Transportation Of Children Research Articles

CHILDREN’S INDEPENDENT MOBILITY TO SCHOOL IN MALAYSIA

The concept of children’s independent mobility encourages children to participate in physical activity through active transportation. Children’s Independent Mobility (CIM) is defined as the freedom for children to move around their surrounding neighbourhood without supervised by an adult supervision. Currently, there are some concerns about the decline in children's levels of physical activity. Increased reliance on automobiles for children's daily transportation can have negative effects on the environment, as well as increase the level of childhood obesity, and reduce their sense of independence. Research suggests that independent mobility to school is an essential component of a balanced childhood, and it has positive impacts on various aspects of children's lives, such as physical health, social skills, and cognitive development. However, very few practical studies address the association between children`s independent mobility and school specifically. Investigating CIM in the specific context of children's mobility to school is important because commuting between home and school is a major issue in active school travel. Adopting literature reviews as an approach, this paper will outline some recommendations that can be used by the relevant authorities in implementing pedestrian policies and guidelines for school children based on school accessibility and connectivity to promote CIM. From the literature reviews, this paper establishes a conceptual framework for the promotion of CIM to schools in the Malaysian context. It was found that most residential areas and school surroundings in Malaysia are responsive to children`s needs but parents` mindsets hinder this concept to be successfully done.

Regional trends in mental health inequalities in young people aged 16–25 in the UK and the role of cuts to local government expenditure: Repeated cross-sectional analysis using the British household panel Survey/UK household longitudinal survey

Young people's mental health globally has been in decline. Because of their low perceived need, young people's services tend to be the first cut when budgets are reduced. There is a lack of evidence on how a reduction in services and opportunities for young people is associated with their mental health. Additionally, how this may be magnified by place and the assets and challenges of place. The aim of this study is to explore trends in young people's mental health measured by GHQ-12 over time in the twelve regions of the UK. We estimated an interrupted time series model using 2010 as a break point from which there was a shift in government policy to a prolonged period of large reductions in central government funding. Repeated cross-sectional data on young people aged 16–25 is used from the British Household Panel Survey and its successor survey UK Household Longitudinal Survey. Results showed a statistically significant reduction in mental health for young people living in the North East, Wales, and the East of England. The North East was the region with the largest reduction in funding and saw the greatest reduction in young people's mental health. Next, we look at how reductions in local government expenditure related to services for children and young people: children's social services, education, transportation, and culture; explain the observed decline in mental health. We employ a Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition approach comparing young people's mental health between 2011 and 2017. Results show a marginally statistically significant decrease in young people's mental health over this time. Unobserved factors related to transport spending and children's social services explain some of this gap. Area level factors such as deprivation, infrastructure, and existing assets need to be considered when distributing funding for young people's services to avoid exacerbating regional inequalities in mental health.

Socio-environmental factors associated with shifts in children's travel mode between 6 and 8 years

IntroductionActive school travel (AST) is an important contributor to child health, yet levels are low and declining in Aotearoa New Zealand. There is a paucity of research exploring change in AST over the earliest school years, a key life stage for setting AST habits for lifelong health gain. We aimed to measure transport mode shifts between 6 and 8 years of age, and identify factors associated with mode shifts. MethodsWe used data from the 6 and 8 year waves of the Growing Up in New Zealand Study, including 642 participants with AST measures at both times. Parents/caregivers were asked about their child's usual transport mode to/from school, perceptions about distance to school, school community cohesion, perceptions of their child at school, and a range of sociodemographic factors. At 8 years, children also self-reported perceptions of peer relationships and school. Factors associated with shifts from active to passive, and passive to active modes from 6 to 8 years were explored using stepwise logistic regression with backwards selection. ResultsAST was low at both time points (37% at 6 years, 34% at 8 years). Overall, 12% moved from active to passive modes and 9% moved from passive to active modes. Higher odds of shifting to active travel modes at 8 years were found for boys, living closer to school, parent-reported importance of living close to school, and child-reported peer relationships/liking school at 8 years. Only one factor was associated with changing to passive modes; for each one unit increase in school community cohesion at 6 years, the odds of changing to passive modes versus remaining with active modes was 15%. ConclusionFindings from this study highlight an urgent need for policy and practice to enable and encourage active travel modes for young children and their families.

Parental Perceptions of STEAM Education of Early Childhood Education for Social Development:A Case of St. Joseph Kindergarten Asmara Eritrea

In the twenty-first century, parents face the most intense competition in raising gifted kids with high STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Mathematics) quality who are prepared to take on difficulties, and kindergarten is the foundation for this holistic life of the child. However, there can be no meaningful social development without parental involvement in the child's STEAM education. The current study examines how parents view STEAM education for young children in Asmara, Eritrea's St. Joseph STEAM-integrated kindergarten to ensure healthy social development. The study used mixed techniques to identify parents' perspectives toward STEAM education and how it affects their kindergarteners' academic and social/emotional growth. It also investigated the barriers that prevent parents from becoming involved in their children's education. The quantitative data was gathered from thirty parents (n=30). On the other hand, semi-structured interviews with fifteen parents involved them. The results showed that in the kindergarten used in the case study, parents were seen as being involved at home and paying for the child's transportation and school expenses. Furthermore, it was discovered that parents encourage their kids' social and emotional growth. In addition, the study discovered a few characteristics that influence parents' perceptions of STEAM education in kindergarten, including a lack of STEAM education knowledge and awareness, a lack of time for a child's follow-up, low parental income, low educational attainment, and a lack of someone to watch the other kids. Furthermore, the current study recommends further research that incorporates various types of kindergartens with different parents to enrich the data on parental perception of STEAM education in Eritrea.

Kentsel Alanlarda Çocukların Okula Ulaşımları: Farklı Uygulama Modellerinin Sistematik Bir Derlemesi

This research focuses on children's transportation to school in urban areas. The first of the issues addressed in the study is the evaluation of research questions, objectives, methods used, with whom and how the research can be conducted while creating a research outline for this subject; the second includes evaluations were conducted on practices and new application models developed to support active travel between home and school for children in urban areas. In this context, this review evaluated 27 studies published between 2000 and 2019 covering the issues of walking or cycling to school from different aspects. The studies examined were handled under three main headings: the general content of the articles, their methods and procedures, and as research questions and results. According to the findings of the studies examined, seven research questions were created and concrete outputs related to the subject were presented through the answers of these questions. As a result, regarding active travel of children to school, measures to be taken in terms of safety, transportation, education, planning, design, and implementation were discussed.

Electronic screening for unmet social needs in a pediatric pulmonary clinic: Acceptability and associations with health outcomes.

Children with unmet basic needs experience worse health than more advantaged counterparts. There has been limited research on screening for unmet basic needs in pediatric subspecialty care. Caregivers of established patients in pediatric asthma and cystic fibrosis (CF) clinics were screened for unmet basic needs with an electronic survey, which asked about concerns and stress level (5-point Likert scale) related to food, housing, transportation, health insurance, and childcare, among others. Medical record review provided patient demographic characteristics and clinical data. A follow-up survey with the clinical providers assessed the acceptability of electronic screening for unmet needs. The sample included 214 pediatric patients (N = 105 asthma, N = 109 CF) and their caregivers. Most patients with asthma (76%) were Black, 30% in households with <$20,000 annual income. In contrast, most patients with CF (93%) were white, 12% in households with <$20,000 annual income. Reported needs included food insecurity (29% asthma and 17% CF), healthy food (75% asthma and 87% CF), financial insecurity (45% asthma and 32% CF), health insurance (15% asthma and 28% CF), smoke exposure (24% asthma and 28% CF), child's exercise (21% asthma and 28% CF), living conditions (18% asthma and 17% CF), childcare (11% asthma and 15% CF), transportation (16% asthma and 9% CF), and housing insecurity (10% asthma and 8% CF). Concerns were rated moderately to very stressful. Food insecurity, financial insecurity, and smoke exposure were significantly associated with uncontrolled asthma. In people with CF, concerns about health insurance and child exercise were significantly associated with lower lung function and increased odds of hospitalizations. Clinicians believed that screening was important and should be administered by a designated person on the clinical team. Unmet basic needs and associated stress levels are linked to adverse pediatric pulmonary outcomes. Electronic screening, without face-to-face interaction or paper trail, facilitates high response rates and is easily integrated into clinic flow. Such screenings can identify vulnerable patients for targeted interventions and referral to available community resources.

One should really be more worried about too little physical activity than injuries while walking or cycling to school. Parents’ perception of risk concerning active school transportation.

IntroductionActive school transportation (AST) can be a powerful strategy to promote physical activity and improve children's health. Parents' perceptions of traffic risks are an important factor in their decision concerning their child's transport mode to school and addressing discordances between the percieved risks and actual incidents might contribute to promote children's AST. This study adopted a game originally designed for the context of information security to resonate with the context of Swedish AST and the aim of the study was to describe parent's experience of playing the game. MethodsA qualitative approach was chosen and data was collected using focus groups with 16 parents for totally 29 children aged 7–12. The collected data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. ResultsThe results formed one main theme “Playing promotes parents' awareness and consideration of active school transportation” and three subthemes; “Fast, fun, and functional; Experiences from playing the game” showing that the parents perceived the game to be fun, easy, and time efficient to play. “Then and now. Own childhood experience vs being a parent” showing that parents' perception of risk can sometimes be barriers to their children's opportunity to use AST. “Personal perceptions vs statistical risk” showing that playing the game addressed the discordance between the parents' perceived risks and actual incidents, as well as promoted parents' awareness and consideration of AST. ConclusionsIncluding an intervention component such as a game for parents and using schools as the arena for implementing projects promoting AST to improve children's physical activity levels, might be a fruitful avenue.

Региональные особенности структуры детской транспортной травмы с летальным исходом в Саратовской и Тамбовской областях

To identify regional features of the structure of fatal child transport trauma we conducted a retrospective study based on the materials of forensic medical examinations of children’s corpses under the age of 18 who died as a result of transport injury in the Saratov and Tambov Regions in 2010–2020. Significant differences in the studied regions were revealed when comparing the proportions of different types of transport injuries with a significant predominance of automobile injuries in the Saratov Region and a greater frequency of railway injuries and injuries on two-wheeled vehicles in the Tambov Region. Most significantly, these differences were in children aged 12–17 years, among whom in the Tambov region all types of transport and automobile inju-ries were distributed almost evenly, and in the Saratov Region, this age group was significantly dominated by passenger injury with a slight frequency of other injury types. We note regional pe-culiarities in the ratio of types of car injuries, manifested in a greater proportion of dead pedestrian children in the Saratov Region, child passengers in the Tambov Region. Similar indicators in the structure of children's transport injuries in the regions were the ratio of the proportions of boys and girls, seasonality and the proportion of alcohol-associated injury cases.

Stories From Children's Nurses in Flight: Exploring Experiences of Air Medical Transfers

ObjectiveNurses are immersed in stories, and nurses who participate in flight transfers have stories to tell that may hold interest and offer insight for air medical professionals around the world. MethodsUsing a narrative inquiry methodology, 5 nurses working for a children's transport service in England were invited to tell stories from their experiences of air medical transfers. The aim of this article was to describe the meanings the nurses assigned to their experiences of flight transfers and to develop an interpretation of the narrative accounts, investigating the implications of the stories. ResultsThis study provides a record of nurses’ flight experiences within a predominately road-based children's transport service. The analysis considered the following topics: humor, parental presence on transport, and the joy and fear associated with the work. Implications for the training of nurses who fly were identified; it is recommended that the design of training should place the technical challenges of the work in the context of the emotional challenges. ConclusionThis article is a timely reflection on the social context of this new nursing experience for any situation around the world, which is seeing expansion of children's air medical transport provision.

Zoning System In Education Application In The City Of Pasuruan, East Java

This paper examines the application of the zonation system in the City of Pasuruan. Based on preliminary observations of the zoning system in Pasuruan through the Education and Culture Office of Pasuruan City, it showed that; (a) the zoning system has been implemented in Pasuruan City, (b) there are written regulations regarding the implementation of zoning system policies in Pasuruan City, (c) there are technical guidelines regarding zoning system policies in Pasuruan City, (d) there is socialization regarding the requirements and flow of registration admission of new students (PPDB), (e) there is a schedule and time for registration, (f) there is a score for PPDB supporting values, (g) there is a school capacity, and (h) there is a division of zoning area designations. The purpose of this study was to explain parents' perceptions, equal access and improve the quality of education. The research method in this study used field research methods, namely direct observation of the research subject (parents of students) and combined with literature study. The research approach wass a qualitative approach. The qualitative research procedure produced descriptive data in the form of sentences or writings from other researchers as reinforcement of explanations in the articles and field data that the authors refer to. From the results of the study, most of the parents of students assumed that the zoning system policy was a process of admitting new students based on distance, namely the distance between the house to the school. The positive impact was that parents of students did not bother thinking children's transportation costs. The students’ parents found that it was easier to monitor their children's interactions at school and in their neighborhood.Keywords: Sistem Zonasi, Akses dan Peningkatan Mutu Pendidikan, Kota Pasuruan.

Safe Transportation of Children With Orthopaedic Conditions.

Safe Transportation of Children With Orthopaedic Conditions.

Pediatric Palliative Transport in Critically Ill Children: A Single Center's Experience and Parents' Perspectives.

The transfer of critically ill children from intensive care units (ICUs) to their homes for palliation is seldom described. We report our 10-year pediatric palliative transport experience and conducted a survey to gain parents' perspectives of their child's transport experience. Over the study period, eight patients were transported from our pediatric ICU to their homes or hospice facilities. There were no intratransport adverse events. Parents who participated in the survey responded positively to the transport experience. The availability of a dedicated critical care transport service allowed for palliative transfers to be performed safely. Facilitating transport to allow withdrawal of life support at home is an acceptable option to families as part of holistic end-of-life care.

Children's Transport Built Environments: A Mixed Methods Study of Associations between Perceived and Objective Measures and Relationships with Parent Licence for Independent Mobility in Auckland, New Zealand.

Children’s independent mobility is declining internationally. Parents are the gatekeepers of children’s independent mobility. This mixed methods study investigates whether parent perceptions of the neighbourhood environment align with objective measures of the neighbourhood built environment, and how perceived and objective measures relate to parental licence for children’s independent mobility. Parents participating in the Neighbourhood for Active Kids study (n = 940) answered an open-ended question about what would make their neighbourhoods better for their child’s independent mobility, and reported household and child demographics. Objective measures of the neighbourhood built environment were generated using geographic information systems. Content analysis was used to classify and group parent-reported changes required to improve their neigbourhood. Parent-reported needs were then compared with objective neighbourhood built environment measures. Linear mixed modelling examined associations between parental licence for independent mobility and (1) parent neighbourhood perceptions; and (2) objectively assessed neighbourhood built environment features. Parents identified the need for safer traffic environments. No significant differences in parent reported needs were found by objectively assessed characteristics. Differences in odds of reporting needs were observed for a range of socio-demographic characteristics. Parental licence for independent mobility was only associated with a need for safer places to cycle (positive) and objectively assessed cycling infrastructure (negative) in adjusted models. Overall, the study findings indicate the importance of safer traffic environments for children’s independent mobility.

Analytical support to organization system of children transportation in long-distance trains

Abstract. In modern conditions for passenger complex of Russian Railways, important tasks include improvement of transportation quality, maintenance of stable positions in a competitive environment and increasing demand. To address these issues, a customer-oriented approach is applied based on the segmentation of transport market in relation to certain groups of passengers. Performance of children's transportation is of particular relevance and social significance. Railways are charged with a huge range of work, including sale of travel documents, preparation and equipping of passenger cars, provision of food during the trip, instructing workers, ensuring security during the embarkation/disembarkation of passengers, etc. Children can travel as individually with accompanying persons and as part of organized groups. Processes of planning, organizing, monitoring the transportation of this age category of passengers are associated with the analysis of a large amount of reference and regulatory and reporting documentation. On the basis of the ACS “Express-3”, a program-analytical complex “Children's transportation” was developed and implemented, which allows to receive data at the regional and network levels in the operational (train number, day) and statistical (period of dates, month) modes. This information technology provides analytical support for key transportation management functions — planning, control, analysis. Planning of transportation of organized children's groups is carried out on the basis of a study of the dynamics of data on the number of applications received and travel documents issued, determining the routes of trains, periods of the highest intensity of passenger traffic, obtaining information about the stations of embarkation and disembarkation. To perform the functions of monitoring the embarkation and disembarkation at the destination station of groups of children, the employees involved receive information on the train number, car number, date and time of arrival, number of children in the group using the Children's Transportation software. For the analysis of transportation of children's age categories, a functional has been developed that ensures the construction of aggregated reporting based on trains data that completed the trip. Users receive reporting information in table form, including “strict” (designed according to the approved layout) and “flexible” forms (construction is performed according to specified parameters). Software and analytical complex is designed for managers and specialists of the passenger unit of the JSC “Russian Railways”, has a modular principle of increasing functionality and provides a solution to current problems in the system of organizing children's transport service.

Challenges Faced by Latino Caregivers in Transportation of Children with Medical Complexity.

BACKGROUND Transportation challenges affect access to health care. Our objective was to describe transportation challenges faced by Latino children with medical complexity and identify strategies that could address these challenges.METHODS This is a qualitative study. Seventy Latino children with medical complexity who were enrolled in a complex care program of a tertiary care children's hospital were followed for a median duration of 18 months. Qualitative data were care coordination notes for each child obtained from care coordinators' encounter logs and reported experiences. Using thematic content analysis and an iterative process, we identified recurrent themes related to transportation challenges.RESULTS Caregivers of Latino children with medical complexity face many challenges transporting their children to medical appointments. These include lack of vehicle, inability to drive, lack of driver's license due to immigration status, and lack of resources to maintain a vehicle. As a result, Latino children with medical complexity often need non-emergency medical transportation, but caregivers find these systems difficult to use, in part because of language difficulties. Thus, they rely on care coordinators to access non-emergency medical transportation. Transportation problems can lead to missed medical appointments for the child and lost work for the caregiver. We identified interrelated factors that contributed to transportation issues for Latino children with medical complexity and potential strategies to address them.LIMITATIONS The extent of transportation challenges cannot be discerned because this is a qualitative study.CONCLUSIONS Transportation is difficult for Latino children with medical complexity, who rely on non-emergency medical transportation to access medical services. Care coordinators play a major role in addressing transportation problems for Latino children with medical complexity and their caregivers.

Pediatric Transport Practices Among Prehospital Providers.

There are nearly 1000 annual ambulance crashes within the United States involving pediatric patients. In 2012 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration/US Department of Transportation released Best-Practice Recommendations for the Safe Transportation of Children in Emergency Ground Ambulances. The aim of our study was to measure emergency medical services (EMS) providers' knowledge and opinions of how to safely transport pediatric patients. In addition, we aimed to gather information on barriers to safe pediatric transport. Members of 1 urban and 2 suburban EMS agencies completed an anonymous survey that assessed level of training, years of experience, exposure to pediatric patients, knowledge of best practices, and opinions about barriers to safe transport of pediatric patients. A total of 114 EMS providers answered the survey. Sixty-three percent were basic life support providers who had more than 10 years of experience in EMS. Ninety-six percent reported that they transported 0 to 5 pediatric patients per week. Twenty percent reported being trained on pediatric safe transport practices. Thirty-two percent of providers reported that personnel did not drive faster when transporting a sick pediatric patient. Eighty-six percent reported that it was unsafe to transport a child on a parent's lap, but 27% reported that it was appropriate to transport a newborn on the stretcher with mom. Thirty-eight percent were comfortable identifying proper restraint system/seat for pediatric patients, and only 35% were comfortable installing/using these devices. Provider-reported barriers to safe transport were identified. Our survey demonstrates that despite published best practices for the safe transport of children, many providers are unfamiliar with the safest way to transport these patients. In addition, we identified several existing barriers that may contribute to unsafe practices.

Children's everyday freedoms: Local government policies on children and sustainable mobility in two Australian states

While the significant contribution of transport in greenhouse gas emissions is well researched, the pivotal role that children's transport plays in these trends is not fully understood. This paper assesses the potential of integrating the hitherto separate literature and policy bodies of sustainable travel planning with that of child friendly cities, in order to better inform policy development. Based on a review of literature on child friendly cities and sustainable travel, we have developed a new operational framework for child centred sustainable travel policies. The framework measures consideration given to sustainable travel in children's policies and promotion of children and young people's needs and rights in sustainable travel policies from the point of view of children as equal citizens. We then review 25 child friendly policy and guidelines and 19 sustainable travel policies from Australian local governments, using this framework. This policy review finds limited integration between policies on child and youth friendliness and sustainable mobility, despite the recognition of the reduced rates of active travel amongst children.

Telemedicine in Transport of Children with Intracranial Hemorrhage

Telemedicine in Transport of Children with Intracranial Hemorrhage

An experimental study using manipulated photographs to examine interactions between micro-scale environmental factors for children's cycling for transport

Installing cycling infrastructure well-separated from motorized traffic is hypothesized to increase children's transportation cycling. However, in some streets it may not be possible to install such cycling paths (e.g. due to financial or space constraints). The current paper investigates which physical factors could increase parents' perceptions of environmental supportiveness for children's transportation cycling, across six different types of cycling infrastructure.Parents completed a choice-based conjoint task by indicating which photographed street they preferred to let their child cycle along. The streets were experimentally manipulated on 7 physical factors (e.g. traffic speed, vegetation). Interactions between type of cycle path and the other environmental factors were identified.When no or limited separation from motorized traffic is present, street characteristics increasing parents' safety perceptions (traffic density and speed) should be prioritized when aiming to improve the supportiveness of streets for children's transportation cycling. Comfort and aesthetics can further improve streets' environmental supportiveness when cycling paths are more separated from traffic.

Aeromedical Transport in Children: A Descriptive Analysis of 96 Cases.

Pediatric aeromedical transport (AT) is highly challenging. We aim to describe a series of 96 cases of children requiring medical transport in terms of the indication, modalities, and related adverse events. In this single-center retrospective study, we included air-transported patients less than 18 years old. During the study period, 96 patients, with median age of 120 months (range, 0-204), were air transported. The reason for AT was repatriation to the home country from another hospital in 65 (67.7%), whereas for 31 (32.3%) patients, it was for transport from a hospital to another for a special procedure. The main diagnosis was trauma surgery (n = 38; 39.5%). Fifteen (15.6%) patients were mechanically ventilated. No patient sustained serious adverse events during the flight. Patients were transported by an air ambulance or by a scheduled aircraft in 55.2% and 44.8%, respectively. The median flight distance was 822 km (range, 277-9878), and most of the ATs were intra-European (n = 41; 42.7%). This study describes an international experience in providing AT services for pediatric clinical cases. Among pediatric patients, the younger ones constitute a specific population, and most of them require mechanical ventilation. Therefore, the transport of these patients seems to be more appropriate in a dedicated air ambulance.