Selection Of Children Research Articles

Understanding parents' perceptions of children's exposure to unhealthy food marketing in digital and retail environments

Unhealthy food and non-alcoholic beverage marketing (UFM) adversely impacts children's selection and intake of foods and beverages, undermining parents' efforts to promote healthy eating. Parents' support for restrictions on children’s exposure to food marketing can catalyse government action, yet research describing parent concerns is limited for media other than television. We examined parents' perceptions of UFM and their views on potential policies to address UFM in supermarkets and on digital devices – two settings where children are highly exposed to UFM and where little recent research exists. We conducted in-depth interviews with sixteen parents of children aged 7-12 from Victoria, Australia, analysing the data thematically. Parents perceived UFM as ubiquitous and viewed exposure as having an immediate but temporary impact on children’s food desires and pestering behaviours. Parents were concerned about UFM in supermarkets as they viewed it as leading their children to pester them to buy marketed products, undermining their efforts to instil healthy eating behaviours. Parents generally accepted UFM as an aspect of contemporary parenting. Concern for digital UFM was lower compared to supermarkets as it was not directly linked to pestering and parents had limited awareness of what their children saw online. Nevertheless, parents felt strongly that companies should not be allowed to target their children with UFM online and supported government intervention to protect their children. While parents supported government policy actions for healthier supermarket environments, their views towards restricting UFM in supermarkets varied as some parents felt it was their responsibility to mitigate supermarket marketing. These findings could be used to advocate for policy action in this area.

The Role of Socialization Institutions in Combating Drug

This study aimed to identify the role of socialization institutions in combating drug abuse from the perspective of the students at Emirati universities. The researcher applied a questionnaire to the students selected from several universities in the United Arab Emirates (Al Ain University, Sharjah University, Emirates University), where the study sample consisted of (484) male and female students from different specialties. The results showed that unemployment, bad friends, and the lack of religious values resulted in drug abuse. The results revealed that the university's support of the role of media, in addition to family's control over their children's selection of friends and promoting religious morals will, certainly, contribute to reducing drug abuse among the youth. Based on the results, the study recommended the necessity of enhancing the university's cooperative role with the media to implement common educational campaigns about the risks of drug abuse and addiction, as universities can provide accurate professional information to the media. Additionally, the university's role can be activated by enhancing scientific research about the various aspects related to drugs.

Investigating the Experience of Spouse Selection in Children of Divorce: AQualitative Research

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the experience of spouse selection in children of divorce. Methods: The present study was a qualitative phenomenological type. The present study's statistical population included 6 women and 4 men who wanted to divorce and had experienced the divorce of their parents in Kermanshah in 2022. The participants were selected by the available sampling method and the sampling continued until data saturation. The data were first recorded and coded to analyze the data, and then they were analyzed using the thematic analysis method. Findings: The results of the research included 6 main themes and 19 sub-themes of the participants' experiences. The sub-themes included negative social attitude, problems of not being distinguished from the family, psychological problems, communication problems with the spouse and the spouse's family, feeling valuable as a person different from the parents, and adapting and building a life different from the parents. Conclusion: The results of the research showed that the children of divorce have negative experiences during the formation of life and marriage, which can lead to wrong choices or incompatibility and mental health problems in them. On the other hand, they also have positive experiences that make them learn from their parent's mistakes and seek education and counseling services to improve their marital life satisfaction and lead a better life than their parents.

The contagion effect on children's consumption decision

The inclusion of a positive contagious source can increase consumers' attitudes and purchase intention to a product. However, few studies investigated this effect when consumers have prior preferences. To bridge the literature gap, a field experience was conducted to examine the influence of positive contagion on children's food decision-making in a real-life scenario. Fifty-eight children between ages 7 and 12 were invited to make consumption decisions under either the control condition or the treatment condition where items were surrounded by contagion sources. The treatment condition partially optimized children's selections. Moreover, eye movement results showed that less visual attention was distributed to the items surrounded by contagion sources. Finally, the moderating role of consumer socialization and family communication patterns was examined.

Comparison of titanium elastic nailing and spica casting outcomes in preschool children following femoral diaphyseal fractures

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Pediatric femoral diaphyseal fractures are common fractures in preschool children. The titanium elastic nailing technique is becoming prevalent in developed and developing countries. To compare the frequency of efficacy, safety and mean surgical fixation outcomes among patients who underwent titanium elastic nailing versus spica casting in diaphyseal femur fractures
 METHODOLOGY: A prospective study was conducted at department of orthopedics, Pakistan Ordinance Factory (POF) hospital. The study duration was 2 years (March 2018-March 2020). A sample size of 42 children was calculated using WHO calculator. Children selection was made on the basis of non-probability (consecutive) sampling. Group TEN underwent titanium elastic nailing, while group SPICA underwent hip spica casting. Patients were followed for six months. We used SPSS version 24 for the analysis of data. Fisher exacts and independent T-test were applied for measuring associations and comparisons of two groups. P-value ≤0.05 was considered significant.
 RESULTS: Total of 42 patients were included in the study. The mean age of patients was 3.4 years±1.4SD. The TEN group showed satisfactory results in malalignment (p=0.000) and complications (p=0.000). SPICA group showed significantly high assisted weight bearing duration (p=0.000), full weight bearing duration (p=0.000), greater operative time (p=0.000), lower range of motion (p=0.000) and less patient satisfaction (p=0.000) as compared to TEN group.
 CONCLUSION: Titanium elastic nailing is safe, effective, and allows faster recovery in pediatric patients with diaphyseal femoral fractures. We recommend titanium elastic nailing as a valid treatment option for femur fractures in preschool children.

Individual Variability in Performance Reflects Selectivity of the Multiple Demand Network among Children and Adults.

Executive function (EF) is essential for humans to effectively engage in cognitively demanding tasks. In adults, EF is subserved by frontoparietal regions in the multiple demand (MD) network, which respond to various cognitively demanding tasks. However, children initially show poor EF and prolonged development. Do children recruit the same network as adults? Is it functionally and connectionally distinct from adjacent language cortex, as in adults? And is this activation or connectivity dependent on age or ability? We examine task-dependent (spatial working memory and passive language tasks) and resting state functional data in 44 adults (18-38 years, 68% female) and 37 children (4-12 years, 35% female). Subject-specific functional ROIs (ss-fROIs) show bilateral MD network activation in children. In both children and adults, these MD ss-fROIs are not recruited for linguistic processing and are connectionally distinct from language ss-fROIs. While MD activation was lower in children than in adults (even in motion- and performance-matched groups), both showed increasing MD activation with better performance, especially in right hemisphere ss-fROIs. We observe this relationship even when controlling for age, cross-sectionally and in a small longitudinal sample of children. These data suggest that the MD network is selective to cognitive demand in children, is distinct from adjacent language cortex, and increases in selectivity as performance improves. These findings show that neural structures subserving domain-general EF emerge early and are sensitive to ability even in children. This research advances understanding of how high-level human cognition emerges and could inform interventions targeting cognitive control.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study provides evidence that young children already show differentiated brain network organization between regions that process cognitive demand and language. These data support the hypothesis that children recruit a similar network as adults to process cognitive demand; and despite immature characteristics, children's selectivity looks more adult-like as their executive function ability increases. Mapping early stages of network organization furthers our understanding of the functional architecture underlying domain-general executive function. Determining typical variability underlying cognitive processing across developmental periods helps establish a threshold for executive dysfunction. Early markers of dysfunction are necessary for effective early identification, prevention, and intervention efforts for individuals struggling with deficits in processing cognitive demand.

Children’s Portion Selection Is Predicted by Food Liking and Is Related to Intake in Response to Increased Portions

When children choose amounts of food to eat, it is unclear what influences the portions they select and whether their selections are related to the amounts they consume. Using a computer survey, we investigated the effect of food liking on portion selection in middle childhood and examined how children's selections were related to measured intake at meals in which portions of all foods were varied across 4 test days. Fifty-one children aged 7-10 y completed a computer survey of 20 common foods with a range of energy density. For each food, the survey presented sliding scales with 5 images varying in portion size and children indicated their liking and the amount they would eat at a specified meal or snack. On 4 test days in a randomized crossover design, children were served a meal of 6 foods from the survey with portions of 100%, 133%, 167%, or 200% of baseline amounts. Data were analyzed using random coefficients models. Across the 20 foods used in the survey, portion selection ratings were predicted by food liking ratings (P<0.0001). After accounting for liking, portion selection ratings did not vary by food energy density (P=0.50). At the meals, intake of all 6 foods increased when larger portions were served (P=0.002). Furthermore, the selected portion of a food on the survey was positively related both to intake of that food at the 100%-portion meal (P=0.014) and to increased intake as larger portions were served (P<0.0001). Children aged 7-10 y were able to use a computer survey to choose food portions that predicted their measured intake in response to increased portions. The relation of liking to selection and intake indicates that to promote children's consumption of larger portions of low-energy-dense foods such as fruits and vegetables, these foods must be well liked by the children. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02759523.

Associations of harsh, unpredictable environment, amygdala connectivity and overeating for children

ObjectiveIn harsh and unpredictable environments, individuals tend to engage in activities that yield immediate rewards as delayed benefits can be unavailable. Substantial evidence suggests that a harsh and unpredictable childhood environment is associated with overeating. However, the neuromechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate amygdala connectivity in relation to environmental harshness and unpredictability (EHU) from an evolutionary perspective and examine their relationship with overeating in children. MethodsEighty-five children aged 8 to 12 years were scanned using a magnetic resonance imaging machine to assess resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) of the two subregions of the amygdala (i.e., centromedial amygdala [CMA]; basolateral amygdala [BLA]). Self-reports of EHU and parental reports of overeating, including food responsiveness and enjoyment of food, were obtained cross-sectionally. Furthermore, findings indicated that children completed high- and low-calorie food portion choice tasks in the absence of hunger at 12 months of follow-up. ResultsEHU was positively associated with parental reports of overeating, including food responsiveness and enjoyment, as well as children's selection of high-calorie food portion sizes. Moreover, static RSFC analyses revealed that EHU was negatively associated with bilateral BLA-left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) connectivity, while dynamic RSFC analyses found that EHU was negatively associated with right CMA, left inferior parietal lobule, and right CMA-right precuneus connectivity. Particularly, the left BLA-left IFG connectivity mediated the association between EHU and parental reports of food responsiveness. ConclusionEHU was negatively associated with amygdala connectivity, which is implicated in the intrinsic processing of emotional regulation. Furthermore, deficits in emotional regulation resulted in increased energy intake. These insights provide a new perspective for understanding the developmental neuromechanisms underlying obesity.

Intelligent Decision Support System in the Selection of Children's School Types Based on IQ, SQ, and EQ in Aceh

Schools are institutions for students to carry out early stages of education that are tailored to their level. Developments that continue to show their existence have a very rapid impact, for example school institutions. Currently, there are permanent schools (pondok/pesantren) or public schools (state/private) with their respective performances. However, the tendency of parents to choose the best school according to him without paying attention to the child's growth and development first. This often occurs after the transition from elementary school to junior high school (SMP). Especially for the Aceh area, where the majority of children are directly in hostel with the hope that the child can grow optimally without reviewing the advantages and disadvantages. The rapid development of technology in Indonesia has contributed a lot to the problems experienced by society with the birth of various kinds of intelligent systems. The development of an intelligent system based on this expert system can be a solution to the problems that arise for parents now, can determine the type of school children will go to in the future. by implementing a method that is able to make decisions by providing the best solution. The purpose of this study is to build an intelligent system that is able to provide decision support in determining the type of school. By providing services to parents in the form of a web service-based interface system. As well as understanding the type of child's ability before deciding to be in a boarding school or public school, especially at the junior high school level.

Personal and social guidance in children's development. How youth personalize and (re)construct digital TikTok-practices.

This article explores how human development is constrained by collective and personal meaning-making processes. The empirical work of the study is grounded in interviews with children and educational staff at a Danish youth club and concerns children's selection, personalization, and (re)construction of various "TikTok-trends" through the digital media, TikTok. With empirical examples from both the children and the educational staff, the analytical work is anchored in James Mark Baldwin's theoretical conceptualization of persistent imitation. It will be argued that children's persistent imitation is guided by and may diverge from historical and cultural meanings with a twofold attention to the "TikTok-community" and the educational staff. Here, the notion of "inappropriate" imitation, or development, will be unfolded as a resistant meaning construction in the tension field between what is being promoted by the collective and what is imitated by the child. Following this, it will be argued that the social guidance creates developmental ruptures and stability during ontogeny.

Highlighting the Aspects to Support the Complexity of Primary Selection in Children's Alpine Skiing as a Sustainability of their Harmonious Development and Training

The extremely rapid evolution of portable technologies and children's receptiveness to constantly accessing the latest information creates the conditions for a number of new developments in most areas of activity. Moreover, their attraction to real-time visualisation of various events and competitions projects a certain level of perception and imitation of certain behaviours. Therefore, special attention should be paid to them from the earliest stages, i.e., from the time they are selected to play various sports. Also, the complementarity of some sports must be taken into account when it is desired to obtain positive results. Age group adaptation and the investigation of some of the parameters relevant to different age groups have generated values that can support positive outcomes in the long term and thus increase motivation to participate in sport at a competitive level.

The feelings and coping strategies of children placed in Flemish family foster care

This article describes how 27 foster children aged 12 to 18 years old, placed in Flemish long-term family foster care, experience life in their foster family and how they cope with their feelings. Evidence from a combination of the children's selection of visual images displaying different emotions (emoticons) and semi-structured interviews shows that they mostly express positive feelings, such as happiness and pride, but simultaneously experience difficult emotions like sadness, anger and confusion. Positive feelings are mostly related to being able to feel like an ‘ordinary’ kid and negative ones to strained relationships with birth parents. Investigations into how the children cope with these emotions distinguished two groups: those who talk about their feelings with friends and other supportive figures and those who hide them. The latter group needs to be provided with strategies to better comprehend and express their feelings; among those suggested were activities that offer tranquility, consolation or distraction and having a private place for themselves. More attention to the emotional experiences of foster children and the ways they cope with their emotions is recommended in policy, practice and research if children's well-being is to be enhanced.

A Spotlight on Poland within the Global Tapestry of Issue 60.1

A Spotlight on Poland within the Global Tapestry of Issue 60.1 Janelle Mathis (bio) and Petros Panaou (bio) With the same hopeful anticipation that accompanies the beginning of a new year, we approach Bookbird’s 60th volume in 2022. The first issue is unique in that it offers a “Spotlight” on Poland and the rich scholarship in children’s literature that is found there, beginning with the cover illustration that reveals the visual artistry of Ewa Kozyra-Pawlak and Paweł Pawlak. Within this issue, readers find a tapestry of exemplar articles that share some of the many themes explored by Polish authors and illustrators, as well as other international articles that extend the design of this tapestry in communicating perspectives on significant issues for all. First, among the articles from Poland, is “Little Women: Contemporary Polish Novels for Girls as an Example of Engaged Literature” by Dorota Michułka. Michulka explores novels for girls that provoke discussions and shape social competencies of young readers. In “Breaking Down Taboos—LGBTQ+ Themes in Contemporary Polish Children’s and Young Adult Literature,” Mateusz Świetlicki and Sabina Waleria Świtała examine the evolution of the publishing trends of LGBTQ+-themed literature through literature written by Polish authors and translations into Polish released after 2000. Their article affirms that despite anti-LGBTQ+ discourses, the Polish book market has gradually become more progressive and inclusive. “New-Old Trends in Recent Polish Book Illustration for Children and Young Adults” by Anita Wincencjusz-Patyna shares the rich history of illustration in Polish children’s literature. Two of these illustrators, the creators of this issue’s cover, are the focus in “An Interview on a Hot Summer Day with Polish Book Creators Ewa Kozyra-Pawlak and Paweł Pawlak,” also by Anita Wincencjusz-Patyna. Yet another current topic, that of children’s books that address the issues around COVID-19, is found in Polish scholarship—“Japanese Picturebooks for Children in the Fight against COVID-19” by Marcelina de Zoete-Leśniczak. This article is a reminder of the shared global concerns for children and their understanding of COVID-19 issues. Additionally, our spotlight on Poland includes a selection in Children and Their Books—“Coming across a Difficult Past: Contemporary Polish Narratives in the Eyes of a Young Recipient in Theory and Practice” by Justyna Zając and Dorota Michułka. There are also other articles that weave international scholarship into the tapestry of this unthemed journal issue. An intriguing and important look into adult gender roles is found in “Menacing Men and Well-Meaning [End Page 1] Women: Gender-Role Allocations in English- and German-Language Narrative Picturebooks on Child Sexual Abuse” by Carla Plieth. This research points to the portrayal of men as perpetrators and women as confidants from whom the children seek help in most of the examined books on child sexual abuse. Another important topic in international literature is that of translation and the many facets involved as books are retold among diverse languages. “Constructing a New Girl in Meiji Japan: The Japanese Translation of Frances Hodgson Burnett’s Sara Crewe” by Wakako Suzuki shares one example. “Rapunzel, Rapunzel, Has Finally Let Down Her Hair! The Feminist Evolution of ‘Rapunzel’ from the Nineteenth Century to the Twenty-First Century” by Komal Tujare focuses on gender conditioning in the evolution of the Grimm Brothers’ fairy tale “Rapunzel” in the Disney animation Tangled in 2010 and as found in India as a short story by Sowmya Rajendran in 2015. Within this issue’s Authors/Illustrators and Their Books section, readers find a second interview, “The Prerogative of Human, Traditional, Green, and Dreamlike: An Interview with Violeta Dabija” by Vladimir Kravchenko, where this well-known illustrator reveals aspects of her creativity. Also, the International Youth Library shares an exhibition project in “I-Solation: Children’s Self-Portraits in the Age of COVID-19” by Dr. Christiane Raabe. We also wish to draw attention to “The Many Lives of Jella Lepman” by Anna Becchi, translated by Nikola von Merveldt, as we continue to honor Lepman’s legacy. Of course, Books on Books edited by Jutta Reusch and Postcards edited by Barbara Lehman help to keep us informed about enlightening...

Can bifocal stance theory explain children's selectivity in active information transmission?

To shed light on the key premise of the bifocal stance theory (BST) that social learners flexibly take instrumental and ritual stances, we focus on developmental origins of child-led information transmission, or teaching, as a core social learning strategy. We highlight children's emerging selectivity in information transmission influenced by epistemic and social factors and call for systematic investigation of proposed stance-taking.

An online study examining children's selection of vegetables at mealtimes: The role of meal contexts, variety and liking

Associative learning predicts that children expect to eat vegetables together with foods high in carbohydrate and protein at mealtimes. However, choosing to eat and consume vegetables may be less likely if they are presented alongside more palatable, competing foods. This study examined food choices of children (N = 180, 8–11 years, 84 female) in a mealtime context. During an online task, children chose one food for a meal, from a choice of vegetables and either a food high in carbohydrate or protein. Preference was assessed with and without a partial meal stimulus, to test the effect of other foods on the plate. Vegetables were selected more often with a meal stimulus, especially when it consisted of carbohydrate and protein foods, meaning that the vegetable option added nutritional variety to the meal. This effect was moderated by the difference in liking between the food options available. Vegetables were selected more if they were better liked than the competing food option, although it was not necessary that vegetables were better liked if they added nutritional variety to the meal. Food fussy children were less likely to select vegetables, but no other effects of child appetitive traits or parental practices were found on children's food choices. Children may be more likely to select vegetables if they add nutritional variety to a meal and are similarly or better liked than competing food options. Future research could test specific meal configurations which promote children's selection and intake of vegetables at mealtimes.

Experts, peers, or celebrities? The role of different social endorsers on children's fruit choice

This study investigates whether the source providing nutritional information matters for children's choice of fruit over candy. We conducted a between-subject experimental study with children (6–11 years; Mage = 8.20; N = 340). Children watched an audiovisual cartoon with nutritional messages provided by experts (expert condition), by celebrities (celebrity condition), or by typical consumers (peer condition). Additionally, we included a control group in which children were not exposed to any cartoon. As the dependent variable, we measured children's fruit choice over candy. As a mediator, measuring message processing we included children's argument awareness. Children's age was included as a moderator. The results indicate that the experimental conditions were equally effective in creating argument awareness for healthy eating compared to the control group. Children's argument awareness was generally rather low, and it did not influence children's fruit choice over candy. Nevertheless, there was a direct effect of the expert condition on children's fruit choice, pointing to an internalized “expert heuristic”. No moderating effects of children's age were present. Our study indicates that using experts to present nutritional information within narrative media content is a potentially successful strategy to create argument awareness for healthy food and to impact children's selection of healthy food whereas peer and celebrity social endorsers are not.

Children's Response Bias and Identification of Misarticulated Words.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine whether children's identification of misarticulated words as real objects was influenced by an inherent bias toward selecting real objects or whether a change in experimental conditions could impact children's selections.MethodForty preschool children aged 4 years 0 months to 6 years 11 months across 2 experiments heard accurate productions of real words (e.g., “leaf”), misarticulated words (e.g., “weaf” and “yeaf”), and unrelated nonwords (e.g., “geem”). Within the misarticulated words, the commonness of the substitute was controlled to be “common” or “uncommon.” Using the MouseTracker software, children were asked to select between a real object (e.g., a leaf) and a novel object (Experiment 1) or between a real object (e.g., a leaf) and a blank square, which represented a hidden object (Experiment 2).ResultsConsistent with previous findings, children chose real objects significantly more when they heard accurate productions (e.g., “leaf”) than misarticulated productions (e.g., “weaf” or “yeaf”) across both experiments. In misarticulation conditions, real object selections were lower than in the previous study; however, children chose real objects significantly more in the common misarticulation condition than in the uncommon misarticulation condition.ConclusionsThe results of this study are consistent with previous findings. Children's behavioral responses depended upon the task. Despite these differences in the task, children demonstrated ease in integrating variability into their word identification.

Portion Size Selection in Children: Effect of Sensory Imagery for Snacks Varying in Energy Density

Food sensory imagery – creating a vivid mental image of the sensory experience of eating – can lead to the selection of smaller portions because it serves as a reminder that eating enjoyment does not necessarily increase with portion size. The evidence is mostly limited to adults and to energy-dense foods for which it is particularly difficult to predict the satiating effects of consumption quantity. The objective was to study how food sensory imagery influences portion size selection of foods varying in energy density (brownie and applesauce) by 7- to 11-year-old children. During after-school time, 171 children were randomized into two conditions. Children in the food sensory imagery condition were asked to imagine the taste, smell, and texture of eating palatable foods, i.e., chocolate cereal, chocolate waffle, and chocolate candies. Children in the control condition performed a similar sensory imagery task for non-food-related activities. Children were then asked to choose between the recommended serving size, a 50% larger portion, and a 125% larger portion of either brownie or applesauce. One week later, they were placed in the same condition for the other food. Compared to the control condition, food sensory imagery led children to choose 7.1% less brownie but had no effect on applesauce portion selection. Exploratory findings showed that the food sensory imagery intervention was especially effective at reducing brownie portion size selection among children who were moderately hungry, who usually eat fast, and whose parents pressure them to eat. In conclusion, food sensory imagery may be a useful intervention to nudge children towards healthier portion size choices because it reduces the selected portion size of an energy-dense snack without reducing the selected portion size of a healthier snack.

Opinions of Parents whose Children are at Elementary Schools on the Selection of Children’s Books

Opinions of Parents whose Children are at Elementary Schools on the Selection of Children’s Books

Saudi Children's Perception of Strabismus: A Hospital-Based Study

PURPOSE:Children with strabismus may face difficulties interacting with their peers in elementary school. This study investigates the psychosocial effect of different types of strabismus on Saudi children's selection of a playmate.METHODS:Photographs of orthotropic children were digitally modified to simulate various magnitudes of strabismus. Orthotropic children with normal visual acuity viewed 18 sets of paired photographs and were asked to choose a playmate from each pair. Parents were asked to fill out a questionnaire on their socioeconomic background and to determine whether surgery should be indicated in strabismic patients for psychosocial reasons. Parents were also asked to rate their perception of seven personal characteristics of two images of the same child (one orthotropic and one strabismic).RESULTS:Two hundred and thirty-three children, aged 3–15 years (mean age: 9.94 [3.6] years), were studied. Children aged ≤6 years were significantly more likely not to distinguish between orthotropic children and those with strabismus (P < 0.001). Out of 233 participants, 69.6% were significantly in favor of orthotropic faces as opposed to 30.4% (P < 0.0001). Children perceived esotropia as less disturbing than exotropia and hypertropia (P < 0.001). Smaller magnitudes of strabismus were significantly preferred over larger angles (P < 0.001). Parents judged strabismic faces more negatively than orthotropic faces on all seven characteristics. Almost 88.4% of the adults thought that strabismic patients should undergo surgery for correction.CONCLUSIONS:Our findings suggest that children with apparent strabismus are perceived negatively and might be subjected to social alienation at a young age. Therefore, there is a need for strategies to address negative social bias toward children with strabismus and to enhance their peer acceptance in our society.