Children's Sex Role Inventory Research Articles

One hundred twelve cases of 46, XY DSD patients after initial gender assignment: a short-term survey of gender role and gender dysphoria

Background46, XY disorders of sex development (46, XY DSD) are congenital disorders with 46, XY chromosomal karyotype but inconsistent gonadal/phenotypic sex. One of the biggest concerns for parents and clinicians is the gender assignment. However, there is no standard uniform of care nor consensus at present. We sought to evaluate the current treatment's rationality and provide a reference basis for the gender reassignment in 46, XY DSD patients with a specific diagnosis.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional survey of gender role with the Pre-school Activities Inventory (PSAI), the Children's Sex Role Inventory (CSRI) in 46, XY DSD patients and set up control groups comparison. Psychiatrist assessed gender dysphoria in patients ≥ 8-year-old with the criteria of diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5).ResultsA total of 112 responders of 136 patients participated in this study (82.4%, aged 2–17.8 years, median age: 4-year-old). The follow-up period was from 6 months to 10 years (median: 2 years). Twenty-five females were reassigned to the male gender after a specific diagnosis (16/25 (64%) in 5 alfa-reductase-2 deficiency (5α-RD2), 5/25 (20%) in partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS), 4/25 (16%) in NR5A1gene mutation). Male gender assignment increased from 55.3 (n = 62) to 77.7% (n = 87). The median PSAI score was similar to the control males in 5α-RD2, PAIS, and NR5A1 gene mutation groups (p > 0.05); while identical to the control females in complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) and CYP17A1 gene mutation groups (p > 0.05). PSAI score of children raised as male was higher than those of CAIS and CYP17A1 groups raised as female (p < 0.05). CSRI scale showed no statistical differences in the consistency of gender roles and reassigned gender between 46, XY DSD patients and control groups (p > 0.05). None of the patients over 8-year-old (n = 44) had gender dysphoria.ConclusionThe reassigned gender in 46, XY DSD patients is consistent with their gender role during early childhood. None of them had gender dysphoria. The molecular diagnosis, gonadal function, and the gender reassignment are congruent within our Chinese cohort. Long-term follow-up and more evaluation are still required.

Gender selection and postoperative follow-up analysis in 85 children with 46, XY disorders of sex development

Objective: To understand the gender selection and prognosis of children with 46, XY disorders of sex development (DSD) after surgery, and to provide reference for future clinical decision-making. Methods: Data of 85 (80 males and 5 females) postoperative patients with 46, XY DSD with follow-up age of 6(4,11) years who were treated at the Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism of Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University during the period from September 2009 to April 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were grouped based on diagnosis. The basis of postoperative gender selection, patient satisfaction and related factors, gender characteristics, and adolescent development were analyzed. The Pre-school Activities Inventory or the Children's Sex Role Inventory were used in the analysis of gender tendency. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare postoperative gender satisfaction of different factors. The Kruskal-Wallis method was used to compare the postoperative gender satisfaction of each group. Fisher's test was used to compare the follow-up status of male children over 11 years old in each group. Results: Among the 85 patients, 62 individuals were raised as girls after birth, 9 were facultative and 14 as boys. According to the diagnosis, there were 31 individuals in group 1 (with 5α-reductase deficiency), 11 individuals in group 2 (with androgen insensitivity syndrome), 9 individuals in group 3 (with NR5A1 gene mutation), 4 individuals in group 4 (with hypergonadotropic gonadal dysplasia), and 30 indiviudals in group 5 (with unclear diagnosis and normal human choionic gonadotophin test). Among the 71 children who were raised as girls or facultative children after birth, 66 selected as boys, and 5 continued as girls (among them, 3 individuals were female with passive selection, and 2 individuals of testicular dysplasia with uterus in group 4 and 5 were female with active selection). Among the 71 patients faced with gender selection, only one was unsatisfied, that was a postoperative female. There was no significant difference in postoperative gender satisfaction among different disease diagnoses, surgical age and penis length (χ(2)(H)=6.007, P=0.199; Z=-0.860, P=0.390; Z=-0.438, P=0.661). Fifty-nine of the 85 cases completed the gender tendency scale test and 46 cases (78%) were consistent. In the male patients, 45 cases were consistent. Thirteen inconsistent patients (22%) were female or facultative after birth who were 5 years old or older. There was no stigmatization noticed in the inconsistent patients' daily life and school social settings. There were 22 male patients aged 11 years and older. They were 13(12,16) years old. Fourteen (64%) individuals' penile length reached the normal minimum, 15 (68%) individuals' testicular volume were equal or more than 4 ml, 16 (73%) individuals' sex hormones entered puberty levels, 12 (55%) individuals had been spermatorrhea, the age of first spermatorrhea was (13.3±2.4) years. They were satisfied and adaptable after surgery. There was no significant difference in the above indicators among the groups (χ²=2.999, P=0.694; χ²=7.278, P=0.086; χ²=5.597, P=0.358; χ²=6.904, P=0.127). Conclusions: The appropriate gender of 46, XY DSD patients was selected according to gonadal status after diagnosis. Regardless the diagnosis, the age of operation and the length of the penis at the first diagnosis, male patients were satisfied with the gender after the operation. A few of patients were inconsistent with the results of gender tendency scale test who were raised as girls or facultative children after birth, and they required sustained special attention. Some of the children showed natural adolescent development in males, and the prognosis may be ideal.

Masculinity/Femininity Predicts Brain Volumes in Normal Healthy Children

Previous research has shown sex differences in brain morphology (De Bellis et al., 2001). However, these studies have not taken gender into account. Gender is a phenotype that describes behavior. In this study, we examined the relationship between gender, sex, and brain volumes in children. One hundred and eight children ages 7 to 17 were administered the Children's Sex Role Inventory (Boldizar, 1991) and obtained volumetric brain data via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We found that, in the frontal lobe, higher masculinity predicted greater volumes of white matter. Also, in the temporal lobe, higher femininity predicted greater volumes of gray matter.

Who Likes Bratz? The Impact of Girls’ Age and Gender Role Orientation on Preferences for Barbie Versus Bratz

ABSTRACTWhy did Bratz dolls appeal to young girls? To answer this question, sixty Israeli girls, 6–11 years old, completed Boldizar's (1989) Children's Sex Role Inventory (CSRI) and were later asked how many Barbies and Bratz dolls they have. After being shown pictures of a Barbie and a Bratz doll, they were asked as to their preference, justified their preference, and explained why girls in general like the dolls. Feminine girls indicated having a larger number of dolls of both types and all girls reported having more Barbies; yet nearly all girls reported preferring to play with Bratz. Feminine girls were least likely to offer positive descriptors of Bratz dolls. The dolls’ beauty was more often cited as reasons for younger girls’ liking both dolls, and such explanations were independent of girls’ gender role orientation. Gender role orientation did not impact any of the categories of preference justification for Barbie, but it did impact justifications for liking Bratz, with androgynous and undifferentiated girls more often citing Bratz's clothes as justifications for liking the doll. The data indicate that Bratz's appearance and clothing appealed primarily to girls with nontraditional gender role orientations.

Design vs. Content: A Study of Adolescent Girls' Website Design Preferences

This study considered the utility of gender schema theory in examining girls' website design preferences. It built on a previous study which identified eight website evaluation criteria related to biological sex: collaboration, social connectivity, flexibility, motility, con- textuality, personal identification, inclusion, and graphic/multimedia concentration. Eleven fourteen-, fifteen-, and sixteen-year-old girls participated in the study. The partici- pants completed the short form of the Children's Sex-Role Inventory (CSRI). Following 50-minute Web searching sessions, they were divided into a feminine-high group and a mas- culine-high group based on their CSRI scores. Each group then participated in interviews concerning their website evaluation and design preferences. Data analysis identified relationships between gender schema and five of the proposed cri- teria: social connectivity, flexibility, motility, inclusion, and graphic/multimedia concentration. More generally, members of the feminine-high group favored evaluation criteria relating to graphic and multimedia design, whereas members of the masculine-high group favored evalu- ation criteria relating to subject content. These results indicate that gender schema theory can indeed serve as a framework for making website design more appealing to female adolescent users.

The impact of competition on intrinsic motivation and creativity: considering gender, gender segregation and gender role orientation

Abstract The present research investigated whether competition influences children's artistic creativity and intrinsic motivation toward an art activity. Study 1 tested the hypothesis that boys' creativity would be enhanced by competition, while girls' creativity would be undermined. Fifty children (aged 6–10) made paper collages in one of two conditions; half competed for prizes and half did not. Results supported our hypotheses, and further showed that when children self-segregated by gender, the impact of competition was much more pronounced. Study 2 was designed to clarify the unexpected gender-segregation finding from Study 1. The Children's Sex Role Inventory [Boldizar, J.P. (1991). Assessing sex typing and androgyny in children: the Children's Sex Role Inventory. Developmental Psychology , 27 , 505–515] was administered to 143 children (aged 6–11). One week later, these children made paper collages in one of four conditions; in addition to manipulating competition, assigned seating ensured that half of children were segregated by gender and half were not. Following the collage activity, an intrinsic and extrinsic motivation questionnaire was administered. Masculine children reported higher levels of intrinsic motivation when competing and when segregated by gender; they also reported higher levels of extrinsic motivation, especially when segregated by gender. These findings demonstrate that gender role is an important factor in determining children's responses to competition.

Psychological Sex Type and Preferences for Musical Instruments in Fourth and Fifth Graders

Music education researchers have found biological sex to be in important determinant of whether elementary students persevere in musical instrument training. Psychological sex type may also play an important role. A sample of 108 students from two elementary schools completed the Children's Sex Role Inventory (Boldizar, 1991) and, following a presentation of nine typical band instruments, completed a survey assessing most- and least-preferred instruments. Results showed that masculine sex-typed students preferred, masculine-stereotyped instruments, feminine sex-typed students preferred feminine-stereotyped instruments, and androgynous students preferred neutral instruments. The converse pattern was obtained for least-preferred instruments, with the exception that androgynous children disliked both categories of sex-typed instruments. These results suggest that to enhance retention in musical instrument education, children's psychosocial identity ought to be considered.

Children's gender-related self-perceptions, activity preferences, and occupational stereotypes: A test of three models of gender constructs

Fourth through sixth grade boys (n= 197) and girls (n= 271) were given a simplified form of the Personal Attributes Questionnaire [J. T. Spence and R. L. Helmreich (1978b) The Intermediate Personal Attributes Questionnaire: A Simplified Version for Children and Adults, unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin], assessing desirable instrumental and expressive traits; subsets of items from J. P. Boldizar's [(1991) “Assessing Sex Typing and Androgyny in Children: The Children's Sex Role Inventory,” Developmental Psychology,Vol. 27, pp. 505–513] children's version of the Bem Sex Role Inventory [S. L. Bem (1974) “The Measurement of Psychological Androgyny,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 42, 155–162]; S. L. Harter's [(1985) Manual for the Self-Perception Profile for Children, Denver: University of Denver] measures of self-esteem; and measures of masculine and feminine activity preferences and prescriptive occupational stereotypes. The children were predominantly white and from middle-class backgrounds. The correlations among the gender-related measures were more congruent with a multifactorial approach to gender than the unifactorial gender schema model or the two-factor model of masculinity and femininity. Instrumentality, however, was correlated with self-esteem in both genders, a finding most reasonably interpreted in terms of this personality variable per se.

The relationship between gender role orientation and perceived self-competency in male and female adolescents

Relationships among gender, gender role orientation, grade, and perceived self-competency were examined in this study. Subjects were almost entirely Caucasian and included one hundred and ninety-four adolescents in the sixth through twelfth grades. The adolescents responded to the Children's Sex Role Inventory and the Self Perception Profile for Adolescents. Boys had higher perceived social and athletic competency; girls had higher perceived romantic appeal. Androgynous adolescents had the highest perceived scholastic competency, close friendship competency, and global self worth. Masculinity predicted perceived scholastic competency and close friendship competency in girls and boys and perceived global self worth in girls. Femininity predicted perceived scholastic competency in boys. There were no grade differences in perceived self-competency or in the relationship between gender, gender role orientation, and perceived self-competency.

Gender Effects in School Subject Preferences: a research note

Summary Rankings of liking for nine curriculum subjects were obtained from 93 middle school pupils aged 11‐13 years, who also completed the Children's Sex Role Inventory. Statistically significant gender differences in the rankings of English and humanities were found, which were both preferred by girls, and for physical education (PE) and science, which were preferred by boys. Some statistically significant associations between subject rankings and sex typing measures also emerged. Higher rankings of music and humanities were associated with higher Femininity scores, while higher rankings for PE were associated with lower Femininity scores. The only significant association with Masculinity was for English, where higher rankings were associated with lower Masculinity. No significant associations with Masculinity or Femininity were found for science, a traditionally male‐stereotyped curriculum area. Associations found between the rankings of the different subjects indicated a tendency for pupils to prefer ...

Assessing sex typing and androgyny in children: The Children's Sex Role Inventory.

A measure of sex typing and androgyny in children was developed based on the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974). The Children's Sex Role Inventory (CSRI) was correlated with the BSRI in an adult sample to establish the equivalence of the two inventories for use in developmental research spanning middle childhood and adulthood. Ss were 145 third, fourth, sixth, and seventh graders, 130 of whom were tested 1 year later

Assessing sex typing and androgyny in children: The Children's Sex Role Inventory.

Assessing sex typing and androgyny in children: The Children's Sex Role Inventory.