Children's Expressive Language Research Articles

Breaking Sound Barriers: Cultivating Expressive Language in Children with Hearing Impairment Through a Computer-Based Intervention Program

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a linguistic educational program in improving expressive language skills among individuals with mild hearing impairment in the UAE. To achieve this goal, the researchers designed a computer-based program that targeted expressive language abilities in children with language disorders. The study recruited 30 children who were randomly assigned to either an experimental group, who received the computer-based program, or a control group, who underwent traditional training methods at centers. After conducting an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), the data showed that the experimental group exhibited noteworthy enhancements in expressive language skills compared to the control group. Moreover, the statistical analysis unveiled that the academic level (grade) had a significant influence on the results, with the third level demonstrating the most substantial progress. However, gender did not appear to have any impact on the findings. Ultimately, the results were thoroughly reviewed and deliberated, culminating in the formulation of a set of recommendations.

School-based delivery of a dialogic book sharing intervention: a feasibility study of Books Together

IntroductionGrowing numbers of children enter mainstream education without the skills needed to prosper in the school environment. Without additional support, these children face poor long-term outcomes in terms of academic attainment, mental health difficulties and social problems. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and acceptability of school-based delivery of the Books Together dialogic book sharing program to groups of parents, and to explore whether it impacts parent and child outcomes in order to facilitate school readiness.MethodsParents of children aged 3–5 years old (n = 16) were recruited from four North Wales primary schools. Video observations of parent/child interactions, a gaming format measure of expressive child language ability, parent-report measures of children’s behavior, and social-emotional ability and of their parental competence were collected pre- and post-intervention. Thematic analysis of interviews with parents and the school-based staff who delivered the program explored feasibility and acceptability of the program.ResultsSignificant post-intervention increases in observed positive parenting and child expressive language skills and significant reductions in observed negative parenting were found. Parents reported significantly higher rates of child prosocial behavior and social/emotional ability as well as improved parenting competency at follow-up. Thematic analysis showed that staff and parents were satisfied with the program and that it was feasible to deliver in a school environment.DiscussionThe Books Together program is a low-cost intervention that, when delivered by school-based staff, shows promise for increasing the use of parenting strategies that build children’s language and social/emotional skills associated with school readiness.

Pengembangan Kemampuan Bahasa Ekspresif Anak Melalui Membaca Nyaring Buku Berbasis Nilai Agama dan Moral di TKIT Permata Bunda Merauke

The development of expressive language needs to be developed so that children can express their opinions and thoughts to other people. Children's expressive language development can be developed through the reading aloud method. This research aims to examine the development of children's expressive language skills through reading aloud at TKIT Permata Bunda. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The subjects of this research were group A children aged 4-5 years and two teachers. Data collection techniques include interviews, documentation and direct observation. The results of the research show that developing children's expressive language skills can be done through the activity of reading aloud books based on religious and moral values. The implementation stage includes planning by selecting books according to the child's development level and containing religious and moral values. The next stage is implementation in the form of introducing the book, reading the story book aloud with the right intonation, holding a discussion and asking stimulating questions and motivating the child to retell the story. Next, the teacher carries out an assessment to determine the achievement of expressive language development.

Association between Mother's Educational Status And Home Literacy Environment With The Language Abilities Of Seven Year-Old Children: Path Analysis Evidence

<p><strong>Background</strong><strong>: </strong>Factors that can influence the success of the educational process are family environmental factors, school environment, and community environment. The role of parents is to provide materials and help their children when they experience difficulties in the learning process. Language skills emerge in early childhood and are critical in promoting later literacy competencies, such as reading and writing. The period from birth to age 3 is critical for language development, as nearly all typically developing children acquire important language skills by age 3. During this period, children's home environment is especially important, as parents are the main providers of language input and support, allowing most children to acquire a basic foundation of language.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study used a cross sectional study design, which was conducted in Surakarta City. A sample of 100 people was selected using a random sampling technique. Data collection was performed using a questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The direct relationship between expressive language abilities of children who have mothers with higher education is 2.2 units higher than children with mothers with low education (b=2.2; 95% CI= 0.9 to 3.5; p= 0.001). A high home literacy environment had a log odd of experiencing good expressive language skills of 2.04 units higher than children with a low home literacy environment (b=2.04; 95% CI= 0.7 to 3.3; p= 0.002). The indirect relationship between maternal higher education and expressive language abilities through the child's home literacy environment is statistically significant. Children who have mothers with higher education have log odd for high language expressive abilities of 2.8 units higher than children with mothers with low education (b=2.8; 95% CI= 1.7 to 3.9; p= <;0.001). </p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> A child's good expressive language abilities are influenced indirectly by the mother's high education through a high home literacy environment.</p>

Upaya Guru Menstimulasi Perkembangan Bahasa Ekspresif Anak Usia Dini di TK Rumah Balita Pintar Kecamatan Tanjung Bintang Kabupaten Lampung Selatan

Language development is the most important aspect of development. This aspect of development must be achieved from an early age. One of them is the development of expressive language. To achieve optimal expressive language development, all potential can be stimulated by the teacher. This study aims to describe the efforts of teachers in stimulating the development of expressive language in early childhood at the Smart Toddler House Kindergarten, Tanjung Bintang District. This research is a research using descriptive qualitative approach method. Sources of research data obtained from primary data and secondary data. The researcher obtained primary data from the results of interviews with class B teachers at the Smart Toddler House Kindergarten and observations of teachers and children regarding the development of children's expressive language. Secondary data obtained from the results of documentation in the form of photos. The data obtained is then collected, reduced, described, tested for the validity of the data and concluded.The results of the study indicated that the efforts of the teacher at the Smart Toddler House Kindergarten, Tanjung Bintang District, had developed the expressive language skills of grade B early childhood through the storytelling method using finger puppet media which was carried out optimally.

Evidence of Language Development Using Brief Animated Stimuli: A Systematic Review.

There is limited evidence regarding the effect of animation compared to static pictures on children's language development. The aim was to systematically review the available literature for evidence concerning the effect of brief animation on spoken language responses (receptive-listening or expressive-speaking) in typically developing (TD) children aged 3 to 9 years. Five databases were searched, resulting in seven included studies. The characteristics of animated stimuli, the manner of presentation, and the language-related tasks were recorded, and questions were posed about the effect of brief animation on children's receptive and expressive language abilities. The evidence suggests that animation may have a positive effect on expressive language abilities of children compared to static pictures. As far as the effect of animation on receptive language performance is concerned, the evidence is less concrete. Future directions regarding the potential of animation on language development are discussed.

A community-based child health and parenting intervention to improve child HIV testing, health, and development in rural Lesotho (Early Morning Star): a cluster-randomised, controlled trial

When caregivers live in remote settings characterised by extreme poverty, poor access to health services, and high rates of HIV/AIDS, their caregiving ability and children's development might be compromised. We aimed to test the effectiveness of a community-based child health and parenting intervention to improve child HIV testing, health, and development in rural Lesotho. We implemented a matched cluster-randomised, controlled trial in the Mokhotlong district in northeastern Lesotho with 34 community clusters randomly assigned to intervention or wait-list control groups within a pair. Eligible clusters were villages with non-governmental organisation partner presence and an active preschool. Participants were caregiver-child dyads, where the child was 12-60 months old at baseline. The intervention consisted of eight group sessions delivered at informal preschools to all children in each village. Mobile health events were hosted for all intervention (n=17) and control (n=17) clusters, offering HIV testing and other health services to all community members. Primary outcomes were caregiver-reported child HIV testing, child language development, and child attention. Assessments were done at baseline, immediately post-intervention (3 months post-baseline), and 12 months post-intervention. We assessed child language by means of one caregiver-report measure (MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory [CDI]) and used two observational assessments of receptive language (the Mullen Scales of Early Learning receptive language subscale, and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test 4th edn). Child attention was assessed by means of the Early Childhood Vigilance Task. Assessors were masked to group assignment. Analysis was by intention to treat. This trial was registered with ISRCTN.com, ISRCTN16654287 and is completed. Between Aug 8, 2015, and Dec 10, 2017, 1040 children (531 intervention; 509 control) and their caregivers were enrolled in 34 clusters (17 intervention; 17 control). Compared with controls, the intervention group reported significantly higher child HIV testing at the 12-month follow-up (relative risk [RR] 1·46, 95% CI 1·29 to 1·65, p<0·0001), but not immediately post-intervention. The intervention group showed significantly higher child receptive language on the caregiver report (CDI) at immediate (effect size 3·79, 95% CI 0·78 to 6·79, p=0·028) but not at 12-month follow-up (effect size 2·96, 95% CI -0·10 to 5·98, p=0·056). There were no significant group differences for the direct assessments of receptive language. Child expressive language and child attention did not differ significantly between groups. Integrated child health and parenting interventions, delivered by trained and supervised lay health workers, can improve both child HIV testing and child development. United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR).

Pengembangan Permainan Sains Gelembung Salju Pelangi Berbasis Games untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Literasi Sains pada Pembelajaran Anak Usia Dini

The background that prompted this research was the unavailability of media that supports children in improving scientific literacy skills in early childhood. Teacher-centered learning so that students cannot describe objects in detail based on their observations, many children have very poor scientific literacy abilities, lack of children's interest in the learning provided by the teacher because the material provided does not activate students in the science learning process, the media used in less innovative learning. Teachers have not used games-based science games with IT media so that children's scientific literacy skills are low. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of using games-based rainbow snow bubble science game development to improve scientific literacy skills in early childhood learning. The approach used is research and development Research and development (R &amp; D). The approach and design used in this development research is using the ADDIE model. The research location was at TABITA Kindergarten, Ujungwatu, Donorojo sub-district, Jepara district. When the research was conducted in the even semester of the 2022/2023 school year. The subjects in this study were group B students aged 5-6 years. The sample used was 13 children. The data in this study were obtained through documentation, interviews, questionnaires, and pretest and posttest of children's expressive language skills. Data analysis techniques: Validation Test, Reliability, Practicality Test, Normality Test, Homogeneity Test and T Test. The results in the Game-Based Rainbow Snow Bubble Science Game Development research proved to be valid, effective, and practical to use to improve early childhood scientific literacy skills.

Peningkatan Kemampuan Bahasa Ekspresif Anak Melalui Metode Bercerita dengan Media Audio Visual pada Anak Kelompok B.1 di TK Bakti Pertiwi Kecamatan Baras Kabupaten Pasangkayu

The main problem in this research is whether using the storytelling method through audio-visual media can improve the expressive language skills of group B.1 children at TK Bakti Pertiwi Kab. Pasangkayu. The aim of this research is to improve children's expressive language skills through storytelling using audio-visual media for Group B.1 children at Bakti Pertiwi Kindergarten, Baras District, Kab. Pasangkayu. The benefits of this research can increase knowledge, especially in improving expressive language skills and it is hoped that it will be beneficial for children, teachers and schools. This type of research is class action research (Class Action Research) which consists of two cycles carried out in 3 meetings each cycle, research procedures include planning, implementation, observation and reflection. The subjects in this research were students of group B.1 TK Bakti Pertiwi Kab.Pasangkayu as many as 16 children. The results of this study showed that in the first cycle after being given action at meetings I, II, and III, there was an increase in children in the Starting to Develop (MB) criteria with a percentage of 43.74%, and in the second cycle after being given action at meetings I, II , and III, there is an increase in children with the criteria of Developing According to Expectations (BSH) with a percentage of 70.13%, which means that they have reached the target of children's development achievements with the criteria of Already Developing According to Expectations (BSH). Based on the research results, it can be concluded that applying the storytelling method through audio-visual media can improve expressive language skills in Group B.1 children at Bakti Pertiwi Kindergarten, Baras District, Kab. Pasangkayu with an average gain of 70.13% with the criteria of Developing According to Expectations (BSH).

Development of Toupic (Touch Picture) Applications to Improve Expressive Language in Speech-Delayed Children

This study aims to develop a product in the form of a toupic (touch picture) application to help stimulate the increase of expressive language in children with speech delay. This type of research is Research and Development (RD) using the ADDIE model (analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation). This research was conducted at SLB Negeri 1 Martapura, South Kalimantan. Data collection techniques using interviews, tests and questionnaires. interviews are used to get an overview of needs analysis data and product evaluation by users. The test is used to measure speech delay children's expressive language skills in the initial and final conditions after using the product. while the angle is used to measure the level of product validation by the validator. Qualitative data from interviews were analyzed descriptively while quantitative data from tests and questionnaires were analyzed using statistics with the formula P=(∑R)/N X 100%. The development of the toupic application goes through several stages, namely: 1) the analysis stage as an initial research to determine the conditions and needs of children, 2) the design stage is carried out by compiling a conceptual framework for application development, 3) the development stage, namely developing an application framework by information and technology experts who then validated by experts with a validation percentage of 95% and declared very valid, 4) the implementation stage to test the toupic (touch picture) application on speech delay children with a result of 82%, and 5) the evaluation stage showed an increase in the expressive language skills of speech delay children. from the percentage of results before and after that is 52% to 82% indicates that the application does not require final revision anymore. Thus it can be concluded that the development of the toupic application (touch picture) can improve the expressive language skills of speech delay children.

Pengembangan Bahasa Ekspresif Anak Melalui Metode Bercerita Gambar Seri di Taman Kanak-Kanak Santa Theresia 1 Pangkalpinang

This classroom action research aims to develop children's expressive language skills through the serial picture storytelling method at St. Theresia I Pangkalpinang Kindergarten. The method used in this research is classroom action research which is carried out as an effort to overcome problems that arise in the classroom. This method is carried out with three stages, namely planning, implementation, and reflection. The subject of the research was the students of St. Theresia 1 Pangkalpinang Bangka Belitung Kindergarten, totaling 13 children. The object of this research is expressive language skills. The data collection method used was observation. Technical data analysis is done descriptively qualitative. This research was conducted in two cycles. The results showed that from the aspect of assessing children's ability to repeat simple sentences at the beginning of the cycle there were 54% (7 people) who were considered less or not able, but at the end of the cycle after being treated using the serial picture storytelling method, only 8% (1 person) was found who had not been able to repeat simple sentences properly. For the aspect of assessing children's ability to express opinions to others at the beginning of the cycle there were 77% (10 people) who were considered less or not able, but at the end of the cycle only 23% (3 people) of 13 children were found who were not able to express opinions to others. For the aspect of assessing children's ability to retell stories that have been told by the teacher, at the beginning of the cycle there were 69% (9 people) who were considered less or not able, but at the end of the cycle only 15% (2 people) of 13 children who have not been able to retell stories that have been told by the teacher properly.&#x0D; Keywords: expressive language skills, storytelling method, picture series

"Oh no! What happened?" an investigation of parent-child conversations about self-conscious emotions.

Parents play an important role in socializing children's emotion understanding. Previous research shows that parents emphasize different aspects of emotion contexts depending on the discrete emotion. However, there is limited research on how parents and children discuss self-conscious emotions, such as embarrassment, guilt, and shame, and what socialization practices parents employ to elicit children's talk about these emotions. In this study, children (N = 166, 78 females, 88 males) ages 2-3 years (M = 2.46, SD = 0.26) and their parents (65.5% White, 10.2% Black, 17.5% Hispanic, 2.4% Asian American, and 5.4% other) from a large city in the Western United States discussed a wordless storybook depicting different female and male characters experiencing self-conscious emotions (embarrassment, guilt, shame, awe, and pride). Parents' and children's emotion talk and parents' questions were coded from their conversations about each emotion scenario and subsequently analyzed by discrete emotion, child gender, and the depicted character's gender. Parents and children differentially focused on different aspects of each self-conscious emotion as a function of discrete emotion and picture gender, and elements of children's talk about self-conscious emotions were related to children's expressive language and age. Additionally, parents' emotion talk and questions about emotions were directly related to children's emotion talk, even after controlling for children's age, expressive language, and parental education. Taken together, these findings suggest that parent-child emotion conversations may be one context that facilitates the development of children's understanding of self-conscious emotions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Maternal beliefs about infant-directed speech misalign with interactions with their infants

IntroductionInfant-directed speech (IDS) refers to how people in many societies talk with young children. Compared to speech directed to an adult (ADS), IDS includes a slower rate, fewer words per utterance, higher-than-average pitch, and elongated vowels. Although many benefits are associated with using IDS, there is little information on what parents think about IDS. The current study asked: (1) How do mothers conceptualize IDS; (2) Is there an alignment between mothers' IDS beliefs and their speech register when teaching a new word to their child; and (3) How do mothers' IDS beliefs associate with children's expressive language and performance on a word learning task?MethodsFifty-three mothers and their 15- to 21-month-old monolingual English-reared infants (Mage = 17.92, SD = 1.99, 23 males) participated. Mothers were asked to teach their child a novel word and to complete the Parent Language Belief Questionnaire (PLBQ). Mothers' IDS was recorded as they taught their child a novel word and was compared to their ADS from interacting with the experimenter.ResultsFindings revealed that mothers had mixed beliefs about their use of IDS. Yet, most mothers used IDS as they taught their child a novel word. Lastly, mothers' IDS beliefs did not predict children's language skills or word learning at test.DiscussionThe current study is the first to explore whether mothers' beliefs about their use of infant-directed speech align with their actual use of IDS. As the positive benefits between IDS and children's language development have been documented, identifying the barriers surrounding why parents may not use IDS with their children is essential.

Investigating the effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation on the expressive language of children with autism spectrum disorder

Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neuropsychological disorder, characterized by social skill deficits, language disorders, and repetitive behaviors. Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the expressive language of children with ASD. Method: This semi-experimental study, with a pretest-posttest control-group design, was conducted on a statistical population of autistic children, aged 4-6 years, who were referred to the rehabilitation clinics of Yazd, Iran, during 2022. A total of 30 autistic children were randomly selected for this study. The scores of Newsha's Growth Assessment Test (2009) were compared in three intervals: before tDCS, after tDCS, and during follow-up. Data analysis was performed in SPSS Version 21, using repeated measures ANOVA. Results: The results of data analysis showed a significant difference in the mean expressive language scores of the experimental and control groups (P&lt;0.05). The effect size of tDCS on expressive language scores was estimated at 0.421. The score of Newsha's Growth Assessment Test increased significantly in the experimental group after tDCS and during the follow-up compared to the control group (P=0.001). Conclusion: The results showed that tDCS led to the improvement of the expressive language of children with ASD. Therefore, it is recommended to use this type of treatment as one of the complementary methods in the rehabilitation of ASD patients.

Language acquisition in a post-pandemic context: the impact of measures against COVID-19 on early language development.

Language acquisition is influenced by the quality and quantity of input that language learners receive. In particular, early language development has been said to rely on the acoustic speech stream, as well as on language-related visual information, such as the cues provided by the mouth of interlocutors. Furthermore, children's expressive language skills are also influenced by the variability of interlocutors that provided the input. The COVID-19 pandemic has offered an unprecedented opportunity to explore the way these input factors affect language development. On the one hand, the pervasive use of masks diminishes the quality of speech, while it also reduces visual cues to language. On the other hand, lockdowns and restrictions regarding social gatherings have considerably limited the amount of interlocutor variability in children's input. The present study aims at analyzing the effects of the pandemic measures against COVID-19 on early language development. To this end, 41 children born in 2019 and 2020 were compared with 41 children born before 2012 using the Catalan adaptation of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (MB-CDIs). Results do not show significant differences in vocabulary between pre- and post-Covid children, although there is a tendency for children with lower vocabulary levels to be in the post-Covid group. Furthermore, a relationship was found between interlocutor variability and participants' vocabulary, indicating that those participants with fewer opportunities for socio-communicative diversity showed lower expressive vocabulary scores. These results reinforce other recent findings regarding input factors and their impact on early language learning.

Instilling Self-regulation in Children with Autism (Case Study in SLBN (State Special School) Kuala Tungkal)

The problem in this study is the need to instill self-regulation in early childhood to control children's minds in learning activities and emotions and instill behavior control in friends in their environment. If it can be instilled, then autistic children can concentrate on learning. The learning process so far is rarely done on children if they do not like the activity or the subject matter they are studying. This research aims to find out how to foster self-regulation in autistic children. This research is descriptive-qualitative, while the data collection methods used are observation, interviews, and documentation to find answers to the problems raised. The conclusion is instilling Self Regulation in autistic children by providing positive reinforcement in learning autistic children, stimulating responsive language skills, and practicing the expressive language in children, which can help them become individuals who are independent, responsible, and able to manage emotions and behavior. , and daily tasks effectively. This research has an update that focuses more on autistic children, namely developing self-regulation by providing guidance and appropriate behavior models to help children practice and strengthen their self-regulation skills.

The Relationship Between Speech Delay with Cerebral Palsies in Children at Rs Haji Medan

Speech delay in children is a condition in which the child's expressive language development is inappropriate or below his age. The incidence of speech delay for Indonesian children who are not in school yet reaches 5–10%. There are more male children with speech disorders than females. The causes of speech delay can be hearing loss, cerebral palsy, low thinking ability, or autism. Cerebral palsy patients may experience uncontrollable movements and muscle spasms in the mouth. This will have an impact on the development of children's speech. This research is a descriptive-analytical study with a cross-sectional approach. The subjects of this study are patients with cerebral palsy in RS Haji Medan, with a total sample size of 132 people. Data analysis using the Chi-square tes. There was a significant relationship between speech delay and cerebral palsy among pediatric patients in RS Haji Medan. The result using Fisher’s exact test showed a P value less than 0.05, which validated the hypothesis. There was a significant relationship between speech delay and cerebral palsy among pediatric patients in RS Haji Medan.

Stalling for Time: Stall, Revision, and Stuttering-Like Disfluencies Reflect Language Factors in the Speech of Young Children.

Disfluencies can be classified as stuttering-like disfluencies (SLDs) or typical disfluencies (TDs). Dividing TDs further, stalls (fillers and repetitions) are thought to be prospective, occurring due to planning glitches, and revisions (word and phrase revisions, word fragments) are thought to be retrospective, occurring when a speaker corrects language produced in error. In the first study assessing stalls, revisions, and SLDs in matched groups of children who stutter (CWS) and children who do not stutter (CWNS), we hypothesized that SLDs and stalls would increase with utterance length and grammaticality but not with a child's expressive language level. We expected revisions to be associated with a child having more advanced language but not with utterance length or grammaticality. We hypothesized that SLDs and stalls (thought to be planning-related) would tend to precede grammatical errors. We analyzed 15,782 utterances from 32 preschool-age CWS and 32 matched CWNS to assess these predictions. Stalls and revisions increased in ungrammatical and longer utterances and with the child's language level. SLDs increased in ungrammatical and longer utterances, but not with overall language level. SLDs and stalls tended to occur before grammatical errors. Results suggest that both stalls and revisions are more likely to occur in utterances that are harder to plan (those that are ungrammatical and/or longer) and that, as children's language develops, so do the skills they need to produce both stalls and revisions. We discuss clinical implications of the finding that ungrammatical utterances are more likely to be stuttered.

Verbal Responsiveness in Parents of Toddlers With and Without Autism During a Home Observation.

This study examined patterns of verbal responsiveness in parents of toddlers (Mage = 20months) later identified with autism (n = 121), developmental delay (n = 46), or typical development (n = 44) during an hourlong home observation. Parent verbal responsiveness (PVR) was compared using MANOVA across groups and by child expressive language phase. Multiple regression analyses controlling for child age and maternal education were employed to examine the extent to which PVR predicted variance in concurrent child social communication and prospective language skills. Parents provided synchronous responses approximately 90% of the time. Parents of children with autism and developmental delay used smaller proportions of responses that added linguistic information (i.e., expansions and follow-in directives for language) than those of children with typical development. Parents of children in the preverbal phase were more likely, on average, to affirm their children's acts of intentional communication or provide a follow-in directive for action that did not necessitate a verbal response than to expand or elicit language. Regression results indicated that parental use of expansions and follow-in directives for language made significant contributions to child language outcomes. The patterns we observed may reflect parents' attunement to their child's developmental level. Responsiveness to a child's focus of attention is vital in the earlier stages of language learning; however, results point to the potential importance of parental expansions and follow-in directives for promoting language development across groups in this sample. Directions for intervention research targeting PVR and language skills in toddlers with autism and developmental delays are discussed.

The Effect of Storytelling Methods and Self-Confidence Children's Expressive Language Skills

This study aims to determine the effect of the storytelling method and self-confidence on the expressive language skills of early childhood. The approach used is quantitative through an experimental method with treatment by level 2x2 design. This research was conducted on children in group B Kindergarten in Tanah Datar Regency. The sampling technique used is simple random sampling (simple random sampling). The number of samples in this study was 24 children (12 in the experimental class and 12 in the control class. Data collection in this study used a self-made checklist. The data analysis technique in this study used two-way ANOVA to see the main effects and interactions then used the Tukey test). To see a simple effect, the results of this study are as follows: 1) The expressive language ability of children who are given the storytelling method is higher than the children who are given the show and tell treatment. 2) There is an interaction between the storytelling method and self-confidence, in general, it has a significant effect on children's expressive language skills. 3) Children who have high self-confidence, by being treated with the storytelling method have higher expressive language skills than using the show and tell storytelling method). 4) Children who have low self-confidence using the show and tell storytelling method have higher expressive language skills than those who are treated using the storytelling method