Water Consumption In Children Research Articles

Correlation between Escherichia coli resistant gene isolated from stool samples of children under five years and that from consumed water

Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) causes enteric infections and diarrhea, especially in young children. Kenya reports around 2.6 million cases and 7,000 deaths annually due to diarrhea. Antibiotic-resistant DEC strains are a significant public health concern, complicating treatment. The objective of this research was to correlate children's water consumption and antimicrobial-resistant DEC development. The study sampled 1124 children under five with diarrhea in Nakuru, Kenya, using a case-control design. Among 384 eligible children, 192 cases showed Amoxicillin-resistant DEC. Water samples from households were collected and analyzed for DEC presence. The samples were filtered, plated onto MacConkey agar, and subcultured onto Eosin Methylene Blue agar for further analysis. The DEC pathotypes were identified based on morphological and biochemical characteristics, and antibiotic resistance was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The study revealed a strong correlation of 11.613 (95 % Confidence Interval [CI]: 6.495–20.765, p-value: 0.000) between microbial burden in vended water (water sold by vendors) used by different households consumption and antimicrobial resistance in DEC. Water sources showed a high prevalence of DEC, primarily Enteroaggregative, enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic, and enteroinvasive E. coli. DEC isolates also exhibited varying antibiotic resistance, and genes like blaCTX-M, blaTEM, and blaSHV were identified using PCR. The Spearman correlation coefficient was one, showing that resistance genes in water and stool were perfectly correlated. The study emphasizes the significance of improving water quality, hygiene, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria control to prevent and manage DEC and infectious diseases in Kenya. To combat outbreaks, effective surveillance and rapid reaction procedures are essential. The findings help to shape public health policies and initiatives.

Relationship of eating habits to acute appendicitis in children: a literature review

Introduction: Appendicitis is the inflammation of appendix vermiformis and is designated a national health priority issue by the Ministry of Health. Obstruction of the appendicitis lumen is the main etiology of acute appendicitis, and one of the risk factors is eating habits. This study aimed to determine how eating habits are at risk of causing appendicitis in children. Eating habits that were becoming the focus of this study are fiber intake, water consumption, and fast food. Methods: This research is a literature study with the scoping review method, compiled based on PRISMA-ScR. Results: The results obtained are four works of literature stating that low fiber intake and inadequate water consumption in children have a relationship with acute appendicitis, and one piece of literature states that there is no correlation. However, the consumption of fast food has no direct relationship to the occurrence of appendicitis. Conclusion: In this review, a low-fiber diet was significantly correlated with an increased incidence of appendicitis in children.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of a school- and community-based intervention to promote a healthy lifestyle and prevent type 2 diabetes in vulnerable families across Europe: the Feel4Diabetes-study

The Feel4Diabetes-study implemented a school- and community-based intervention to promote healthy lifestyle and prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in six European countries. The intervention included a special focus on families at increased T2DM risk. The current study evaluates the intervention's cost-effectiveness.A Markov-type health economic model was developed to predict the incidence of T2DM and its complications. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (lifetime horizon, societal perspective) were calculated based on the overall intervention effect on health behaviour, and stratified for low- and high-risk families. Sensitivity analyses captured input parameters uncertainty. A budget impact analysis was performed.The increase in children's water consumption and physical activity led to a modest gain in quality adjusted life years (QALYs) at a low intervention cost and budget impact. Medical cost savings due to avoided illness could only be achieved on the very long-term (>30 years). The intervention in its entirety was cost-effective (more QALYs at a reasonable investment) in Belgium, Finland, Bulgaria, and Hungary, while being dominant (net savings and more QALYs) in Greece and Spain. Results were cost-effective for the low-risk families, who only received the school- and community-based intervention component. Results for the high-risk families were only cost-effective (with considerable uncertainty) in Greece and Spain, but not when the intervention would need to be repeated.The Feel4Diabetes-intervention is potentially cost-effective, especially in countries with a high overweight and obesity prevalence, at a limited budget impact. The incremental financial investments to reach and support high-risk families did not result in the hoped-for health benefits.

Social Representations of Drinking Water in Schoolchildren and Parents from Two Schools in Zapopan, Mexico.

Childhood obesity and children being overweight has increased recently; although they are multi-causal problems, an unhealthy diet is a critical component. In Mexico, drinking water consumption in children from 9 to 18 years only reaches 30% of total fluid consumption. The aim of our study was to describe the social representations (SR) of drinking water in school-children and parents of two schools in Zapopan, Mexico. Associative free listing was used as an information gathering technique. Schoolchildren aged 8 to 12 years (n = 50) and parents (n = 23) from two elementary schools were selected by a convenience sampling from April to June 2015. A similarity analysis was performed using the co-occurrence index; with this, a similarity graph was obtained. Prototypical analysis was performed to explore the structure of the SR. Three dimensions were described in the children’s SR: a functional dimension related to health and nutrition, a practical dimension that describes the instruments used for its consumption, and a theoretical dimension that specifies the characteristics of water and its relationship with nature. In the parents’ SR, a functional dimension was also found; another dimension was described regarding the integral well-being that drinking water provides. A practical dimension describes the features related to its consumption. The investigation describes the structure of the water SR, which help to contextualize and explain the actions of schoolchildren and their parents regarding drinking water consumption.

Variation in outcomes of the Melbourne Infant, Feeding, Activity and Nutrition Trial (INFANT) according to maternal education and age 2 and 3·5 years post-intervention.

This study aimed to assess whether the long-term effectiveness of the Melbourne Infant, Feeding, Activity and Nutrition Trial (INFANT) at 2 and 3·5 years post-intervention varied according to maternal education and age. Two and 3·5 years post-intervention follow-up of the INFANT cluster-randomised controlled trial. Outcomes at both follow-ups included children's BMI z-scores, physical activity (ActiGraph), television viewing (parental report) and dietary intake (3 × 24-h dietary recalls). Dichotomous moderator variables included maternal education (university v. no university) and age (< 32 v. ≥ 32 years). Population based. Families completing the 15-month programme (n 492) were invited to participate in the follow-ups when their child was 3·6 and 5 years old. At the 2-year follow-up, the intervention effects on vegetable (positive) and sweet snack (negative) intake were greater in children with higher educated mothers, whereas water consumption (positive) was greater in children with lower educated mothers. At the 2-year follow-up, the intervention was more effective in increasing water consumption in children with younger mothers and decreasing sweet snack intake in children with older mothers (opposite result observed at the 3·5-year follow-up). At the 3·5-year follow-up, children with younger and older mothers increased and decreased their consumption of savoury snacks, respectively. Moderation by maternal education and age were observed for some outcomes; however, clear patterns were not evident at both follow-ups, with little consistency across outcomes. This indicates that INFANT was more-or-less equally effective in children irrespective of their mother's education level or age, which is important in community-based interventions.

Interventions to increase the consumption of water among children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

SummaryThe aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis on the effectiveness of interventions to increase children's water consumption. A systematic literature search was conducted in seven electronic databases. Studies published in English before 18 February 2019 that evaluated any type of intervention that measured change in water consumption among children aged 2 to 12 years by applying any type of design were included. Of the 47 interventions included in the systematic review, 24 reported a statistically significant increase in water consumption. Twenty‐four interventions (17 randomized controlled trials and seven studies with other controlled designs) were included in the meta‐analysis. On average, children in intervention groups consumed 29 mL/d (confidence interval [CI] = 13–46 mL/d) more water than did children in control groups. This effect was larger in eight interventions focused specifically on diet (MD = 73 mL/d, CI = 20–126 mL/d) than in 16 interventions focused also on other lifestyle factors (MD = 15 mL/d, CI = 1–29 mL/d). Significant subgroup differences were also found by study setting and socioecological level targeted but not by children's age group, intervention strategy, or study design. In conclusion, there is evidence that, on average, lifestyle interventions can lead to small increases in children's daily water consumption. More research is needed to further understand the specific intervention elements that have the greatest effect.

Effectiveness of an educational strategy to increase plain water consumption in children.

We tested the effectiveness of the I prefer plain water educational strategy used to increase water consumption in elementary school children. A community intervention trial was performed in eight public elementary schools in Mexico City. The schools were randomized into an intervention (IG) and a control (CG) group. Each school was provided water dispensers inside the classrooms. The IG received the educational strategy. The strategy was considered effective if the students increased their water consumption by ≥220 ml. Water consumption in the IG increased 167 ml vs. 37 ml in CG (p < 0.001). The goal of the educational strategy for water consumption was achieved in 166/413 children in the IG and 95/364 children in the CG (p < 0.001). I prefer plain water, associated with free access to water inside the classrooms, proved to be effective to increase water consumption.

A school-based mentoring program developing healthy behaviors of adolescents with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A pilot feasibility study

BackgroundStudies have reported that adolescents with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) have a higher prevalence of obesity due to medication intake, poor diet, and physical inactivity. More importantly, they lack awareness and comprehension to prevent weight problems. Thereby, health-promoting practices should be offered in schools for adolescents with IDD. Objective/HypothesisThis pilot study examined the feasibility of a school-based intervention using the I Can Do It! (ICDI) national health promotion model to promote healthy behaviors of adolescents with IDD. MethodsA pretest-posttest design was employed. Fourteen adolescents (9 males, 5 females) aged 12–15 years (mean = 13.4, SD = 0.9) from self-contained classrooms completed a 14-week intervention (60–70 min/session) over 4-month period. Healthy behaviors were evaluated by body composition (waist circumference and BMI z-score), physical activity level and nutrition behaviors. ResultsBody composition did not change as a result of the intervention. The intervention increased the amount of time spent in physical activity, but not the frequency. In contrast, the children's water consumption did significantly increase after the intervention (d = 3.39). The amount of fruit and vegetables also significantly increased after the intervention, where only 7% reported eating these daily before the intervention and afterwards 86% reported eating fruits and vegetables daily (p < .0001). ConclusionsThe results demonstrate that it is feasible to conduct a goal-driven, mentor-based intervention in school for adolescents with IDD. While preliminary effectiveness results are promising, future research should focus on rigorously testing the effectiveness of the ICDI model and examining the programs long-term sustainability.

Parental perceptions and drinking water source among pediatric population in the United Arab Emirates

Aims: The aim of the study is to determine the water source used for drinking and cooking purpose by the pediatric population in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). To ascertain the underlying factors influencing the parental choice for selecting tap water or bottled water. The study was also done to evaluate whether demographic factors have an influence on the parental choice of water consumption source.Materials and Methods: A total of 200 parents who had children aged between 3- and 15-year-old were chosen for this randomized cross-sectional study. The parents of the selected children were given a prewritten questionnaire consisting of 12 questions in four different languages. The questionnaires documented sociodemographic characteristics, water consumption practices, and the rationale for choosing bottled water and tap water. The responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a Chi-square test for a single proportion. Results: Majority of the parents in this study preferred bottled water to tap water for drinking and cooking purposes. About 84% of the parents opted bottled water for drinking and 57% selected bottled water for cooking at home. The consumption of tap water for drinking purpose from school and home was only 13% and 16%, respectively. Parental educational background and household income did not affect their selected source of water. A Chi-square test of independence conducted to investigate possible association between source of water and its purpose for drinking and cooking revealed that the source of water (tap/bottled water) was dependent on its purpose. Conclusion: A greater percentage of the UAE pediatric population utilized bottled water for drinking at school and home. The perceptions about the quality and safety of tap water had a great effect on the caregiver's choice on children's water consumption habits. The demographic factors such as socioeconomic status and parental education had no influence on the source of water used for drinking purpose.

Mediators of the Effectiveness of an Intervention Promoting Water Consumption in Preschool Children: The ToyBox Study

The ToyBox-intervention has increased preschool children's water consumption. This study aimed to examine if family-related determinants mediate the effects of the ToyBox-intervention on preschoolers' water consumption. Overall, 6290 preschoolers and their families from 6 European countries participated in the ToyBox-intervention and returned parental questionnaires in May/June 2012 and 2013. This study included the 3725 preschoolers/families who had complete data on water consumption, all mediators, and confounders. Mediation effects were assessed with bootstrapping procedure. Regarding the intervention effects on family-related determinants, the ToyBox-intervention significantly increased water availability during meals, parental water consumption, parental encouragement to their children to drink water, and parental knowledge on water recommendations. In the multiple mediator model, all factors were independently associated with preschoolers' water consumption and mediated the intervention effect on preschoolers' water consumption (total mediation effect = 40%). After including all mediators into the model, the direct intervention effect remained significant. The effect of the ToyBox-intervention on preschool children's water consumption was mediated by most family-related determinants examined in this study (ie, availability, parental modeling, parental encouragement, and parental knowledge). Interventions aiming to promote water in preschoolers should target these mediators to enhance their effectiveness.

Water Consumption in European Children: Associations with Intake of Fruit Juices, Soft Drinks and Related Parenting Practices.

Background: High intake of fruit juices and soft drinks contributes to excessive weight gain and obesity in children. Furthermore, parenting practices play an important role in the development of children’s dietary habits. The way parents play this role in the development of their children’s choices of beverages is still unclear. Objectives: To study the associations: (1) of both fruit juices and soft drinks consumption with water consumption of children and (2) The associations between parenting practices towards fruit juices and soft drinks and water consumption of children. Design: Cross-sectional data from 6 to 8 year old children from seven European communities (n = 1187) were collected. Associations among fruit juices, soft drinks, the respective parenting practices and the child’s water consumption were assessed by parental questionnaires. Results: The consumption of water was inversely associated with that of soft drinks but not with the consumption of fruit juices. The child’s water intake was favorably influenced when stricter parenting practices towards soft drinks were adopted (e.g., less parental allowance, low home availability and high parental self-efficacy in managing intake). There was less influence observed of parenting practices towards fruit juices. Fruit juices were consumed more often than soft drinks. Conclusions: Low consumption of soft drinks—and not of fruit juices—was associated with high water consumption in children in the current study. Moreover, parenting practices towards both fruit juices and soft drinks were associated with the water intake of the children, irrespective of their socio-economic status.

Question 1: What is the best strategy to promote water consumption in children?

Mario is obese and drinks over 1 L of sweetened beverages a day. His mother is worried about her son because she is obese as well and was just diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. She has read that sugar-containing beverage intake is linked to obesity in childhood. She wonders if there is a way to get Mario to drink water instead of sweetened beverages and asks your opinion. ### Structured clinical question In children and adolescents (0–18 years) (patient), how should we promote water drinking (intervention) to increase water intake (outcome)? Secondary sources (Cochrane Library): nil. Search strategy MEDLINE (to October 2015) ‘water’ and ‘drink’ and ‘children’ yielded 292 hits, of which 7 were relevant; ‘water’ and ‘encourage*’ and ‘children’ with limit ‘clinical study’ produced 274 hits and revealed two additional studies; ‘water’ and ‘promot*’ with limit ‘clinical study’ produced 126 hits …

Impact of implementation factors on children's water consumption in the Out-of-School Nutrition and Physical Activity group-randomized trial.

National data suggest that children are not consuming enough water. Experimental evidence has linked increased water consumption to obesity prevention, and the National AfterSchool Association has named serving water as ones of its standards for healthy eating and physical activity in out-of-school time settings. From fall 2010 to spring 2011, twenty Boston afterschool program sites participated in the Out-of-School Nutrition and Physical Activity (OSNAP) initiative, a group-randomized trial investigating nutrition and physical activity policies and practices that promote child health. Researchers used data from OSNAP to study the key factors that influence the implementation of practices that promote water intake. Aspects of the organizational capacity of the afterschool programs, characteristics of the providers, and the community context were hypothesized to impact changes in children's water consumption. This chapter demonstrates the effectiveness of an afterschool intervention on increases in children's water consumption. It also outlines the substantial influence that implementation factors can have on the effectiveness of an obesity prevention intervention, highlighting the importance of understanding how interventions are delivered in real-world settings.

Fluid intake in Spanish children and adolescents; a cross-sectional study.

Some studies demonstrated that dehydration process is prevalent among young populations and subsequently, a cause of concern. However, the evaluation of the fluid consumption pattern of children and adolescent populations has not been widely assessed. To evaluate the total fluid intake from different types of beverages in Spanish children and adolescents. A total of 238 children and adolescents aged 3-17 years were randomly recruited from all Spanish regions. The information about the quantity and quality of daily fluid intake from different types of beverages was collected using a 24 h fluid-specific diary over 7 consecutive days. Fluid intake was < 80% of the EFSA recommendations in 87% of the study population. In our sample, water was the main contributor to fluid intake, followed by milk and derivates and sweet regular beverages. No differences in consumption patterns were found according to gender. Consumption of hot beverages as well as sweet regular and sweet light beverages increased with age, while milk and milk derivates consumption decreased. The large majority of our young population did not meet the EFSA recommendations for total water intake. Therefore, an increase in plain water consumption in children and adolescents should be promoted in order to fulfill the fluid needs without increasing calorie intake.

Validity and reliability of a behavior-based food coding system for measuring fruit, 100% fruit juice, vegetable, and sweetened beverage consumption: results from the Girls Health Enrichment Multisite Studies

Background . This paper presents the rationale, reliability, and validity of a behavior-based food coding system for measuring fruit (F), juice (J), vegetable (V), sweetened beverage, and water consumption in children. Methods . Coding algorithms for FJV, sweetened beverages, and water were developed for use with the Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R). Two hundred and ten 8- to 10-year-old African American girls at four field centers completed two 24-h dietary recalls at baseline and at 12 weeks follow-up after a weight gain prevention intervention. Differences in mean baseline consumption of selected food variables and other selected nutrients across the four field centers were analyzed. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for reliability across 2 days of food recalls and 12-week test–retest reliability correlations were calculated. For the purposes of this paper, nutrient intake estimates were considered construct validators of food intake, and validity was assessed by correlating the coded food variable servings with nutrient intake. Results . ICCs varied from zero (0.001 for beta carotene equivalents) to moderate (0.44 for sucrose), indicating substantial instability in consumption or reporting. Twelve-week test–retest correlations were slight to moderate (0.09 for lycopene to 0.49 for folate). FJV consumption was negatively related to percent energy from fat ( r = −0.28; P = 0.001) and positively related to other nutrients. Sweetened beverage consumption was positively related to energy, sucrose, fructose, and vitamin C consumption. Conclusions . This behavior-based food coding system demonstrated construct validity among 8- to 10-year-old African American girls and can measure the desired food groups.

Validity and reliability of a behavior-based food coding system for measuring fruit, 100% fruit juice, vegetable, and sweetened beverage consumption: results from the Girls Health Enrichment Multisite Studies

Background. This paper presents the rationale, reliability, and validity of a behavior-based food coding system for measuring fruit (F), juice (J), vegetable (V), sweetened beverage, and water consumption in children. Methods. Coding algorithms for FJV, sweetened beverages, and water were developed for use with the Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R). Two hundred and ten 8- to 10-year-old African American girls at four field centers completed two 24-h dietary recalls at baseline and at 12 weeks follow-up after a weight gain prevention intervention. Differences in mean baseline consumption of selected food variables and other selected nutrients across the four field centers were analyzed. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for reliability across 2 days of food recalls and 12-week test–retest reliability correlations were calculated. For the purposes of this paper, nutrient intake estimates were considered construct validators of food intake, and validity was assessed by correlating the coded food variable servings with nutrient intake. Results. ICCs varied from zero (0.001 for beta carotene equivalents) to moderate (0.44 for sucrose), indicating substantial instability in consumption or reporting. Twelve-week test–retest correlations were slight to moderate (0.09 for lycopene to 0.49 for folate). FJV consumption was negatively related to percent energy from fat ( r = −0.28; P = 0.001) and positively related to other nutrients. Sweetened beverage consumption was positively related to energy, sucrose, fructose, and vitamin C consumption. Conclusions. This behavior-based food coding system demonstrated construct validity among 8- to 10-year-old African American girls and can measure the desired food groups.