yes/No; Likert Scale). Interviews were conducted by experienced moderators in each country's native language using translated guides where applicable and lasted approximately 60 minutes. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed for analysis. Descriptive statistics of select items from the qualitative data were computed and summarized. Results Seventy-two children completed their Week 52 EOT or EOS visit; 19 caregivers (18 mothers; 1 father) of 20 children completed exit interviews (one caregiver was the parent of two children in the study). Mean (SD) age of the children was 6.5 (3.1) years, and all were male. All children were receiving FVIII replacement prophylaxis prior to study entry, except for one in the 6 to <12 years of age cohort who was receiving an on-demand regimen. Regarding pre-study treatment experiences, nine caregivers (47.4%) reported that their child's bleeds had a negative impact on their own day-to-day life and eight caregivers (42.1%) reported their child's bleeds had a negative impact on their own mood and emotions . According to caregivers, the most significant impact of hemophilia A and its treatment on their children was on mood and emotions (n=19/20 children; 95.0%) and their physical health/activity (n=14/20 children; 70.0%). When queried about what bothered their children most about their hemophilia and its treatment pre-study, caregivers reported that six children were most bothered about being more cautious or less active than other children due to their condition and 12 children were most bothered about the number of treatment infusions per week. In the XTEND-Kids study, all caregivers (n=19; 100%) reported at least one improvement in their child as a result of efanesoctocog alfa prophylaxis, with eight caregivers (40.0%) stating their child had longer or better protection due to higher factor levels. All caregivers (n=19; 100%) reported noticing a positive effect on their child's daily life and functioning, with most caregivers (n=18; 94.7%) reporting that treatment with efanesoctocog alfa had improved their child's mood and emotions (Figure 1). Efanesoctocog alfa prophylaxis also led to positive changes in caregivers' daily life and functioning, with improvements (out of those who reported the impact at baseline) seen by caregivers in managing treatment (n=16; 100%), impact on family (n=11; 100%), mood/emotions (n=15; 93.8%), and work (n=11; 91.7%) (Figure 2). All caregivers (n=19; 100%) preferred efanesoctocog alfa over their children's previous hemophilia treatment; 18 (94.7%) were “very satisfied”, with one (5.3%) caregiver “satisfied”. Conclusion Caregivers of children with severe hemophilia A reported major impacts at study baseline on both daily life and functioning with prior treatments. Efanesoctocog alfa prophylaxis provided improvements in both children and their caregiver's daily life and functioning, and all caregivers preferred efanesoctocog alfa to their child's previous treatment.

Pengaruh Psikologis Pencahayaan Buatan pada Interior Kamar Tidur Anak

Lighting and color in interior design have a significant influence on the psychology of individuals, especially in children's bedroom spaces. This study aims to identify appropriate lighting colors and understand their effects on children's health and psychology. This research uses qualitative methods of literature study type, by reviewing literature from various sources such as journals, articles, and studies related to lighting, color, and psychology. The research stages include searching for relevant types of literature, reading, reviewing, and presenting the results of literature studies. The results of this study suggest that the color of lighting in children's bedrooms can affect their mood and well-being. Red and yellow colors, when used with low intensity, are suitable for creating a warm and comfortable atmosphere, as well as helping to increase the production of the hormone melatonin, which contributes to better sleep and improves children's mood and mental health. In the context of children's bedroom interior design, the selection of the right lighting colors is essential to create an environment that supports their psychological development and well-being

Reducing Dental Anxiety in Children Using a Mobile Health App: Usability and User Experience Study.

Dentistry interventions cause common anxiety and fear problems in children (6-11 years), and according to scientific evidence, this causes a decrease in their quality of life. Therapies mediated by IT-based tools have been shown to positively influence children's mood based on distraction as well as relaxing activities, but there is no evidence of their use to reduce dental anxiety in children. The aim of this study was to answer the following research question: Does our new children-centered codesign methodology contribute to achieving a usable mobile-based product with a highly scored user experience? A mobile health app was developed to reduce dental anxiety in children using rapid application development following the usage-centered design methodology. Structured interviews were conducted to test the usability and user experience of the app prototype among 40 children (n=20, 50%, boys and n=20, 50%, girls; age 6-11 years) using a children-adapted questionnaire and the 7-point Single Ease Question rating scale. The Smiley Faces Program-Revised questionnaire was used to assess the level of dental anxiety in participants. There were no significant differences between girls and boys. The task completion rate was 95% (n=19) for children aged 6-8 years (group 1) and 100% (n=20) for children aged 9-11 years (group 2). Group 1 found watching the relaxing video (task C) to be the easiest, followed by playing a video minigame (task B) and watching the narrative (task A). Group 2 found task C to be the easiest, followed by task A and then task B. The average time spent on the different types of tasks was similar in both age groups. Most of the children in both age groups were happy with the app and found it funny. All children thought that having the app in the waiting room during a dental visit would be useful. The findings confirmed that the app is usable and provides an excellent user experience. Our children-adapted methodology contributes to achieving usable mobile-based products for children with a highly scored user experience.

Implementasi Pembelajaran Inklusi di Sekolah Dasar

Management of inclusive classroom learning is an important part in achieving learning goals. However, this has not been implemented optimally. The purpose of this research is to explore the implementation of inclusion-based learning in elementary schools. This research is a case study approach. The informants in this study were two regular teachers from low grades, one regular teacher from high grades, and a special supervising teacher. Data collection techniques in this study used the observation method, interview method, and documentation method. Test the validity of the data used in this study, namely the credibility test on the results of qualitative research using data triangulation techniques, namely source triangulation, technical triangulation, time extension triangulation. The data analysis technique used is data reduction, data presentation, conclusion and verification. The results show that the implementation of inclusive learning is almost the same as the implementation of learning in general. The difference lies in the teachers who teach and the basic competencies used. The teacher who teaches is the special supervising teacher. His job is to teach inclusive students and create individual learning programs. In the individual implementation program there are three activities, namely, introduction, core, and closing. The special supervising teacher has carried out activities in a coherent manner in accordance with the learning rules. Some activities cannot be carried out properly or even not carried out at all. The reason is because the condition of the child does not allow for these activities. So that inclusive learning is child-centered, GPK will carry out learning according to the child's mood.

Pengaruh Penggunaan Video Animasi Terhadap Pengenalan Ekspresi Anak di Taman Kanak-Kanak Sabbihisma 2 Ulak Karang

The introduction of expressions for early childhood needs to be done, because the child's mood will greatly affect the learning process and of course it is closely related to children's learning outcomes. This research was conducted with the aim of knowing how much influence the use of animation media has on the recognition of children's expressions in group B at Sabbihisma 2 Ulak Karang Kindergarten. This type of research is a quantitative research with an experimental method with a one group pre-test post-test design model. Data collection techniques in the form of tests, observations, and documentation. The population in this study were all students of Kindergarten Sabbihisma 2 Ulak Karang, with a total of 66 students, the sample in this study were 18 children, 9 children in class B2 and 9 children in class B3. The data analysis used is the normality test, homogeneity, t-test, and also the effect size. The results showed that the experimental class using animation media obtained an average value of 17.56 while in the control class using emoticon card media it was 15.56. Thus the animation media has a significant influence on the recognition of children's expressions in Sabbihisma 2 Ulak Karang Kindergarten

Media Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab Bagi Anak Usia Dini di Era Digital Pasca Covid-19

This study aims to describe the Arabic language learning system for early childhood and find Arabic learning media for early childhood in the post-covid-19 digital era. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The data used is based on library research, by reviewing and tracing various literature. The results of the study show that in learning Arabic for early childhood, the teacher must play an active role in keeping the child's mood in order to want to learn Arabic. Learning Arabic is an important thing to teach as a means of knowing Islam and its scientific treasures for Early Childhood Islamic Education, and several digital platforms have been found that can be used as media for learning Arabic for early childhood such as YouTube, applications/games, Arabic e-books and online sites for children aged 4-10 years.

IMPLEMENTASI KURIKULUM TERSEMBUNYI DALAM PEMBELAJARAN DI TAMAN KANAK-KANAK

The implementation of the hidden curriculum in the teaching and learning process will definitely appear, especially in the learning process in kindergarten, whether we realize it or not, this is because the learning process in kindergarten is indeed very dynamic, adjusted to the level of the child's mood. The purpose of this research is to find out what and how this hidden curriculum is implemented. The research approach used is descriptive qualitative, with the main subjects being kindergarten, PAUD and RA children in the city of Bandung. The result of the hidden curriculum implementation process is the achievement of children's developmental tasks optimally, but overall all competency achievements are highly dependent on the condition of the child as a whole. In conclusion, the implementation of the hidden curriculum has a positive impact on improving student learning outcomes.

The Role of Working Mothers in Forming the Independent Attitude of Early Children at the Time Covid-19 Pandemic

<p><em>Today, the role of a working mother is very important in forming an independent attitude in early childhood, starting from the parenting pattern, as well as the supporting and inhibiting factors, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic as it is today. This type of research was analyzed using descriptive qualitative research methods with data collection techniques through observation, interviews and documentation. The findings of this study are that the role of a working mother in forming an independent attitude in early childhood education in Raudhatul Athfal (RA) Nurul Huda Banjar City is the role of a motivator, supervisor, educator, counselor, and role model. The most appropriate parenting pattern applied by working mothers in shaping children's independent attitudes is democratic parenting. The implication of this research is that the factors that support the formation of independent attitudes of children by working mothers in Raudhatul Athfal (RA) Nurul Huda Banjar City during the COVID-19 pandemic include: environment, love and affection, and parenting. While the inhibiting factors are: the child's mood, inadequate parenting, peers or playmates, time and opportunity. The practical implication of this research is that the role of a working mother can form an independent attitude for early childhood.. </em><em></em></p>

Meltdowns and media: Moment-to-moment fluctuations in young children's media use transitions and the role of children's mood states

Recent research has started to examine problematic media use in early childhood. However, the vast majority of research has been questionnaire based, has assumed relative within-person stability in problematic media use patterns, and has rarely examined antecedents to problematic media use. We utilized an ecological momentary assessment design (EMA) in the current study to tease apart within- and between-subjects variability in media use and examine how one antecedent, child mood, was related to positive and negative transitions away from media. Two-hundred forty-three parent-child dyads (Mchild age = 41.17 months, SD = 3.06 months) took part in an EMA assessment of media use multiple times each day over seven days. Parents reported on (1) their child's mood prior to the media use (energetic, happy, bored, upset), (2) their reason for having the child use media in that instance, and (3) the child's behavior as they transitioned away from media. Findings indicated that child energetic mood prior to media use was associated with a better transition away from media. Additionally, a majority of variability resided at the within-person level and was not explained by normal fluctuations in the day of the week (weekday vs. weekend). Children were also less likely to transition well if parents used media to regulate their child's negative emotion. Implications for parents are discussed.

Mental health of children and adolescents with pre-existing psychiatric and developmental disorders during the first pandemic-related lockdown: A cross-sectional study in Greece

Since the onset of COVID-19 pandemic, concerns have been raised about the effects of the pandemic on youth with pre-existing mental health disorders. The present study aimed to explore change in emotional and behavioral symptoms (mood states) and daily behaviors during the lockdown in a clinical sample of children and adolescents in Greece. A cross-sectional survey, using the CoRonavIrus Health Impact Survey (CRISIS) Questionnaire, was completed by 738 parents of children and adolescents aged 2–18 years attending 12 outpatient child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) across four geographical regions in Greece. Participants reported at a single time-point on their children's mood states and daily behaviors 3 months prior to the pandemic and during the past two weeks, as well as on life changes during the spring 2020 lockdown. Using paired samples t-tests no change was found in mean mood states scores pre- and post-pandemic onset in all subgroups investigated. Using McNemar's test, we found that among individual mood states, some symptoms increased, and others decreased or remained stable. Additionally, participants did rate several of their daily behaviours as having overall worsened, e.g., reduced sleep or time spent outdoors during the lockdown, as compared to 3 months prior the pandemic. Longitudinal studies are needed to ascertain which factors buffer against deterioration of mental health among children with pre-pandemic psychiatric or developmental disorders, in order to inform public mental health and educational policy.

GAMBARAN TINGKAT STRES ORANG TUA SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR SELAMA PEMBELAJARAN JARAK JAUH DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19

Some parents experience obstacles during distance learning such as difficulties in motivating or improving children's mood to learn, difficulties in teaching children, quota and network constraints, and difficulties in assisting children in learning. The purpose of this study was to describe the stress level of parents of SD Negeri X students in connection with distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research is a quantitative descriptive study by distributing online questionnaires to 85 parents of SD Negeri X students using proportionate stratified random sampling technique. The measuring instrument used was a Perceived Stress Scale 10 questionnaires which has been modified by the researcher. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the median age of parents is 37 years with the youngest age being 24 years old, and the oldest age being 61 years old. The majority of the parents are female, with high school education, with working status, coming from middle income group, only use one facility in the form of a handphone, with smooth internet network condition, with subsidized quota, can use learning applications independently, and class II and IV. The majority of stress levels from parents is moderate stress.

HASILBELAJARSISWA DITINJAU DARIPERAN SERTAORANGTUA DI RUMAH PADA SISWAKELAS V

AbstractThis study aims to determine student learning outcomes in terms ofparental participation at home in fifth grade students at the 27 GernisPublic Elementary School, Sepauk District, Sintang District. The researchmethod is a qualitative descriptive method. The object of research is theparticipation of parents of students. The source of the research data werethe parents of the fifth grade students of SD Negeri 27 Gernis, totaling 32parents. The subjects were 5 parents of students. The research usedinterview, observation, and questionnaire instruments (questionnaire). Theresults showed that parents in accompanying children to study at theirparents' homes have carried out their roles well, namely the role of parentsas caregivers and educators, the role of parents as mentors, the role ofparents as motivators, and the role of parents as facilitators. The obstaclesfaced by parents in educating children to study at home are that theirchildren are difficult to manage when studying, the child's mood is notgood, it is difficult to divide the time.Keywords: Description, Learning Outcomes, Parental Participation

PERAN ORANG TUA DALAM MEMBENTUK SIKAP MANDIRI ANAK USIA DINI PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19

The formation of independence is a process of inculcating a personality for a better future better especially the generation that is in its golden age. Independence means as a character that can make early childhood able to stand alone, not dependent others, especially parents. Parents, especially mothers, have an important role in the process formation of children's independence. This type of research is analyzed using research methods qualitative descriptive with data collection techniques through observation and interviews. As for The purpose of this study is to find out how big the role of working mothers is in shaping independent attitude of early childhood, parenting and supporting and inhibiting factors. From the results of the study, it was found that the role of working mothers in forming children's independent attitudes, namely: as a motivator, role as supervisor, role as educator & mentor, role as a role model. As for the most appropriate parenting pattern applied by parents in form a child's independent attitude that is democratic parenting. While the factors that become supporters of the formation of independence, namely: the environment, a sense of love and affection, as well as patterns of foster. inhibiting factors, namely: the child's mood, inappropriate parenting, peers or playmates, time and opportunity.

The NICHD interview protocol used by Dutch child protection workers: Effects on interview style, children's reported information and susceptibility to suggestion

AbstractIn the Netherlands, there is currently no quality standard for conducting child forensic interviews in Child Protective Services (CPS) . The lack of such standard causes concern regarding the quality of these interviews, which are used to determine the child's safety and implementing treatment. In the current study, we implemented the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) protocol at Safe Home, the Dutch national reporting agency for child abuse and domestic violence. Professionals at Safe Home received a three‐day training in the NICHD protocol with regular follow‐up feedback sessions. We compared 38 NICHD interviews with 30 control interviews on variables such as the type of questions asked, number of reported words, and children's mood state. NICHD interviews contained more invitations and fewer suggestive questions compared to non‐standardized interviews. Furthermore, children reported more information related to the reported incident when they were interviewed with the NICHD protocol compared to control interviews. After being interviewed, children reported a more positive mood state independent of how they were interviewed (NICHD or control interview). Finally, children interviewed with the NICHD protocol were less likely to succumb to suggestive probes provided after the interview than children in the control group. We argue that child protection professionals need training in an evidence‐based interview protocol to improve fact‐finding in CPS.

Soothing Effect of an Edible Teether: A Pilot Study in Children during Primary Dentition Age.

BackgroundIrritability and discomfort are common symptoms during teething periods in infants and toddlers. Non-pharmacological remedies to relieve teething symptoms include teethers and food for chewing. However, the efficacy of such remedies for their soothing effect has been poorly investigated.Materials and methodsIn this home-based pilot study, the soothing effect of a novel edible teether with a slowly dissolvable texture was investigated in 12 children aged 5 to 19 months old during primary dentition age. After parents observed their child getting irritable, the child received the edible teether for an exposure duration of 15 to 20 minutes. Parental ratings of children's mood states (crankiness, stress, happiness, and calmness) were collected using visual analog scales, and child cardiac measurements (heart rate and heart rate variability) were assessed using a wearable device. The soothing effect was quantified via mood ratings and physiological calming responses as a before-after comparison using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests.ResultsParents perceived their child as significantly calmer and happier, less stressed, and marginally less cranky after edible teether exposure than before. The child cardiac variables showed no significant changes; however, exposure to the teether induced a marginal increase in HR within normal ranges, potentially indicating a stimulation effect.ConclusionThe pilot study provides the first insight on the soothing effect of a novel edible teether on parent-reported mood states in young children during primary dentition age. Further research is needed to understand the relative contribution of the different components of an edible teether to the observed effects, such as texture and exposure duration, and to demonstrate its efficacy against a control product.Trial registrationSwiss registry of clinical trial: CER-VD 2019-02155.How to cite this articleLerond C, Hudry J, Zahar S, et al. Soothing Effect of an Edible Teether: A Pilot Study in Children during Primary Dentition Age. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(4):525–530.

Kindergartens education influence on primary school students' educational success in the parent's assessments

The article examines the influence of kindergarten education on primary school students' success in the students' parents' assessments. The research relevance is explained by the need to comprehend the family factor in the educational process at the early stages of personality development. The following issues are discussed: family ideas about primary school student educational success, the relationship between school choice and kindergarten attendance, parental involvement in kindergarten, and primary school education of children. In the study's empirical part, 40 informal interviews were conducted with informants whose children studied in public and private kindergartens. The author presents a parental assessments comparative analysis of kindergarten education effectiveness. When studying the interviews, Russian computer programs for processing unstructured texts were used. It was found that the majority of parents believe that kindergarten education has a positive impact on the child's school success in primary grades. Parents who have sent their children to a private kindergarten rate the education benefits they receive most highly. The main criteria for the primary school student's success in the family are the child's academic performance. Among other indicators of success, the interviewed parents named friendship with classmates, respect for the first teacher, work in study clubs, participation in an intellectual academic competition, and a child's good mood for attending classes. No connection was found between school choice and the preschool education type. The school choice is influenced by the parental involvement style in the child's education in the early educational socialization stages: mentoring or liberal. It turned out that families whose children attended a public kindergarten tended to be mentoring behavior, as opposed to a more liberal attitude towards the children education of parents who chose a private kindergarten. The prospect of the study is to expand the empirical base of the project and include in the sample informants who choose to homeschool their children.

26.1 Biological Action of Ketamine in Developing Neurons: Hope in Treating Maternal Depression to Reduce Children Mood Disorders

26.1 Biological Action of Ketamine in Developing Neurons: Hope in Treating Maternal Depression to Reduce Children Mood Disorders

Depression in childhood: The role of children's exposure to intimate partner violence and maternal mental disorders

BackgroundIntimate partner violence (IPV) is a global problem with high prevalence rates, and is linked to maternal mental disorders (MMD). Children's exposure to IPV (CEIPV) can have impacts on their physical and mental health, including depression. ObjectiveTo analyze the associations between exposure to both CEIPV and MMD and depression in schoolchildren. Participants and setting630 mother-child pairs were evaluated in a poor urban district in Recife, Northeast Brazil. MethodsA cohort study investigated the effects of IPV during pregnancy, postpartum and six to nine years after delivery. Women were asked about their experience of IPV, their own mental health, and the exposure of their child to violence. The child's mood was reported by the mother, using the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ). Ten types of CEIPV, and the age of onset of exposure, were compared with the child's subsequent risk of depression. ResultsIPV was associated with MMD in 31.9% of the women at some period of time. Depressive symptoms were reported in 15.7% of school-age children. All types of CEIPV were associated with depression at school age. Multivariable analyses of exposure to IPV and MMD at different ages showed that exposure to both IPV and MMD in the first year of life had the strongest association with childhood depression (OR = 9.1; 95% CI: 2.4–33.9). ConclusionsThe frequency of CEIPV and MMD, and the high prevalence of depression at school age, shows the importance of assessing MMD and identifying exposure to IPV in pregnancy and the early years.