Hemoglobin Levels In Children Research Articles

Association of exposure to multiple metals with hemoglobin levels in Chinese children and adolescents

BackgroundPrevious studies have linked single metal to hemoglobin levels in children and adolescents; however, studies with regards to metal mixtures are still limited. ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the associations of single metal and metal mixtures with hemoglobin levels in children and adolescents. MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study of 2064 children and adolescents aged 6 to 19 years in Liuzhou, China in 2018. The concentrations of 15 metals in urine were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Generalized linear regression and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression were used to estimate the associations of single metal and metal mixtures with hemoglobin levels, respectively. ResultsThe multivariable-adjusted β-values for the highest versus the first quartiles of urinary metal concentrations were − 1.57 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: −3.01, −0.13) for chromium, −2.47 (95 % CI: −3.90, −1.05) for nickel and 1.88 (95 % CI: 0.49, 3.28) for copper. In addition, we found a significant negative association between the WQS index and hemoglobin levels (adjusted β = −0.93, 95 % CI: −1.69, −0.19), with nickel contributing the most to the WQS index at 59.0 %. Subgroup analyses showed that exposure to urinary nickel or metal mixtures were associated with decreased hemoglobin levels in adolescents, but not in children (all Pinteration < 0.001). ConclusionAmong children and adolescents, urinary chromium and nickel concentrations were associated with decreased hemoglobin levels, while copper showed a positive relationship. Moreover, a negative association was observed between exposure to metal mixtures and hemoglobin levels. These findings need to be further validated in prospective studies.

The effect of dietary diversity on anemia levels among children 6-23 months in sub-Saharan Africa: A multilevel ordinal logistic regression model.

Anemia is the most common hematologic disorder of children worldwide. Since dietary diversity is a main requirement of children is to get all the essential nutrients, it can thus use as one of the basic indicator when assessing the child's anemia. Although dietary diversity plays a major role in anemia among children in sub-Saharan Africa, there is little evidence of an association between the dietary diversity and anemia level to identified potential strategies for prevention of anemia level in sub-Saharan Africa. To examine the association between dietary diversity and anemia levels among children aged 6-23 months in sub-Saharan Africa. The most recent Demographic and Health Surveys from 32 countries in SSA were considered for this study, which used pooled data from those surveys. In this study, a total weighted sample of 52,180 children aged 6-23 months was included. The diversity of the diet given to children was assessed using the minimum dietary diversity (MDD), which considers only four of the seven food groups. A multilevel ordinal logistic regression model was applied due to the DHS data's hierarchical structure and the ordinal nature of anemia. With a p-value of 0.08, the Brant test found that the proportional odds assumption was satisfied. In addition, model comparisons were done using deviance. In the bi-variable analysis, variables having a p-value ≤0.2 were taken into account for multivariable analysis. The Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was presented for potential determinants of levels of anemia in the multivariable multilevel proportional odds model. The overall prevalence of minimum dietary diversity and anemia among children aged 6-23 months were 43% [95% CI: 42.6%, 43.4%] and 72.0% [95% CI: 70.9%, 72.9%] respectively. Of which, 26.2% had mild anemia, 43.4% had moderate anemia, and 2.4% had severe anemia. MDD, being female child, being 18-23 months age, born from mothers aged ≥25, taking drugs for the intestinal parasite, higher level of maternal education, number of ANC visits, middle and richer household wealth status, distance of health facility and being born in Central and Southern Africa were significantly associated with the lower odds of levels of anemia. Contrarily, being 9-11- and 12-17-months age, size of child, having fever and diarrhea in the last two weeks, higher birth order, stunting, wasting, and underweight and being in West Africa were significantly associated with higher odds of levels of anemia. Anemia was a significant public health issue among children aged 6-23 months in sub-Saharan Africa. Minimum dietary diversity intake is associated with reduced anemia in children aged 6 to 23 months in sub-Saharan Africa. Children should be fed a variety of foods to improve their anemia status. Reducing anemia in children aged 6-23 months can be achieved by raising mother education levels, treating febrile illnesses, and improve the family's financial situation. Finally, iron fortification or vitamin supplementation could help to better reduce the risk of anemia and raise children's hemoglobin levels in order to treat anemia.

Overview of Worm Infections and Hemoglobin Levels in Children Living in TPA (Final Waste Disposal Site) Tamangapa Makassar, Indonesia

Introduction: Children who live around TPA Tamangapa often play and do activities around the TPA. This can increase their risk of being exposed to worm eggs or larvae in the garbage. Lack of public knowledge and awareness about the dangers of worm infections. Hemoglobin (Hb) levels are an indicator of a child's nutritional status. This study aims to present an overview of worm infections and hemoglobin levels in children living in TPA (final waste disposal site) Tamangapa Makassar, Indonesia.&#x0D; Methods: This study is a descriptive observational research. This study uses primary data from observations of research subjects. A total of 10 research subjects participated in this study.&#x0D; Results: The results of microscopic examination of fecal samples showed that 6 were positive for worm infections and 4 were negative for worm infections. The positive results were found to be intestinal nematodes, namely Ascaris lumbricoides and Tricuris trichiura. Examination of hemoglobin levels in blood samples with the results obtained were normal in all samples.&#x0D; Conclusion: The majority of subjects experienced worm infections with the worm species found being A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura. All samples showed blood hemoglobin levels within normal limits.

Fish-Based Complementary Feeding Practices Increasing Macro and Micro Nutrient Intake And Hemoglobin Levels in Anemia Toddlers

Iron deficiency anemia in toddlers can be prevented by introducing complementary foods alongside breastfeeding. Fish, rich in protein and iron, offers a valuable nutritional source for young children, but proper processing is crucial. This research investigated the impact of fish-based complementary food processing practices (known as MP-ASI in Indonesia) on the nutritional intake and hemoglobin levels of children under five in Tiro District, Pidie Regency. Using a quasi-experimental design, this study involved 40 toddlers from the stunting-prone area of Tiro District, Pidie Regency, along with their mothers as respondents. The toddlers, aged 12-36 months without severe illnesses, were included in the study. The intervention comprised educating and practicing complementary food processing. Before-and-after intervention comparisons showed significant improvements in energy, carbohydrate, protein, zinc, and iron intake levels. Additionally, there was a notable increase in the average hemoglobin (Hb) level, rising by 1.06 g/dl after one month of fish-based complementary food processing intervention. In summary, this intervention effectively enhanced the nutritional quality of children's intake and increased their hemoglobin levels, contributing to the prevention of iron deficiency anemia in toddlers.

Permethrin-treated baby wraps for the prevention of malaria in children: Protocol for a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled controlled trial in western Uganda.

This article details the study protocol for a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of permethrin-treated baby wraps to prevent Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection in children 6-24 months of age. Participating mother-infant dyads will be randomized to receive either a permethrin-treated or a sham-treated wrap, known locally as a "lesu." After a baseline home visit, during which time all participants will receive new long-lasting insecticidal nets, participants will attend scheduled clinic visits every two weeks for a period of 24 weeks. In the event of an acute febrile illness or other symptoms that may be consistent with malaria (e.g., poor feeding, headache, malaise), participants will be instructed to present to their respective study clinic for evaluation. The primary outcome of interest is the incidence of laboratory-confirmed, symptomatic malaria in participating children. Secondary outcomes of interest include: (1) change in children's hemoglobin levels; (2) change in children's growth parameters; (3) prevalence of asymptomatic parasitemia in children; (4) hospitalization for malaria in children; (5) change in the mother's hemoglobin level; and (6) clinical malaria in the mother. Analyses will be conducted using a modified intent-to-treat approach, with woman-infant dyads who attend one or more clinic visits analyzed according to the arm to which they were randomly assigned. This is the first use of an insecticide-treated baby wrap for prevention of malaria in children. The study began recruitment in June 2022 and is ongoing. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05391230, Registered 25 May 2022.

Effect of treatment on school-aged children's hemoglobin levels in a Schistosoma mansoni endemic area of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Effect of treatment on school-aged children's hemoglobin levels in a Schistosoma mansoni endemic area of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

A cross-sectional analysis of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure and haemoglobin levels in children aged under 5 years living in 36 countries

Low haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations and anaemia in children have adverse effects on development and functioning, some of which may have consequences in later life. Exposure to ambient air pollution is reported to be associated with anaemia, but there is little evidence specific to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where childhood anaemia prevalence is greatest. We aimed to determine if long-term ambient fine particulate matter (≤2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter [PM2.5]) exposure was associated with Hb levels and the prevalence of anaemia in children aged <5 years living in 36 LMICs. We used Demographic and Health Survey data, collected between 2010 and 2019, which included blood Hb measurements. Satellite-derived estimates of annual average PM2.5 was the main exposure variable, which was linked to children's area of residence. Anaemia was defined according to standard World Health Organization guidelines (Hb < 11 g/dL). The association of PM2.5 with Hb levels and anaemia prevalence was examined using multivariable linear and logistic regression models, respectively. We examined whether the effects of ambient PM2.5 were modified by a child's sex and age, household wealth index, and urban/rural place of residence. Models were adjusted for relevant covariates, including other outdoor pollutants and household cooking fuel. The study included 154,443 children, of which 89,904 (58.2%) were anaemic. The country-level prevalence of anaemia ranged from 15.8% to 87.9%. Mean PM2.5 exposure was 33.0 (±21.6) μg/m3. The adjusted model showed that a 10 μg/m3 increase in annual PM2.5 concentration was associated with greater odds of anaemia (OR = 1.098 95% CI: 1.087, 1.109). The same increase in PM2.5 was associated with a decrease in average Hb levels of 0.075 g/dL (95% CI: 0.081, 0.068). There was evidence of effect modification by household wealth index and place of residence, with greater adverse effects in children from lower wealth quintiles and children in rural areas. Exposure to annual PM2.5 was cross-sectionally associated with decreased blood Hb levels, and greater risk of anaemia, in children aged <5 years living in 36 LMICs.

Inflammation and micronutrient deficiency as major risk factors for anemia in children with intestinal failure:A longitudinal cohort study.

Most data on anemia in children with intestinal failure (IF) have been obtained from studies in which the data were collected at a single point in time. We aimed to identify the frequency of anemia and factors associated with hemoglobin levels in children with IF during their course of home parenteral nutrition. We performed a longitudinal cohort study of patients with IF followed up at a pediatric intestinal rehabilitation center. Outcome variables were hemoglobin levels and prevalence of anemia during the follow-up period. The exposure variables were age, duration of parenteral nutrition, chronic disease, and serum concentrations of C-reactive protein, iron, copper, selenium, vitamins A, D, B12 , and folic acid. Twenty-five children with a median time of receiving parenteral nutrition of 40.7 months were included. A median (and interquartile range) of 40.7 (25.2-58) hemoglobin measurements were performed per patient. Mean (SD) hemoglobin was 10.7 (1.8) g/dL at baseline and 11.6 (0.9) g/dL in the last observation (paired t test, P = 0.07); 32% of patients had mean hemoglobin values below the lower limit for age. In a multivariable predictive model, having C-reactive protein >1 mg/dL was associated with a decrease of 0.57 g/dL in hemoglobin (95% CI, -0.90 to -0.24, P = 0.01), and an increase of 1 mg/L in vitamin A concentration was associated with the increase of 0.93 g/dL in Hb level (95% CI, 0.24-1.61; P = 0.008). Anemia affects almost one-third of children with IF and its frequency decreases during the follow-up period. Hemoglobin levels are associated with inflammatory response and serum micronutrient concentrations.

Factores asociados a los niveles de hemoglobina en niños menores de 6 meses de edad hospitalizados en un centro pediátrico de Perú

Introduction: Anemia is a condition in which there is a low concentration of hemoglobin (Hb) levels. Although many causes of anemia have been identified, there are few studies in which they are related to epidemiological factors in the first months of life. Objective of the study: To determine the factors associated with hemoglobin levels in children under 6 months of age hospitalized in a specialized pediatric center in Peru. Material and methods: Cross-sectional study in children under 6 months of age hospitalized in the medical services of a pediatric center during the year 2017, 267 medical records were reviewed, emphasizing clinical and epidemiological characteristics. Results: 61.4% of the infants were female, and only 6.7% of the proportion of the population studied were less than 1 month old. 6.7% had low birth weight, and 53.2% had a normal delivery. The level of anemia in hospitalized children under 6 months of age is 66.7%. Conclusions: According to the bivariate analysis, a significant association was found between hemoglobin levels with the variables age, nutritional status of weight for length and hospital causes. Regarding the multivariate analysis, only an association was found between age and the median Hb present in boys and girls aged 0 to 5 months hospitalized in a pediatric center in Peru.

The effect of malaria on childhood anemia in a quasi-experimental study of 7,384 twins from 23 Sub-Saharan African countries.

Young children in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), particularly those from resource-limited settings, are heavily burdened by anemia and malaria. While malaria infected children frequently become anemic (hemoglobin < 110 g/L), anemia is a strongly multifactorial disease with many other risk factors than malaria. Due to the complex and often overlapping contributors to anemia, it remains challenging to isolate the true impact of malaria on population level hemoglobin concentrations. We quantified the malaria-induced effect on hemoglobin levels in children under 5 years of age, leveraging data from 7,384 twins and other multiples, aged 6 to 59 months, from 57 nationally representative Demographic and Health Surveys (DHSs) from 23 SSA countries from 2006 to 2019. The quasi-experimental twin fixed-effect design let us minimize the impact of potential confounders that do not vary between twins. Our analyses of twins revealed a malaria-induced hemoglobin decrease in infected twins of 9 g/L (95% CI -10; -7, p<0.001). The relative risk of severe anemia was higher (RR = 3.01, 95% CI 1.79; 5.1, p<0.001) among malaria positive children, compared to malaria negative children. Conversely, malaria positive children are only half as likely to be non-anemic (RR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.43; 0.61, p<0.001). Even after rigorous control for confounding through a twin fixed-effects study design, malaria substantially decreased hemoglobin levels among SSA twins, rendering them much more susceptible to severe anemia. This effect reflects the population-level effect of malaria on anemia.

Current Food Behaviors and Nutritional Status of Children Aged 6 to 24 Months in Douala (Cameroon)

Malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies among infant and young children remain a public health problem in Cameroon. This study was designed to assess the current food behaviors and nutritional status of children aged 6 to 24 months in Douala (Cameroon). A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out for a period of 9 months at a Health Care Center and four district hospitals in Douala. The study was conducted among 333 children aged 6-24 months of both sexes together with their mothers or caregivers. Data were collected using a modified questionnaire developed by the FAO/WHO. Information on socio-demographic status, feeding habits and anthropometric parameters were recorded. Anthropometric measurements taken included weight, length, brachial perimeter and age. Subsequently, a blood sample was taken to measure the hemoglobin level in children whose mothers had given their consent, using the Hemocue Hb 301 method. Data were analysed using SPSS version 22.0. A P value ≤0.05 was considered as significant. Z-score classifications for malnutrition: weight for length, length for age and weight for age were compared with reference data from WHO standards. This study showed that: only 19.53%, 27.33% and 30.6% respectively of the children had a high dietary diversity score, a high meal frequency. Exclusive breastfeeding rate was 22.52% and 26.43% of children were breastfed within one hour after birth. Furthermore, the study showed that, 25.8%, 23.1%, 27% and 35.1% of children were underweight, wasted, stunted and anemic respectively. Among them, 28.8% and 6.3% were suffering of mild anemia and moderate anemia respectively. Moreover, no significant relationship was observed between nutritional status of children and socio-demographic characteristics of mothers (P&gt;0.05). Some of the feeding practices were associated with poor nutritional status and could be improved with good nutrition education programs.

Screening for Iron Deficiency in Early Childhood Using Serum Ferritin

Introduction: The iron deficiency is an important public health problem widely prevalent in the early childhood period. Iron is very important for various body processes like monoamine metabolism, synthesis of myelin, and metabolic function of the brain. It has many detrimental effects on the cognition, emotional, social, and motor development.‍ Serum ferritin is an easily available, non invasive, inexpensive with high specificity for iron deficiency.&#x0D; Aim: The present study was conducted with the aim to estimate the levels of hemoglobin and serum ferritin in young children in the age group of 1-5 years irrespective of their sex. &#x0D; Materials and Methods: Laboratory data of serum ferritin and hemoglobin levels were prospectively collected of apparently healthy children, 1 to 5 years of age coming to Pediatrics OPD of Acharya Shri Chander College of Medical Sciences, Jammu. The ferritin levels were estimated in roche chemiluminescent immunoassay. The haemoglobin levels were estimated. Children with serum ferritin level &lt; 12 µg/L was considered as deficiency. The statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 20.&#x0D; Results: A total of 100 children, 1 to 5 years of age were enrolled in the study. The mean hemoglobin level in children is 12.2gm%. The mean serum ferritin level in children is 29.2µg/L. In our study, it was observed that the mean Hb levels are higher in the reference age group, than decreases in the 2-3 year age group and then again increases in the 3-5 years age group. It was further observed that the serum ferritin levels were higher in the reference age group and then decreases in the 2-3 year age group. The serum ferritin levels further rises in the 3-4 years, 4-5 years age group.&#x0D; Conclusion: In our study, it was observed that serum ferritin is a more reliable test than hemoglobin for screening iron deficiency in early childhood. The most favorable age group for screening for iron deficiency appears to be 2 to 3 years of age in which maximum number of children with iron deficiency was observed, but other associated conditions should also be kept in mind.

Prevalence and associated factors of double and triple burden of malnutrition among child-mother pairs in Ethiopia: Spatial and survey regression analysis

BackgroundEvidence on double and triple burdens of malnutrition at household level among child-mother pairs is a key towards addressing the problem of malnutrition. In Ethiopia, studies on double and triple burdens of malnutrition are scarce. Even though there is a study on double burden of malnutrition at national level in Ethiopia, it doesn’t assess the triple burdens at all and a few forms of double burden of malnutrition. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of double and triple burdens of malnutrition among child-mother pairs in Ethiopia.MethodsA total sample of 7,624 child-mother pairs from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) 2016 were included in the study. All analysis were performed considering complex sampling design. Anthropometric measures and hemoglobin levels of children, as well as anthropometric measurements of their mothers, were used to calculate double burden of malnutrition (DBM) and triple burden of malnutrition (TBM). Spatial analysis was applied to detect geographic variation of prevalence of double and triple burdens of malnutrition among EDHS 2016 clusters. Bivariable and multivariable binary survey logistic regression models were used to assess the factors associated with DBM and TBM.ResultsThe overall weighted prevalence of DBM and TBM respectively were 1.8% (95%CI: 1.38–2.24) and 1.2% (95%CI: 0.83–1.57) among child-mother pairs in Ethiopia. Significant clusters of high prevalence of DBM and TBM were identified. In the adjusted multivariable binary survey logistic regression models, middle household economic status [AOR = 0.23, 95%CI: 0.06, 0.89] as compared to the poor, average birth weight [AOR = 0.26, 95%CI: 0.09, 0.80] as compared to large birth weight and children aged 24–35 months [AOR = 0.19, 95%CI: 0.04,0.95] as compared to 6–12 months were less likely to experience DBM. Average birth weight [AOR = 0.20, 95%CI: 0.05, 0.91] as compared to large birth weight and time to water source <=30 min [AOR = 0.41, 95%CI: 0.19,0.89] as compared to on premise were less likely to experience TBM.ConclusionThere is low prevalence of DBM and TBM among child-mother pairs in Ethiopia. Interventions tailored on geographic areas, wealth index, birth weight and child birth could help to control the emerging DBM and TBM at household level among child-mother pairs in Ethiopia.

Efficacy And Safety Of Intravenous Iron In Children With Iron Deficiency Anaemia Poorly Compliant To Oral Iron Therapy.

Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide. Common causes of IDA in children are excessive consumption of cow's milk and prolonged breast feeding with delayed and poor weaning. Oral iron is the first line of treatment in children with IDA but occasionally there is inadequate response due to poor compliance. The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness and safety of intravenous iron in children with IDA, poorly compliant to oral iron therapy. This study consisted of 90 children from 12-60 months with IDA who were not responding adequately to oral iron therapy. Total iron requirement was calculated and given intravenously (IV) in two divided doses over two consecutive days. Participants were followed up at 2 and 4 weeks to assess the rise in haemoglobin level. Any adverse event was also noted. SPSS version 25 was used for statistical analysis. Of the 90 enrolled children the mean age was 23.1±10.7 months, 47 (52.2%) were males and 43(47.8%) were females. The mean ferritin level before IV iron therapy was 3.75±2.53 ng/ml and mean haemoglobin was 5.9±1.3 g/dL. After IV iron therapy the haemoglobin level was raised to 8.38±1.09 g/dl and 9.74±0.88 g/dl at 2 and 4 weeks respectively which was statistically significant (p<0.05). The adverse events were fever in 3 (3.3%) and urticaria in 2 (2.2%) patients. Intravenous iron therapy is effective and safe to raise the haemoglobin levels in children with IDA who are poorly compliant to oral iron therapy.

Comparison of Leukocyte, Neutrophil, and Lymphocyte Levels in Child Patients that Experienced Breathlessness with COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 (2020–2021) in Medan, Indonesia

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. Various risk factors affect the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19, such as age, gender, ethnicity, comorbid conditions, and laboratory parameters. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19 in children are asymptomatic mild degrees or with acute upper respiratory tract symptoms and moderate degrees with clinical pneumonia. In the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, several biomarkers are needed that can be useful in risk stratification to predict the severity and fatality of COVID-19. Several biomarkers are used as markers of disease progression to a critical degree, such as leukocytes, lymphocytes, platelets, interleukin-6, and serum ferritin. Increased leukocytes and neutrophils and decreased lymphocytes are associated with severity and mortality in COVID-19. Laboratory findings in children with COVID-19 include decreased lymphocytes, leukopenia, and increased procalcitonin. In severe COVID-19, children often have abnormal laboratory parameters that suggest a systemic inflammatory response. AIM: This study aims to compare leukocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes levels in children with the complaints of shortness of breath with COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 pediatric patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is an analytic study with a cross-sectional approach to pediatric patients treated in Haji Adam Malik General Hospital Medan with the complaints of shortness of breath. Patient data were assessed based on the characteristic values of hemoglobin, leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction results and then analyzed using SPSS for Windows software. The study samples were 276 patients, with 43 confirmed positive COVID-19 patients and 233 negative patients. The source of this research data is data from the patient’s medical record for 1 year (2020–2021). RESULTS: The statistical analysis results found differences in the levels of leukocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes in children diagnosed with COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 (p &lt; 0.05). However, there was no difference in hemoglobin levels in children who were congested with COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 (p &gt; 0.05). CONCLUSION: These results are consistent with several cases and previous studies where the levels of leukocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes can be used as a detection tool and a diagnostic and prognostic tool in COVID-19 patients.

A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Ambient Fine Particulate Matter (Pm2.5) Exposure and Haemoglobin Levels in Children Aged Under 5 Years Living in 36 Countries

A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Ambient Fine Particulate Matter (Pm2.5) Exposure and Haemoglobin Levels in Children Aged Under 5 Years Living in 36 Countries

Nutrient intake profile, growth patterns and hemoglobin levels in children with ASD – A case control study in Mysuru, India

BackgroundResearch evidence suggests that the prevalence rate of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is increasing in India. In addition to socio-behavioral problems, diet-related issues are common and recurrent problems experienced by children with ASD. As there is only minimal research work done on these aspects, the present study is carried out as a case control snapshot to investigate the nutrient intakes of ASD children (n = 104) residing in the Mysore region, India. This data is compared with the nutrient intakes of Typically Developing (TD) controls (n = 121). MethodsWe evaluated ASD severity using Indian Scale for assessment of autism (ISAA). All the children aged (2–15 years) were examined for anthropometric measurements and hemoglobin levels. Dietary intakes and mealtime behavior problems were assessed using three-day food records and food frequency questionnaires. ResultsSignificantly (p< = 0.05) lower ZHA, ZWA, ZBMIA values among ASD children were observed. Limited food variety and inadequacy of micronutrient intakes were observed and the ORs of ASD children were at 3.57-fold higher risk for failing to meet the recommendations for calcium. Their risk was 2.17-fold higher for iron, 3.06-fold for zinc, 2.92–fold for folate and 1.87-fold higher for vitamin C compared with the TD children. Overall, mealtime behavior issues and eating problems were higher (28.66%) among ASD than TD (10.51 %).Hemoglobin levels of ASD were significantly (p< = 0.05) lower than TD children. There was a negative partial correlation between Hb levels (8.97 ± 0.91 g/dL) and micronutrients viz., Iron (5.14 ± 2.83 mg), Calcium (2.52 ± 1.41 mg), Zn (2.81 ± 1.90 mg),Folate (83.48 ± 52.57 mg) and Vitamin B6 (0.47 ± 0.29 mg). We found that while controlling the ISSA scores (1.94 ± 0.62), there was no significant difference. Thus signifying ISSA score has strong influence on controlling the relationship between Hb levels and selected micronutrients. ConclusionObservations strongly indicate that well-timed nutritional screening and personalized dietary interventions can prevent/manage the nutritional deficiencies prevalent among ASD children of this region.

The Application of Providing Analysis Based on Durian Seeds to Improve Protein Intake and Hemoglobin Levels of School Children

School-age children are at high risk of anaemia, because of their low haemoglobin levels due to lack of iron intake. Anaemia causes pain and death, inhibits brain development, motor, mental, intelligence and physical growth, decreased physical abilities, pale faces which will reduce enthusiasm and learning achievement of school children. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving lemuru fish sausage made from durian seeds on protein intake and haemoglobin levels in children with anaemia. This type of research is a quasi-experimental, namely the pre-test design and post-test experiment. Lemuru fish sausage made from durian seeds was given every day for 30 days to 30 school-age children in SD Negeri Jati Sari Lubuk pakam City, Deli Serdang Residence. Measurement of Haemoglobin and food consumption (energy, protein, vitamin C and iron) was carried out before and after the intervention. The results showed that most of the intake of energy, vitamin C and iron in school children was in the &lt;100% category. The mean Haemoglobin before the intervention was 10.9 g / dl; after the intervention, the mean Haemoglobin was 12.1 g / dl. The mean increase in hemoglobin 1.2 g / dl was statistically significant (p-value = 0.000). It has been recommended to increase the time to intervene and use iron status indicators in other studies.

An Estimation of Haemoglobin Levels in Children with Early Childhood Caries- A Retrospective Study

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate Haemoglobin (Hb) levels in children with Early Childhood Caries(ECC) and to find out whether there is any variation from normal values in Hb level in children with earlychildhood caries.Materials &amp; Methods: In this retrospective study the Hb levels and dmft status of 281 children with ECCin the age group of 0 to 6 years were evaluated. The mean Hb values calculated were compared with thesuggested normal levels by the World Health Organisation for the particular age group. Kruskal Wallis testand post hoc test comparisons were done to compare differences in Hb levels in 4 different groups based ondmft values in children with ECC.Results: Overall mean value of Hb in children with ECC was 10.93 ± 1.73 g/dl and mean dmft was 7.19 ±4.3. Group 1 with less than 5 dmft value showed significant difference in Hb values compared to children ingroups with higher dmft values (p?0.05).Conclusions: Half of the study population had low haemoglobin levels i.e. below that of WHO criteria.Children with more than 5 dmft score had significantly lower Hb levels compared to children with less dmftvalues (p?0.05). There was no significant difference noticed in the Hb levels in between boys and girls withECC. This descriptive study results point that ECC can result in low Hb levels in children, however authorssuggest that an analytical study with a control group should be done to test the hypothesis.

Hemoglobin Levels on Trichuris trichiura Infection in Children

Worm infections often caused by worms transmitted through the soil (Soil-Transmitted Helminths). Types of STH worms include roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides), whipworms (Trichuris trichiura) and hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator Americanus). Worms commonly suffered by school-age children with the most aged between 5-14 years. Worms can affect the intake, digestion, absorption, and metabolism of food, which can result in loss of protein, carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins. Trichuris trichiura and hookworm can cause massive amounts of blood loss and decreased hemoglobin levels. This study aims to determine the relationship of Trichuris trichiura infection with hemoglobin levels in children in the village of East Serang Kilasah, Banten. This research is an analytic survey with a cross-sectional design with 42 respondents. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The results of the fecal examination by the Kato-Katz method found 23 children (54.76%) with mild worm levels and 19 children (45.24%) with moderate worm levels. The results of blood tests found 36 children (85.71%) with normal hemoglobin levels and six children (14.79%) with low hemoglobin levels. Based on the results of statistical tests, the results obtained P-value 0.004 (P-value