Children's Early Literacy Skills Research Articles

Exploring the influence of the home literacy environment on early literacy and vocabulary skills in Korean-English bilingual children.

Studies have emphasized the significance of maintaining a heritage language for various reasons such as the establishment of linguistic and cultural identity, as well as socio-emotional development. Despite the crucial role that literacy development in a heritage language plays in language preservation, there is a scant research that explores the impact of home literacy environment and literacy development in children with a heritage language. This study aimed to examine the home literacy environment and literacy-related skills in 4-to 5-year-old Korean-English bilingual children living in an English-speaking country, Australia, whose heritage language is Korean, and to investigate the relationships among the home literacy environment factors and the child-internal literacy-related skills. The study employed parental questionnaires and video analyses of parent-child shared book reading sessions to assess the Korean and English home literacy environment. Children's early literacy skills in Korean and English, along with their Korean, English, and conceptual vocabulary skills, were measured as literacy-related skills. The findings indicated that parents utilized an indirect approach for Korean literacy practices, in contrast to a more direct and explicit method for English literacy practices. However, active and direct literacy practices were found to be essential for Korean early literacy development, while indirect methods are sufficient for English early literacy skills. Moreover, the availability of abundant Korean literacy resources at home had a positive impact on the development of Korean and English, as well as conceptual vocabulary skills. In conclusion, this study underscores the importance of providing a robust literacy environment in a heritage language in bilingual families to promote language proficiency in both the heritage language and the dominant social language, while also supporting the development of conceptual language skills.

The role of the traditional and digital home literacy environment in Chinese Kindergartners’ language and early literacy

In this study, we examined whether a digital home literacy environment could be distinguished from a traditional literacy environment in Chinese context and the relationship between parental literacy expectations, traditional and digital home literacy environment, and children's language and early literacy skills. In addition, we explored whether the relationship between HLE and children's language and early literacy would be affected by parental perceived abilities with home literacy activities. One hundred and seventy kindergarten-2 children (82 boys and 88 girls; mean age = 55.15 months) and their parents participated in the study. Parents filled out a questionnaire on the home environment (i.e., parental expectations, home literacy activities, and parental perceived abilities in home literacy activities), and the children were assessed on language skills (vocabulary and grammatical skills) and early literacy (i.e., syllable and tone awareness). Results showed that a digital home literacy environment (DHLE) could be distinguished from a traditional home literacy environment (THLE). Chinese traditional home literacy environment consisted of three distinct aspects (Chinese speaking, Chinese writing, and informal literacy activities). Furthermore, there were no direct or indirect effects of (aspects of) the home literacy environment in predicting language skills, whereas an indirect effect of parental literacy expectations on early literacy was found, via the DHLE only. Finally, there was a positive relationship between DHLE and children's early literacy for parents who experience difficulties in providing the conditions for DHLE. Overall, these findings suggest that the DHLE has already become an important part of the Chinese home literacy environment. In addition, when it comes to children's early literacy skills, the use of digital learning tools may partly compensate for parent's difficulties in digital home literacy education.

Pengaruh Penggunaan Youtube Terhadap Kemampuan Literasi Numerasi Pada Anak Usia Dini Kelompok B

The study findings revealed that a sample size of 20 children indicated a significant difference in the average scores between the pretest and posttest of numeracy literacy skills. This indicated an influence of YouTube usage in enhancing the children's early numeracy literacy skills. The statistical analysis of the pretest scores revealed that the initial numeracy literacy ability was 19.1 (19.1%) of the total score, which amounted to 8. The posttest value of children's numeracy literacy results in an average score of 28.25 (28.25%) of a total score of 8, with the one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test data normality test with a pretest significance value of 0.099 > 0.05, and a posttest significance value of 0.200 > 0.05, and the results of the t-test obtained a value of  23.719, while the value of  at (x) = 0.05 is 2.093 if  23.719 > 2.093, then Ho is rejected, and Ha is accepted. Meaning that there is an influence of the use of YouTube media on numeracy literacy skills in group B early childhood at TK State Pembina Botumoito Kindergarten. The utilization of YouTube as an alternative solution is suggested to address the challenges faced by learners.
  
 The study findings revealed that a sample size of 20 children indicated a significant difference in the average scores between the pretest and posttest of numeracy literacy skills. This indicated an influence of YouTube usage in enhancing the children's early numeracy literacy skills. The statistical analysis of the pretest scores revealed that the initial numeracy literacy ability was 19.1 (19.1%) of the total score, which amounted to 8. The posttest value of children's numeracy literacy results in an average score of 28.25 (28.25%) of a total score of 8, with the one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test data normality test with a pretest significance value of 0.099 > 0.05, and a posttest significance value of 0.200 > 0.05, and the results of the t-test obtained a value of  23.719, while the value of  at (x) = 0.05 is 2.093 if  23.719 > 2.093, then Ho is rejected, and Ha is accepted. Meaning that there is an influence of the use of YouTube media on numeracy literacy skills in group B early childhood at TK State Pembina Botumoito Kindergarten. The utilization of YouTube as an alternative solution is suggested to address the challenges faced by learners.
  

The impact of parent mediation on young children's home digital literacy practices and learning: A narrative review

AbstractBackgroundIn today's society, a growing body of literature attests to the importance of young children's early digital literacy skills in their home environments and how acquisition of these digital literacy skills relates to their future learning and digital literacy.ObjectivesResearch on young children's digital literacy practices at home was reviewed to explore the positive and negative influences on early learning. This is important due to the children's rapid uptake of online digital technologies over the past decade.MethodsPeer‐reviewed research articles on home digital literacy practices of children (aged 0–8 years old) published between 2010 and 2021 from four education databases were carefully selected based upon pre‐determined criteria and examined using content analysis.Results and ConclusionA high proportion of studies (29 of the 31; 93.5%) demonstrated significant benefits of young children gaining a range of skills, including digital operational, early literacy and language, socio‐emotional, and STEM, through the use of digital technologies at home. Five of the 31 (16.12%) studies reported negative effects of digital technologies in the home context, including distraction, aggressive behaviour, and false self‐confidence. Tablets and smartphone use gained greater momentum in the home context, especially between 2015 and 2021, and there was a positive shift in parental mediation, family involvement, and the children's home digital literacy practices.ImplicationsBy leveraging children's acquisition of digital literacy skills in the home and taking into account the sociocultural context, we can enhance young children's preparation for the future and provide opportunities for skill development across various learning domains.

Family play, reading, and other stimulation and early childhood development in five low-and-middle-income countries.

This paper used longitudinal data from five studies conducted in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Ethiopia, and Rwanda to examine the links between family stimulation and early childhood development outcomes (N = 4904; Mage = 51.5; 49% girls). Results from random-effects and more conservative child-fixed effects models indicate that across these studies, family stimulation, measured by caregivers' engagement in nine activities (e.g., reading, playing, singing), predicted increments in children's early numeracy, literacy, social-emotional, motor, and executive function skills (standardized associations ranged from 0.05 to 0.11 SD). Study-specific models showed variability in the estimates, with null associations in two out of the five studies. These findings indicate the need for additional research on culturally specific ways in which caregivers may support early development and highlight the importance of promoting family stimulation to catalyze positive developmental trajectories in global contexts. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Research on the links between family stimulation and early childhood development in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) is limited. We used longitudinal data from studies conducted in five LMICs to examine the links between family stimulation and early childhood development outcomes. Results suggest that family stimulation predicted increments in children's numeracy, literacy, social-emotional, motor, and executive function skills. We found variability in the observed estimates, with null associations in two out of the five studies, suggesting the need for additional research in LMICs.

Embedding Executive Function Training Into Early Literacy Instruction for Dual Language Learners: A Pilot Study.

Early literacy skills are key indicators of future reading development for young dual language learners (DLLs). Additionally, emerging evidence indicates that young children's executive function (EF) skills are uniquely associated with elementary school reading outcomes (Ribner et al., 2017). Therefore, the purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the potential for embedding strategies to support EF development within evidence-based early language and literacy instruction for young DLLs. Sixty-nine preschool DLLs were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: a business-as-usual control group (BAU), a group that received early literacy instruction only (EL group), and a group that received early literacy instruction with embedded EF strategies (EL + EF group). The intervention focused on improving children's early literacy skills, including letter-name knowledge, phonological awareness, and oral language. Children completed assessments of early literacy and EF immediately before and after the intervention. The EL and EL + EF groups significantly outperformed the BAU control group for two early literacy outcomes, and effects of evidence-based early literacy instruction were strongest for children with poor EF skills. Results indicated that there were no significant differences between the EL + EF and EL groups. This pilot study indicated that there was no significant benefit to adding supports for EF skills within evidence-based early literacy instruction. Additional research is needed with larger samples to replicate observed effects. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.21834465.

Evaluation of Teachers' Early Literacy Proficiency and In-Class Literacy Practices Based on Child Outputs

This study primarily aims to evaluate preschool teachers' early literacy proficiency and in-class literacy practices based on child outputs. The study comprises 29 preschool teachers working in Gaziantep and 235 students continuing their education in these teachers' classes. The 'Teacher Interview Form' was used in the study to collect information regarding teachers' early literacy proficiency and in-class literacy practices, while the 'Early Literacy Test (EROT)' was used to assess children's early literacy skills. All of the teacher interviews and EROT applications were conducted individually in a designated room or classroom at their own school. The data obtained from the study were calculated and analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis H test. The findings revealed that there was no significant difference between the teacher's early literacy proficiency and the children's early literacy subtest scores, that there was a significant difference between the in-class literacy practices and children's receptive and expressive language vocabulary subtest scores, and there was no significant difference between the children's phonological awareness subtest scores and listening comprehension skills.

The Effect of Project Approach-Based Education on Children’s Early Literacy Skills

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of project-based education on children's early literacy skills. Experimental design with pretest-posttest control group was used in the research. The study group of the research consisted of a total of 36 children in the experimental (n: 18) and control (n: 18) groups, who attended independent kindergartens affiliated to the Ministry of National Education in the city center of Afyon, which were randomly selected from the population. As a data collection tool in the study, the "General Information Form" developed by the researchers to collect personal information about children and families (gender, number of siblings, duration of pre-school education, parents' ages, educational status, occupation) and to evaluate early literacy skills the “Test of Early Literacy” (TEL) developed by Kargın, Güldenoğlu and Ergül (2015) were used. A project-based education program was applied to the children in the experimental group, 3 days a week for 8 weeks. A statistically significant difference was found between the pre-test and post-test mean scores of the children in the experimental and control groups from all of the TEL and its sub-dimensions, in favor of the scores they got from the posttest. Due to the positive change in the experimental and control groups, the pre-test and post-test score differences of the children in the experimental and control groups were compared. As a result of the comparison, a statistically significant difference was found in favor of the experimental group.

Factors associated with early literacy and numeracy development among children under five years in Bangladesh: multivariate two-level mixed effect approach

PurposeEarly literacy and numeracy development among children may be the best measure of a child's well-being. The purpose of this research was to examine the impact of child factors, quality of care and household factors, and community factors in early childhood on the development of literacy and numeracy skills of children in Bangladesh.Design/methodology/approachFor this study, the authors used data from Bangladesh's 2019 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. The association between response variables and selected covariates was examined using the chi-square test. To determine the risk factors for early child literacy and numeracy development, the authors applied two-level logistic regression models.FindingsAmong the total of under five children (n = 9,449), in general, 29.1% of the children were growing in the development early childhood literacy and numeracy in Bangladesh. Children (36–47 months), male children, children with moderate stunting, children with severe and moderate underweight status, mothers without education and primary education, and mothers from the poorest, poorer, middle and richer households were less likely than their counterparts to develop children's early literacy and numeracy skills. In contrast, women from the eastern and central regions, children who read at least 3 books, and early childhood education had higher odds of children's literacy and numeracy skills development than their counterparts.Originality/valueThe results from this study suggest that children's, community, quality of care and household level significant factors should be considered when trying to improve children's literacy and numeracy skills development in Bangladesh.

Peran Orang Tua Terhadap Kemampuan Literasi Dini Anak Di Desa Banturung Kecamatan Bukit Batu

This research aims to determine the role of parents in children's early literacy skills in Banturung Village, Bukit Batu District. The research method is a quantitative descriptive method. The research was conducted by distributing questionnaires to parents. The research procedures were determining the research subjects, making research instruments, validating instruments in the form of questionnaires, testing questionnaires, giving questionnaires, processing research data, and drawing research conclusions. Researchers present the results of research related to the role of parents in early literacy skills of children aged 5-6 years in Banturung Village, Bukit Batu District. Data obtained from the results of a questionnaire 30 respondents. The questionnaire consists of 24 statement items that include indicators of the role of parents on children's early literacy skills, namely Modelling, Mentoring, Organizing, Teaching with sub indicators namely Print Motivation, Phonological Awareness, Vocabulary, Narrative Skill, Print Awareness and Letter Knowledge. The Modelling shows a percentage of 66.38% which is included in the high criteria. The Mentoring shows a percentage of 76.38% which is included in the high criteria. The Organizing shows a percentage of 71.80% which is included in the high criteria. Teaching shows a percentage of 71.52% is included in the high criteria. Based on the results of the questionnaire research as a whole, it can be concluded that 72.22% stated that the role of parents in early literacy abilities of children aged 5-6 years was included in the high category

Book sharing and reminiscing: Caregivers’ conversational style and children's language and literacy development in low-income Costa Rican families

Parent-child book sharing and reminiscing conversations are two important home activities that promote young children's early language and literacy skills. Yet extant research has focused on middle-class Anglo-European families, with relatively little attention given to styles of book sharing and reminiscing in other cultural contexts. To further explore home practices and children's development in Latin America, we examined the relationships between caregiver's conversational style while reminiscing and book sharing and children's emerging language and literacy skills. The sample included 108 low-income, Costa Rican caregivers and their preschool-aged children. Results from cluster analyses identified two types of caregiver book sharing styles, the story builder and the story teller; and two types of reminiscing styles, the high elicitor and the low elicitor. These styles uncovered different links to child participation in conversation and emerging language and literacy skills. Findings are discussed in light of furthering culturally appropriate research, practices, and policy to support early childhood and family literacy for young children and their caregivers in Costa Rica.

Implementation of the Use of Daily Journals in PAUD Institutions

One strategy to encourage children's early literacy skills, especially those aged 3-5 years, is to keep a daily journal so that children can communicate their thoughts, feelings and record their ideas through scribbles or pictures. Furthermore, scientific studies show that expressing what a person thinks and feels in a journal can have a positive impact on the author's physical and mental health. Based on the previous research, the researcher was interested in seeing how the "Implementation of the Use of Daily Journals in PAUD Institutions" using qualitative research methods and data collection methods using interviews and observations. The research was conducted in Jakarta and Depok, with a total number of respondents 12 teachers from four different kindergartens. The results showed that this daily journal was considered by most teachers to be able to support early literacy development even though the duration of work, writing equipment used and the form of support provided by teachers and parents are varied. In addition, most respondents also revealed that making daily journals can facilitate children to develop the ability to regulate their emotions in the morning, develop creativity, and help smooth daily teaching and learning activities. Therefore it can be say that a daily journal is a tool to expose children's social emotional problems, which always can help help to recognize and overcome the problems that faced with children, which can also help them to identify and overcome new problems, such as “new normal situation” when pandemi covid19 is over.

A Systematic Review of Interventions for Multilingual Preschoolers With Speech and Language Difficulties.

Purpose There is a shortage of information on evidence-based interventions for supporting young multilingual children. The purpose of this review was to identify interventions that have been evaluated with preschool-age multilingual children with a speech and/or language disorder or who are at risk of poor speech, language, literacy, and/or educational outcomes. Method This review considered speech, language, and early literacy interventions evaluated with preschool-age multilingual children with a speech and/or language disorder or who have been identified as being at risk of language difficulties (PROSPERO ID: 165892). The following electronic databases were searched: EBSCO (CINAHL Plus, ERIC, PsycINFO, Medline, Education) and Linguistics, Language, and Behavior Abstracts. Data were extracted describing article, participant, methodological, and intervention variables, and effect sizes. The Council for Exceptional Children's (CEC) standards for evidence-based practice were used to examine the quality of studies. Results Fifty-six relevant studies were identified in 52 articles and these studies described 4,551 participants who had speech sound disorder (six articles), developmental language disorder (11 articles), or were considered to be at risk (36 articles). The interventions targeted speech production (seven studies), language (45 studies), and early literacy (11 studies) skills. Most studies reported positive effects. Only 15 studies met all quality indicators specified by the CEC (2014) and these described 18 interventions targeting language and literacy skills. The only intervention with sufficient evidence to be considered an evidence-based practice was Nuestros Niños [Our Children] for children's early literacy and phonological awareness skills. Conclusions A number of high-quality studies exist that describe speech, language and/or literacy interventions for preschool-age multilingual children with a speech and/or language disorder, or who have been identified as being at risk of language difficulties. However, there remains limited evidence for specific interventions as to their ability to inform evidence-based practices. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.16632649.

Talk—An Intervention Programme for Enhancing Early Literacy Skills in Preschool Children: A Pilot Study

ABSTRACT Many studies have reported that early interventions on language and early literacy skills are important for preventing later reading difficulties at primary school. The aim of the study is to assess the effectiveness of a 12-week intervention programme focused on enhancing pre-schoolers’ language and early literacy skills. Two groups of children (ages 5-6) were involved in the study: the “Talk-group”, who participated in the intervention programme, and the “Play-group”, who followed the standard preschool curriculum. The children's early literacy skills were tested in two sessions six months apart, at the beginning and at the end of the last year of preschool. Data analysis showed that children achieved significantly higher scores in nonword repetition and lexical comprehension at the second assessment; however, only the children in the Talk-group produced significantly higher phonological awareness scores at the second session, i.e. after the intervention. Additional tests showed that the intervention programme was effective only in the case of more basic phonological awareness skills. The programme's potential for supporting early literacy development in preschool and for preventing long-term difficulties in reading are discussed.

Early Literacy Skills and Later Reading and Writing Performance Across Countries: The Effects of Orthographic Consistency and Preschool Curriculum

BackgroundStudies have reported a strong association between children's early literacy skills at preschool and their reading and writing skills at primary school. However, it is unclear whether this association is affected by language and curriculum practices.ObjectiveThe study investigates (i) whether early literacy skills are influenced by orthographic consistency and by preschool curriculum, and (ii) how early skills are related to later literacy skills across countries.MethodThree countries, Italy (n = 73), Romania (n = 65), and Belgium (n = 109) were involved in the study, for a total of 247 children. Language and early literacy in preschool were assessed using a novel assessment tool (the ‘Talk’). Early visual-phonological and manual aspects integration were investigated using rapid automatized naming and grapho-motor tasks. The children’s reading and writing skills nine months later were assessed using standardized tests.ResultsResults showed higher early literacy scores for the groups of children speaking languages with more transparent orthographic systems and for the group taking part in preschool activities designed to enhance literacy acquisition. Later reading and writing skills were predicted by early competences, albeit with differences across countries.ConclusionsFindings suggest that literacy acquisition trajectories are not only associated with early skills but are also influenced by language characteristics and curriculum practices. The study also presents preliminary findings relative to the ‘Talk’, an assessment tool that may have important implications for early identification and intervention of language and literacy difficulties, as well as for improving cross-country curriculum practices.

Exploration of Early Childhood Literacy Ability based on Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)

Strong early literacy skills will affect children's thinking skills in the future. The results of existing research indicate that learning in schools has not been able to make this happen. This research is a survey research to see the gap between children's literacy skills in the field and expected literacy abilities. So that it will be seen the components that can affect the literacy abilities of children aged 5-6 years. Currently, there are not many studies examining the influence of literacy components in developing children's literacy, because many researchers consider that all components are important. Therefore, a deeper study is needed to see the components that affect the development of children's literacy. The expected literacy ability is expert judgment which has been validated using the Analitycal Hierarchy Process (AHP). The data analysis technique used is descriptive analysis. The data collection techniques used were observation and questionnaires. The population in this study used simple random sampling. Respondents in this study were 150 children aged 5-6 years. The results showed that the children's ability to understand language components was 6.76%, phonological awareness reached 5.73%, basic reading skills 6.5%, basic writing skills 7.8%, and children's motivation in reading 3.37%, so it can be concluded that based on the components of children's early literacy skills, the accumulated age of 5-6 years has only reached 30.16% of the expected. The contribution of this research is to determine the appropriate literacy stimulation for children.

Using a Digital Spelling Game for Promoting Alphabetic Knowledge of Preschoolers: The Contribution of Auditory and Visual Supports

AbstractThe authors developed a digital spelling game to promote children's early literacy skills. Based on the dual‐coding theory, the authors studied the benefits of auditory support alone versus auditory+visual support. Children played the game in three conditions: no support, hearing the whole word; auditory‐only support, hearing a word segmented; and auditory+visual support, hearing the word segmented together with seeing the highlighted position of the letters. The participants were 129 Hebrew‐speaking children (mean age = 5.7 years) from five preschools located in low–socioeconomic status neighborhoods. Children were randomly divided into one of the four groups (the three intervention conditions and a comparison group that did not play the game but watched electronic books). Children in each of the four groups participated in eight 20‐minute sessions over the course of one month (two sessions per week). Children's letter knowledge (letter names and sounds), phonological awareness (word segmentation), word spelling, and word decoding were assessed before and after the intervention. Children's visuomotor and oral skills were assessed and controlled for in the analyses. Generalized estimating equations regressions showed that the auditory+visual support and auditory‐only support groups scored higher on the posttest than the no‐support and comparison groups in letter knowledge, phonological awareness, word spelling, and word decoding. The no‐support group scored higher than the comparison group only in letter knowledge. The authors highlight ways for promoting children's understanding of the writing system and demonstrate the effectiveness of a computerized game adapted to the orthography in promoting basic early literacy skills.

PENERAPAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN POP-UP BOOK ANAK USIA DINI PADA KELOMPOK B UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN KEAKSARAAN AWAL DI TK NUSA INDAH

One important aspect developed in early childhood is the ability of early literacy. For this reason, we need a learning media that can improve children's early literacy skills, one of which is pop-up book learning media. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using pop-up book learning media on children's early literacy abilities. This study used the Quasi Experiment method with the Nonequevalent Control Group Design research design. The pre-test results showed that there was no significant difference in the experimental group and the control group with a p-value> 0.05 which was 0.065> 0.05 which was tested by the Mann Whitney test results. While the post-test results showed that the initial literacy ability after the application of the pop-up book learning media had a significant difference with the p-value <0.05 which was 0.236. Thus the pop-up book learning media significantly influences early childhood literacy abilities. Based on this study, the study recommends early childhood educators so that the pop-up book learning media can be used as a medium of learning to improve children's early literacy skills.

Maternal and Paternal Depressive Symptoms, Home Learning Environment, and Children’s Early Literacy

The present study examined the influence of mothers' and fathers' depressive symptoms on children's early literacy skills. Home learning-related parenting (HLE) was examined as a mediator of these associations. Families (N = 465) were recruited through preschools. Results indicate an actor effect of fathers', but not mothers', depressive symptoms on HLE parenting such that fathers who reported more depressive symptoms engaged in fewer HLE activities. A partner effect of fathers' depressive symptoms on HLE parenting indicated that higher levels of fathers' depressive symptoms were associated with lower levels of mothers' home learning activities. Finally, fathers' depressive symptoms negatively related to children's early literacy skills indirectly through mothers' HLE parenting. Findings highlight a process of negative effect of parent depressive symptoms on children's early literacy and emphasize including both mothers and fathers in future research concerned with the influence of parents' depressive symptoms on children's development.

Parent Involvement in the Getting Ready for School Intervention Is Associated With Changes in School Readiness Skills.

The role of parent involvement in school readiness interventions is not well-understood. The Getting Ready for School (GRS) intervention is a novel program that has both home and school components and aims to improve early literacy, math, and self-regulatory skills in preschool children from socioeconomically disadvantaged families. In this study, we first examined associations between family characteristics and different indices of parent involvement in the GRS intervention. We then examined associations between parent involvement and change in children's school readiness skills over time. Participants were 133 preschool children attending Head Start and their parents who participated in the GRS intervention during the academic year 2014–2015. Parent involvement was operationalized as attendance to GRS events at the school, time spent at home doing GRS activities, and usage of digital program materials, which included a set of videos to support the implementation of parent-child activities at home. Although few family characteristics were significantly associated with parent involvement indices, there was a tendency for some markers of higher socioeconomic status to be linked with greater parent involvement. In addition, greater parent involvement in the GRS intervention was significantly associated with greater gains in children's early literacy, math, and self-regulatory skills. These findings suggest that parent involvement in comprehensive early interventions could be beneficial in terms of improving school readiness for preschoolers from disadvantaged families.