Distribution Of Children Research Articles

Distributive fairness during the transition to adolescence: The role of peer comparison and social value orientation.

Combining the dictator game (DG) and the ultimatum game (UG), this study recruited 546 Chinese children (321 boys, aged 9-12 years) as distributors, and found that both peer comparison and social value orientation (SVO) significantly influenced children's distributive fairness from late childhood to early adolescence. Results showed that as the unfairness of peer proposals increased, participants decreased the amount of gold coins distributed to the receiver in both tasks, revealing a peer comparison effect. This effect was more pronounced for adolescents than for children in both tasks. In addition, participants' fair distribution behaviors in the DG showed a three-way interaction effect of SVO, grade, and peer comparison. Specifically, for proselfs, children were not influenced by peers and consistently proposed self-interested distributions, whereas adolescents exhibited a peer comparison effect; for prosocials, both children and adolescents were influenced by peers, but children decreased the amount of their distributions only when they saw peers make extremely unfair distributions, whereas adolescents decreased the amount of their distributions when they saw peers make both mildly and extremely unfair distributions. This study highlights the importance of social environment and personal trait in shaping children's fair distribution behavior during the transition from late childhood to early adolescence.

Associations of Plasma and Fecal Metabolites with Body Mass Index and Body Fat Distribution in Children.

Childhood obesity continues to be a critical public health concern with far-reaching implications for the well-being. This study aimed to investigate the association between metabolites in plasma and feces and indicators including body mass index (BMI), BMI for age Z score (BMIZ), and body fat distribution among children aged 6-9 years in China. This cross-sectional study enrolled 424 healthy children, including 186 girls and 238 boys. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to determine the body fat content and regional fat distribution. Plasma and fecal metabolites were analyzed using targeted metabolomic technologies. A total of 200 plasma metabolites and 212 fecal metabolites were accurately quantified via ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). By using Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) and random forest model, we discovered that 9 plasma metabolites and 11 fecal metabolites were associated with different weight statuses. After adjusting for potential covariates and false discovery rate (FDR) correction, multiple linear regression analyses revealed that plasma metabolites (fumaric acid, glycine, l-glutamine, methylmalonic acid, and succinic acid) and fecal metabolites (protocatechuic acid) were negatively associated (β: -1.373--0.016, pFDR: <0.001-0.031; β: -1.008--0.071, pFDR: 0.005-0.033), while plasma metabolites (isovaleric acid, isovalerylcarnitine, l-glutamic acid, and pyroglutamic acid) and fecal metabolites (3-aminoisobutanoic acid, butyric acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid, octanoylcarnitine, oleoylcarnitine, palmitoylcarnitine, stearoylcarnitine, taurochenodesoxycholic acid, and taurodeoxycholic acid) exhibited positive associations with BMI, BMIZ, and body fat distribution (β: 0.023-2.396, pFDR: <0.001; β: 0.014-1.736, pFDR: <0.001-0.049). Plasma and fecal metabolites such as glutamine may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the development of obesity.

As Proficient as Adults: Distribution of Children’s Knowledge of Wild Edible Plants in an Arid Environment in Madagascar

In drylands, where resources are scarce, wild edible plant (WEP) knowledge is crucial to overcome food scarcity. Understanding the distribution pattern of local ecological knowledge (LEK) about WEP and identifying knowledge holders are key steps to assessing the resilience and vulnerability of knowledge systems. However, little is known about how WEP knowledge is distributed across life stages and gender of people living in arid regions. Here, we study the distribution of WEP knowledge within a small-scale society from southwestern Madagascar, a region known for its dry climate and related food crises. We worked with Tanalana male and female children and adults using semi-structured interviews and free listings. Tanalana people display a sophisticated LEK adapted to the extreme environment in which they live, with a distinct distribution pattern regarding theoretical and practical knowledge across life stages and gender. While women and men cited similar WEP, children and adults cited different sets of WEP, suggesting they hold differentiated bodies of theoretical knowledge, however our results suggest similarity in practical knowledge across life-stage and gender. We argue that resource limitation and food scarcity might be so pervasive in the area that extensive sharing of knowledge on WEP could be an adaptation to the extremely dry environment.

Focusing attention on others' negative emotions reduces the effect of social relationships on children's distributive behaviors.

The present study investigates whether directing five- to six-year-old children's attention to hypothetical resource recipients that included familiar and non-familiar people would affect their favoritism toward a familiar person, as reflected in how they allocated resources. In Experiment 1, we instructed participants to give one of several stickers to another person or keep all the stickers for themselves. Under the control conditions, participants more frequently gave stickers to friends than to non-friends. However, when asked about others' emotions, they distributed stickers equally among friends and non-friends. Therefore, focusing on others' thoughts reduced participants' favoritism toward friends. Experiment 2 tested whether focusing on both emotional valences would affect favoritism toward a familiar person, as reflected in children's resource distribution choices. Experiment 2 was identical to Experiment 1, except we asked participants about the other person's emotional valence. When asked about others' negative emotions, participants distributed the stickers equally between themselves and others. However, when asked about others' positive emotions, they distributed more stickers to friends than to non-friends. Neither others' emotional valence nor group status affected the perceived intensity of their emotion or the participant's emotional state. These results suggest that children's favoritism toward friends can be reduced by encouraging them to think about others' negative emotional states.

The Level of Inflammatory Markers and Their Relationship with Fat Tissue Distribution in Children with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

This study aimed to determine the changes in proinflammatory and anti-inflam- matory markers in children aged 10-18, who were not diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mel- litus, were obese/overweight, and children with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, we aimed to investigate whether these markers were associated with clinical and laboratory parame- ters, subcutaneous adipose tissue, preperitoneal adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue, and hepatosteatosis. Children between the ages of 10 and 18, obese/overweight, with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and with a normal body mass index were included. Fat tissue thick- ness was measured. Tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-18, and interferon-γ as proinflammatory markers and transforming growth factor-β and interleukin-10 levels as anti-inflammatory markers were studied. Twenty-eight (31.8%) controls, 44 (50%) obese/overweight, and 16 (18.2%) patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were included in our study. Age, sex, and puberty were similar between the groups. In the type 2 diabetes mellitus group, the subcutaneous fat tissue thick- ness was higher than that in the obese group, and the preperitoneal and visceral fat tissue thicknesses were similar to those in the obese group. Proinflammatory markers and interleu- kin-10 levels were similar in the obese/overweight, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and control groups. Transforming growth factor-β levels were significantly lower in the type 2 diabetes mellitus group than in the control group (P = .039). Transforming growth factor-β levels and other labo- ratory variables did not differ significantly in the type 2 diabetes mellitus group. While there was no change in all markers in the obese/overweight group com- pared with the control group, proinflammatory markers in the type 2 diabetes mellitus group were similar to those in the obese/overweight and control groups, and transforming growth factor-β level, an anti-inflammatory marker, was lower in the type 2 diabetes mellitus group than in the control group.

The Level of Inflammatory Markers and Their Relationship with Fat Tissue Distribution in Children with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The Level of Inflammatory Markers and Their Relationship with Fat Tissue Distribution in Children with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

0525 Effect of Body Position and Sleep State on Obstructive Respiratory Events Distribution in Children with Down syndrome

Abstract Introduction The influence of body position and sleep state on obstructive respiratory events distribution in children with Down syndrome (DS) need further studies. Methods This was a single center, retrospective study that included children younger than 18 years old with DS who were evaluated for suspected sleep disordered breathing and underwent a full overnight polysomnography in an academic sleep disorders center over a period of 10 years. DS children with Obstructive apnea hypopnea index (OAHI) ≥ 1.5 were included in this study. Total OAHI, apnea hypopnea index (AHI) in different body positions and in different sleep stages including rapid eye movement (REM) and Non-REM (NREM) sleep were collected. Results A total of 158 children with DS met the inclusion criteria. The median age was 5 years (IQR 8.0---), 53.2% were male with a median BMI z-score of 1.2. Median times (%) spent in REM and NREM sleep were 17 % and 83% respectively. Median times (minutes) spent in different body positions were supine 194.1, left side 53.5, right side 39 and prone 32. The overall median OAHI was 7.6, respiratory obstructive events were more common in REM sleep and in supine position. The median REM obstructive AHI was 20 events per hour (IQR: 10.1-34.5), whereas the median NREM AHI was 5.2 events per hour (IQR: 2.4-15 p &amp;lt; 0.0001). Similarly, supine obstructive AHI was 9.4 (IQR-4.15 – 24.1) and off supine AHI was 2.4 (IQR 0-8.9 p &amp;lt; 0.0001). Only 24 out of 158 subjects had NREM predominant OSA. Age was a significant predictor of NREM predominant OSA (P= 0.012) compared to other factors such as gender, race, BMI, tonsillar grade, hypothyroidism and congenital heart disease. For every one year increase in age, the odds of having NREM predominant OSA was 14% higher than having REM predominant OSA. Conclusion Obstructive respiratory events in children with DS occur predominantly in REM sleep and in supine position. Non-REM predominant distribution of respiratory events was seen in older children with DS. Support (if any)

The Distribution of Children's Inheritance in the Islamic Law and Custom Law’s Perspective

The families who leave the world forever, especially the parents of children, will leave an inheritance, but inheritance becomes a problem of disputes between children which can cause a rift between blood relatives. This research aims to discuss in legal studies regarding the distribution of child inheritance, as well as discuss the parties entitled to inheritance. The research approach method is in the form of a normative approach to concepts, theory, and law, the research is descriptive analysis in nature, uses library research, and is analyzed using secondary legal materials in the form of books, journals, or laws. The results and conclusions of this study are that the provisions of Islamic inheritance law tend to divide inheritance among as many heirs as possible, by dividing a certain portion among several heirs, while the customary law of distribution is carried out on the principle of harmony on the will of the heirs in a friendly atmosphere.

The Effect of Induced Weight Bearing Method Using a Cane on Weight Bearing Distribution in Children with Spastic Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy

The Effect of Induced Weight Bearing Method Using a Cane on Weight Bearing Distribution in Children with Spastic Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy

The Effect of Induced Weight Bearing Method Using a Cane on Weight Bearing Distribution in Children with Spastic Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy

The Effect of Induced Weight Bearing Method Using a Cane on Weight Bearing Distribution in Children with Spastic Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy

Association of Hepatic Steatosis with Adipose and Muscle Mass and Distribution in Children.

Background: Pediatric studies have shown associations between hepatic steatosis and total body fat, visceral fat, and lean mass. However, these associations have not been assessed simultaneously, leaving their relative importance unknown. Objective: To evaluate associations between hepatic steatosis and total-body adiposity, visceral adiposity, and lean mass in children. Method: In children at risk for fatty liver, hepatic steatosis, adipose, and lean mass were estimated with magnetic resonance imaging and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: Two hundred twenty-seven children with mean age 12.1 years had mean percent body fat of 38.9% and mean liver fat of 8.4%. Liver fat was positively associated with total-body adiposity, visceral adiposity, and lean mass (P < 0.001), and negatively associated with lean mass percentage (P < 0.001). After weight adjustment, liver fat was only positively associated with measures of central adiposity (P < 0.001). Visceral adiposity also had the strongest association with liver fat (P < 0.001). Conclusions: In children, hepatic steatosis is more strongly associated with visceral adiposity than total adiposity, and the association of lean mass is not independent of weight or fat mass. These relationships may help guide the choice of future interventions to target hepatic steatosis.

Investigation of Adenovirus and Rotavirus Frequency and Seasonal Distribution in Children with Acute Gastroenteritis

Amaç: Adenovirüs ve rotavirüs kaynaklı gastroenteritler gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerdeki bebeklerde ve çocuklarda morbidite ve mortalitenin önemli bir nedenidir. Bu çalışmada hastanemizin çocuk polikliniklerinde akut gastroenterit ön tanısı alan hastalarda adenovirüs ve rotavirüs sıklığının belirlenmesi ve viral etkenlerin yaş, cinsiyet ve mevsimsel dağılımının değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmada, Ocak 2016-Aralık 2021 yılları arasında hastanemizde akut gastroenterit ön tanısı alan 3927’si erkek, 3110’u kız toplam 7037 hastanın sonuçları retrospektif olarak incelendi. Hastaların dışkı örneklerindeki adenovirüs ve rotavirüs antijenlerini tespit etmek için kalitatif immunokromatografik test kullanıldı.Bulgular: Çalışmaya dahil edilen 7037 hastadan 988’inde (%14.04) viral antijen saptandı. Rotavirüs 750 (%10.7) hastada, adenovirüs ise 238 (%3.3) hastada saptandı. Adenovirüs ve rotavirüs antijenleri en sık 1-2 ve 3-5 yaş grubunda görüldü. Adenovirüs ve rotavirüs antijen pozitifliği açısından yaş grupları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark mevcuttu (p&amp;lt;0.05). Rotavirüs pozitifliği kız hastalarda %11.7, erkek hastalarda %9.8 olarak gözlemlendi. Bu fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulundu (p&amp;lt;0.05). Adenovirüs ve rotavirüs antijenlerinin her ikisinin de pozitif olduğu hastaya rastlanılmadı. Viral etkenlerin mevsimsel dağılımına göre, rotavirüs en sık kış ve ilkbahar mevsimlerinde, adenovirüs ise en sık sonbahar mevsiminde tespit edildi.Sonuç: Çalışmamızda, çocukluk çağındaki akut gastroenteritlerde adenovirüs ve rotavirüslerin önemli etkenler olduğu görülmüştür. Hastalarda akut gastroenterite neden olan viral etkenlerin saptanması, erken tanı ve semptomatik tedavi olanağı sağlayacak olup gereksiz antibiyotik kullanılmasını da önleyecektir. Ayrıca rotavirüsün neden olduğu gastroenteritleri azaltmak için rutin aşı takvimine bu viral etkenin aşısını dahil etme seçeneği de değerlendirilmelidir.

Relationship Between Plasma Copper Concentration and Body Fat Distribution in Children in China: a Cross-Sectional Study.

This study aimed to explore the association of the plasma copper concentration with body fat distribution and the potential mediating effect of inflammation status in children. A total of 454 children were recruited in this study. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was applied to measure the fat mass (FM) and fat mass percentages (FM%) at whole body, trunk, appendicular, android, and gynoid regions. Android to gynoid fat mass ratio and fat mass to lean mass (FM/LM) ratio at whole body, trunk, and appendicular sites were calculated. Plasma copper concentration was measured via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. C-reactive protein (CRP) was determined by ELISA. After adjusting for covariates, multiple linear regression analyses showed that, for every additional unit increase in the plasma copper concentration, the FM, FM%, and FM/LM at whole body and subregions increased by 0.030-0.472kg (P < 0.001-0.019), 0.013-1.04% (P = 0.007-0.042), and 0.021-0.030 (P < 0.001), respectively. Mediating analysis suggested that CRP significantly mediated 22.0-30.6% (P < 0.001) of the estimated association of copper with FM% and FM/LM at whole body and limbs. Thus, children with higher plasma levels of copper tended to have a higher regional and overall body fat deposition, and this relationship was partly mediated by inflammatory status.

A Fast and Accurate Way to Determine Short Chain Fatty Acids in Human Serum by GC–MS and Their Distribution in Children with Digestive Diseases

Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) represent the largest group of metabolic nutrients produced by gut microbiota, and can be considered potential biomarkers for digestive tract diseases. A fast, cost-effective, and reproducible analytical method for the analysis of SCFAs is highly required. This work developed a one-step extraction of 14 SCFAs using a mixture of ethanol and n-hexane in human serum samples by GC–MS without derivatization. The recoveries of the 14 SCFAs ranged from 62.4% to 129.2% in human serum samples. The LODs and LOQs of the 14 SCFAs were 0.12–0.48 mg/L and 0.40–1.61 mg/L, respectively. The application of this method was carried out by comparing SCFAs in serum samples from children with health and digestive tract diseases, and the results demonstrated that SCFAs in the serum of children with digestive disorders were significantly higher than those of healthy children, implying that digestive tract diseases affect gut microbiota and their metabolisms.

An Examination of the Relations Between Symptom Distributions in Children Diagnosed with Autism and Caregiver Burden, Anxiety and Depression Levels.

High stress levels and impairment of physical/mental health in parents can delay early and effective intervention in autism. The purpose of this study was to examine relations between the clinical characteristics of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and caregiver burden, and anxiety and depression levels. Seventy cases under monitoring at the Namık Kemal University Medical Faculty Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Polyclinic with a diagnosis of ASD, and their principal caregivers, were included in the study. The Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale were completed. At multiple regression analysis, autism symptom severity and caregiver depressive symptom levels emerged as significant predictors of total caregiver burden scores. Only the ABC language subscale score had a determining effect on caregiver burden (r = 0.51, r2 = 0.26, p = 0.04). ABC body and object use subscale scores were identified as the symptom cluster affecting depression and anxiety scores (r = 0.25, r2 = 0.06, p = 0.03 and r = 0.28, r2 = 0.08, p = 0.01). Our findings show that ASD symptom severity and depressive symptoms in the caregiver are the most important factors giving rise to the caregiver burden, and that the main ASD symptom cluster affecting the caregiver burden was problems associated with language development. Better understanding of variables impacting on the caregiver burden will increase the quality of psychosocial services for caregivers.

Preschoolers Favor Their Ingroup When Resources Are Limited.

The present study examined how 2- to 4-year-old preschoolers in Singapore (N = 202) balance fairness and ingroup loyalty in resource distribution. Specifically, we investigated whether children would enact fair distributions as defined by an equality rule, or show partiality toward their ingroup when distributing resources, and the conditions under which one distributive strategy may take precedence over the other. In Experiment 1, children distributed four different pairs of toys between two puppets. In the Group condition, one puppet was assigned to the same group as the child while the other puppet was assigned to a different group using colored stickers in the No Group condition, no group assignments were made. Children’s distributions were assessed for whether the toys were fairly (equally) distributed or unfairly (unequally) distributed in favor of either puppet. Experiment 2 was identical to the Group condition in Experiment 1, except that a third identical toy was introduced following the distribution of each toy pair. Distributions were separately assessed for whether the first two toys were fairly (equally) distributed or unfairly (unequally) distributed in favor of either puppet, and whether children distributed the third toy to the ingroup or outgroup puppet. Overall, the vast majority of children abided by an equality rule when resources were precisely enough to be shared between recipients, but distributed favorably to the ingroup member when there was limited resource availability. We found that fairness trumped ingroup loyalty except in resource distribution involving limited resources. Our results are consistent with findings from other resource distribution studies with preschoolers and similar studies measuring young infants’ expectations of distributive behaviors in third-party observations. Taken together, there is evidence suggesting stability in the development of knowledge to behavior in the subdomains of fairness and ingroup loyalty.

Quantification of Muscle Tissue Properties by Modeling the Statistics of Ultrasound Image Intensities Using a Mixture of Gamma Distributions in Children With and Without Cerebral Palsy.

To investigate whether quantitative ultrasound (US) imaging, based on the envelope statistics of the backscattered US signal, can describe muscle properties in typically developing children and those with cerebral palsy (CP). Radiofrequency US data were acquired from the rectus femoris muscle of children with CP (n = 22) and an age-matched cohort without CP (n = 14) at rest and during maximal voluntary isometric contraction. A mixture of gamma distributions was used to model the histogram of the echo intensities within a region of interest in the muscle. Muscle in CP had a heterogeneous echo texture that was significantly different from that in healthy controls (P < .001), with larger deviations from Rayleigh scattering. A mixture of 2 gamma distributions showed an excellent fit to the US intensity, and the shape and rate parameters were significantly different between CP and control groups (P < .05). The rate parameters for both the single gamma distribution and mixture of gamma distributions were significantly higher for contracted muscles compared to resting muscles, but there was no significant interaction between these factors (CP and muscle contraction) for a mixed-model analysis of variance. Ultrasound tissue characterization indicates a more disorganized architecture and increased echogenicity in muscles in CP, consistent with previously documented increases in fibrous infiltration and connective tissue changes in this population. Our results indicate that quantitative US can be used to objectively differentiate muscle architecture and tissue properties.

Diagnosis and Antibiotic Resistance Distribution in Children with Urinary Tract Infection: A Single Center Experience

Background: Urinary tract infection is a common disease in childhood. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic performance of urinary analysis, assess the role of urine culture in determining its necessity and evaluate etiologic agents and antimicrobial resistance patterns in children with urinary tract infection.Methods: Our study was made by evaluating the patients who applied to the Antalya Research and Training Hospital- Turkey, between 2015 and 2017. A total 237 urine analysis and urine culture were retrospectively analyzed. Culture results were taken a reference for microscopic and chemical examination of urine and diagnostic accuracy of the test parameters, and the performance of urine analysis were calculated. The culture and antibiogram results were examined and antibiotic resistance with infectious agents frequency was evaluated.Results: The 42.4% of culture negative samples showed leukocyte esterase, nitrite, bacterial and leukocyte counts, which are indicative of infection in urine analysis, were found in normal range. The highest sensitivity (90%) was in the presence of leucocyte esterase and bacteria, while the highest specificity (99.4%) was in the presence of nitrite alone or with other components (leucocyte or leucocyte esterase). The highest antibiotic resistance was found in beta lactam antibiotics. The lowest antibiotic resistance was detected in the carbapenem followed by fluoroquinolone group antibiotics.Conclusion: Microscopic and chemical examination of urine analysis can give us information about urine culture requirement. The observation of increasing overall resistance to antibiotics authorize further studies that lead to new recommendations to antibiotic use in children and adolescents.

Frequency of Adenovirus and Rotavirus and Their Seasonal Distribution in Children With Gastroenteritis

Frequency of Adenovirus and Rotavirus and Their Seasonal Distribution in Children With Gastroenteritis

Relationship between Iodine Content in Household Iodized Salt and Thyroid Volume Distribution in Children

ObjectiveTo assess the effect of different levels of salt iodine content on thyroid volume (ThV) distribution using data from the 1999, 2011, and 2014 Chinese national iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) surveys. MethodsProbability proportion to size (PPS) sampling method was used to obtain a representative national sample of 34,547, 38,932, and 47,188 Chinese children aged 8-10 years in 1999, 2011, and 2014 Chinese national IDD surveys, respectively. The iodine content in household iodized salt and urinary iodine concentration were measured and thyroid ultrasound examination was performed. The data were analyzed by SAS software using histograms and box plots. The skewness and kurtosis were calculated for testing the normality of ThV. ResultsThe median iodine content in household iodized salt dropped from 42.30 mg/kg in 1999 to 25.00 mg/kg in 2014. The median urinary iodine concentration of children aged 8-10 years decreased from 306.0 μg/L in 1999 to 197.9 μg/L in 2014. The median and interquartile range (IQR) of ThV in 1999, 2011, and 2014 surveys were 3.44 mL and 1.50 mL, 2.60 mL and 1.37 mL, 2.63 mL and 1.25 mL, respectively. The skewness and kurtosis of ThV distribution in 1999, 2011, and 2014 surveys were 1.34 and 5.84, 0.98 and 3.54, 1.27 and 5.49, respectively. ConclusionWith reduced salt iodization levels, the median urinary iodine concentration and median ThV of children decreased significantly, and the symmetry of the ThV distribution improved.