Disposition Of Children Research Articles

Preschool children's dispositions of collaboration: A Chinese study

AbstractThere is converging evidence that young children's development of peer collaboration is crucial for their later success in life. However, little attention has been paid to how children develop collaboration as a lifelong capability. Drawing on the notion of learning disposition, this study explored Chinese children's dispositions of collaboration. Our aim was to identify the characteristics of these dispositions and considered how they might suggest a possible direction of growth. The research was conducted in a preschool classroom. Findings reveal an interwoven relation between children's collaboration and their learning decisions, where ideas of interest, fun, friend, help and responsibility were embedded.

의사소통 장애아동 특성을 고려한 언어 중심 심리 운동 실재와 중재 이론을 위한 제언

Even if there are various treatment methods for children with communication disorders and achieve results, but there is a limit that the child must belong to a specific treatment method system while controlling the children's free thoughts and actions to some extend and this study found close relationship in that children can improve their language skill in the course of communicating for thought and behavior required for play. So, the purpose of this study is to develop Language-oriented psychomotor and language-centered psychomotor intervention theory to promote its effectiveness. Therefore, this study presented the practical application of speech therapy method in physical experience, speech therapy method in material experience, and speech therapy method in social experience, as follows. First, in the case of speech therapy in body experience, a positive situation must be created at first then, by using play centered on the body, autonomous verbal behavior can be enhanced in that situation. Second, in the case of speech therapy method in material experience, we suggested a way to expand voluntary language acquisition in various play situations through the principle of generalization, using materials from very small to large. Third, in the case of speech therapy method in social experience, it is possible to achieve the process of integration with the outside world by forming a group of 3-4 people and performing role play while changing the role. In addition, this study presented the conclusion that the following should be considered in the development of an intervention theory to increase the effectiveness of process above. First, since the degree of disability of children with communication disorders is different, these differences should be fully taken into account in the Language-oriented psychomotor. Second, the children involved are lack of activeness, a warm-up process is necessary, it is necessary to establish an additional psychological exercise pre-step to promote their activeness. Third, because children with communication disorders become somewhat distracted while performing the above activities, effective intervention of the therapist must be followed and a gradual approach should be used with an emphasis on overcoming their frustration, which is the biggest wound of children with communication disabilities. Fourth, In order for Language-oriented psychomotor to be differentiated from other methods, the physical experience that maximizes autonomy, the material experience customized to each child's disposition and taste, and social experience that is sometimes goes against each child's disposition and preference through the setting of a cooperative play theme to achieve holistic development through maximization of internalization, Fifth, when the Language-oriented psychomotor is completed to some extent, it is proposed to move to a general psychomotor in to pursue the formation of a complete holistic development.

Eating behaviors in children with Down syndrome: Results of a home-use test.

Children with Down syndrome (DS) display a disproportionate number of health challenges, including feeding and swallowing difficulties and food texture sensitivities. To start addressing food texture challenges early in life, the aim of this research was to understand mealtime behaviors and identify preferred food textures of children with DS. Children (aged 11 to 58 months) with DS (n= 111) and without (typically developing, TD; n= 107) participated in a home use test evaluating snack products of varying textures. Parents recorded their children's reactions to each food product; a panel of trained coders coded videos for mealtime behaviors. Children were also identified as food texture sensitive (TS) or non-texture sensitive (NTS). Results showed that age, TS, the presence of a DS diagnosis and the TS*DS interaction influenced the child's behaviors to the food products. Children with DS were more likely to increase distance from the food, mouth/suck on the food, and less likely to chew/much on the food compared to children TD. Children with DS also ate significantly less than typically developing children. Similar mealtime behaviors were observed between the children with TD/<30 months of age and children with DS regardless of age (p< .05). While children with DS/TS had a higher disposition for the dissolvable texture, along with products that were salty and cheesy, children with DS/NTS had a greater tolerance for more textures in general, including crunchy and grainy. Overall, this research identified mealtime behaviors in children with DS, determined overall disposition of children with DS to foods of differences sensory properties, and demonstrated the influence of TS on a child's disposition to a food. This research will be extended to develop acceptable and innovative food products for children with DS/TS.

Use of Real-World Data and Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Characterize Enoxaparin Disposition in Children With Obesity.

Dosing guidance for children with obesity is often unknown despite the fact that nearly 20% of US children are classified as obese. Enoxaparin, a commonly prescribed low‐molecular‐weight heparin, is dosed based on body weight irrespective of obesity status to achieve maximum concentration within a narrow therapeutic or prophylactic target range. However, whether children with and without obesity experience equivalent enoxaparin exposure remains unclear. To address this clinical question, 2,825 anti–activated factor X (anti‐Xa) surrogate concentrations were collected from the electronic health records of 596 children, including those with obesity. Using linear mixed‐effects regression models, we observed that 4‐hour anti‐Xa concentrations were statistically significantly different in children with and without obesity, even for children with the same absolute dose (P = 0.004). To further mechanistically explore obesity‐associated differences in anti‐Xa concentration, a pediatric physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed in adults, and then scaled to children with and without obesity. This PBPK model incorporated binding of enoxaparin to antithrombin to form anti‐Xa and elimination via heparinase‐mediated metabolism and glomerular filtration. Following scaling, the PBPK model predicted real‐world pediatric concentrations well, with an average fold error (standard deviation of the fold error) of 0.82 (0.23) and 0.87 (0.26) in children with and without obesity, respectively. PBPK model simulations revealed that children with obesity have at most 20% higher 4‐hour anti‐Xa concentrations under recommended, total body weight–based dosing compared to children without obesity owing to reduced weight‐normalized clearance. Enoxaparin exposure was better matched across age groups and obesity status using fat‐free mass weight‐based dosing.

A Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis to Study the Effect of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation on Cefepime Disposition in Children.

Limited data exist on the effects of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on pharmacokinetics of cefepime in critically ill pediatric patients. The objective was to describe cefepime disposition in children treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation using population pharmacokinetic modeling. Multicenter, prospective observational study. The pediatric and cardiac ICUs of six sites of the Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network. Seventeen critically ill children (30 d to < 2 yr old) on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation who received cefepime as standard of care between January 4, 2014, and August 24, 2015, were enrolled. None. A pharmacokinetic model was developed to evaluate cefepime disposition differences due to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. A two-compartment model with linear elimination, weight effects on clearance, intercompartmental clearance (Q), central volume of distribution (V1), and peripheral volume of distribution (V2) adequately described the data. The typical value of clearance in this study was 7.1 mL/min (1.9 mL/min/kg) for a patient weighing 5.8 kg. This value decreased by approximately 40% with the addition of renal replacement therapy. The typical value for V1 was 1,170 mL. In the setting of blood transfusions, V1 increased by over two-fold but was reduced with increasing age of the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit oxygenator. Cefepime clearance was reduced in pediatric patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation compared with previously reported values in children not receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The model demonstrated that the age of the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit oxygenator is inversely correlated to V1. For free cefepime, only 14 of the 19 doses (74%) demonstrated a fT_minimum inhibitory concentration of 16 mg/L, an appropriate target for the treatment of pseudomonal infections, for greater than 70% of the dosing interval. Pediatric patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation might benefit from the addition of therapeutic drug monitoring of cefepime to assure appropriate dosing.

Supplemental Material for Socioemotional Dispositions of Children and Adolescents Predict General and Specific Second-Order Factors of Psychopathology in Early Adulthood: A 12-Year Prospective Study

Supplemental Material for Socioemotional Dispositions of Children and Adolescents Predict General and Specific Second-Order Factors of Psychopathology in Early Adulthood: A 12-Year Prospective Study

The School Diary in Wartime Japan: Cultivating morale and self-discipline

AbstractDuring the Second World War, the Japanese state enacted sweeping education reforms designed to prime the population for Total War. The policies of the National Education Ordinance of 1941 aimed to strengthen collective loyalty and self-sacrifice for the state. Military drill and ceremonial rituals were the outward manifestation of wartime education. But this article examines how teachers borrowed an aspect of progressive ‘whole-person’ education from the more liberal pre-war era—‘daily life writing’ (seikatsu tsuzurikata)—to shape children's dispositions and consciousness. Through such reflective diary writing, children would learn to internalize the ideal behaviours and attributes of the Total War civilian. By comparing education discourse with samples of children's writings, teachers’ written feedback, and interviews of former students of an elementary school affiliated with the Ministry of Education, I show how reflective diary writing, despite its progressive origins as a means of self-expression for self-actualization and social critique, could be co-opted by right-wing Japanese ultra-nationalism for its potential as a means of self-censorship, self-monitoring, and self-control. At the same time, its practice did help children endure the hardships of war and defeat.

Children With Cerebral Palsy Playing With Mainstream Robotic Toys: Playfulness and Environmental Supportiveness.

Purpose: Play is a right for every child and has a key role in child development. Play can be analyzed according to the construct of playfulness, which is the child’s disposition to play. Children with cerebral palsy (CP) show difficulties in play and can also experience lower playfulness scores when compared to matched typically developing children. This paper analyses play and playfulness in children with CP using mainstream robotic toys with supporting adult play partners.Methodology: Five mainstream robotic toys were selected and used in play situations with six children with CP interacting with two adult partners. The play situations were coded through the Test of Playfulness (ToP) and the Test of Environmental Supportiveness (ToES), to analyze the role of robotic toys, adult partners and environment in supporting play and playfulness in children with CP.Results: The children obtained high ToP scores, showing that they were intrinsically motivated to be engaged in the play situations. The ToP scores weakly correlated with the ToES scores. To discuss this result, different features of each robot, the role of adults as scaffolder, and the space characteristics in supporting play are presented and discussed.Conclusion: This research field is new: to our knowledge, in the literature only one study focused on the use of one type of mainstream robotic toy to support the playfulness of children with CP. The parallel use of the ToP and the ToES was crucial to observe the complexity of the play situations and the role of playmates and toys during the play process. The role of the adult as play scaffolder has been important to mediate between the child with CP and the environment, toys included: the adult should be strongly aware of this role to better support the child in being in charge of the play situation. Further research is needed.

전통창살문양을 활용한 조형활동이 유아의 미술성향 및 창의성에 미치는 영향

전통창살문양을 활용한 조형활동이 유아의 미술성향 및 창의성에 미치는 영향

“In Kindy You Don’t Get Taught”: Continuity and Change as Children Start School

Over the last decade, there has been increasing awareness of the importance of engaging young children in research about their experiences and considering ways in which children's experiences, expectations and perceptions influence both their interactions and those of others. This has resulted from recognition of young children as active citizens, with rights to be consulted about matters that affect them and from the principles underpinning the sociology of childhood, which emphasizes children's capabilities and agency. This paper explores young Australian children's perceptions of school and learning, as expressed through drawings and conversations about school. Data from children in preschools and the early years of school highlight children's expectations and experiences of school, including the importance of play, friendships, children's dispositions, and academic expectations of school and teachers. Drawing on previous research that notes the long term importance of children's attitudes and approaches, as well as their sense of belonging and identity, at the start of school, this paper has implications for adults engaging with children as they make the transition to school.

A Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis to Study the Effect of Therapeutic Hypothermia on Vancomycin Disposition in Children Resuscitated From Cardiac Arrest*

Limited data exist on the effects of therapeutic hypothermia on renal function and pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients after cardiac arrest. The objective was to describe the differences in vancomycin disposition in pediatric patients following cardiac arrest treated with either therapeutic hypothermia or normothermia using population pharmacokinetic modeling. Single-center, retrospective cohort study. A tertiary care hospital pediatric and cardiac ICU. Fifty-two pediatric patients (30 d to 17 yr old) who experienced a cardiac arrest, received vancomycin, and were treated with therapeutic hypothermia (32-34°C) or normothermia (36.3-37.6°C) between January 1, 2010, and September 30, 2014, were reviewed. None. A two-compartment model with linear elimination, weight effects on clearance, intercompartmental clearance (Q), central volume of distribution (V1), and peripheral volume of distribution (V2) adequately described the data despite high variability due to the small sample size. The typical value of clearance in this study was 4.48 L/hr (0.19 L/hr/kg) for a normothermic patient weighing 70 kg and a glomerular filtration rate of 90 mL/min/1.73 m. Patients treated with normothermia but with reduced or poor renal function (≤ 90 mL/min/1.73 m) had up to an 80% reduction in vancomycin clearance compared to those with normal renal function (90-140 mL/min/1.73 m). Patients with normal renal function but treated with therapeutic hypothermia versus normothermia experienced up to 25% reduction in vancomycin clearance. Patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia and with poor renal function experienced up to an 84% reduction in vancomycin clearance. Patients receiving hypothermia and/or with decreased renal function had lower vancomycin clearances based on a retrospectively fitted two-compartment model in children who experience cardiac arrest.

탐구중심 유아수학 활동이 수학적 성향과 수학적 문제해결능력에 미치는 효과

탐구중심 유아수학 활동이 수학적 성향과 수학적 문제해결능력에 미치는 효과

Representing Children in Chinese and U.S. Children's Literature ed. by Claudia Nelson and Rebecca Morris

Reviewed by: Representing Children in Chinese and U.S. Children's Literature ed. by Claudia Nelson and Rebecca Morris Emily Murphy (bio) Claudia Nelson and Rebecca Morris, eds. Representing Children in Chinese and U.S. Children's Literature. Burlington: Ashgate, 2014. Print. This volume, a collection of nineteen essays (including a coda by Chinese children's writer Mei Zihan), is part of a growing body of scholarship on children's literature in Asia. It follows John Stephens' collection Subjectivity in Asian Children's Literature and Film (2013) by just one year, and, as such, effectively answers Stephens' previous call for "a reciprocal exchange of literary theories and methodologies between Eastern and Western scholars of children's literature" (7). The essays included in the collection provide a model for the kind of intellectual exchange that Stephens identifies as woefully absent from the bulk of children's literature criticism and is also a useful starting point for exploring the rich history of Chinese children's literature. Originally intended to create a dialogue between U.S. and Chinese children's [End Page 128] literature scholars, the book identifies its audience as "English-speak[ers]" (3), and thus shifts its purpose to educating this group of scholars about rhetorical traditions and literary movements in the Chinese tradition. Indeed, these aspects of the book are its strongest points and will be the focus of this review. The book is divided into five sections, which include essays on topics ranging from fantasy fiction, picture books, middle-grade readers, and young adult novels. In Section I ("Theorizing Children's Literature: Journey as Metaphor and Motif"), Roberta Seelinger Trites revisits a familiar classic of American young adult literature, Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), and considers how embodied metaphors related to Huck's physical journey are used to conceptualize his psychological growth. Ban Ma contrasts this motif of "dynamism" (represented by the active, travelling child) with the "quietness" of Chinese children's literature from the mid-Ming dynasty (1368–1644), which often required children to be still and stay within the home (23). Sections II and III primarily contain individual author studies, but the former, which deals with the May Fourth Movement, is broader in scope and considers how Chinese authors participated in this pivotal cultural movement that erupted after a 1919 student protest in Beijing. Section IV is devoted to didactic children's literature and features essays by leaders of Chinese and American children's literature. In "Children's Disposition and Children's Views," award-winning author Cao Wenxuan describes the difference between children's views and dispositions, and resists collapsing these two terms into a single descriptive category. Michelle Martin and Katharine Capshaw write about a different form of resistance, stressing the importance of picture books in challenging what Nancy Larrick, in 1965, referred to as the "all-white world of children's books." Importantly, the need for diverse books is a concern that is shared by Chinese scholars, as is evidenced in Tan Fengxia's essay on American realistic novels for young adults, where she draws upon the American literary tradition in search of inspiration for a nascent body of young adult literature in China and calls for more books that "deal with the challenges regarding the image of adolescents" (218). For me, Section II was one of the most informative and best aided in the editors' goal of educating English-speaking scholars about the rich history of Chinese children's literature. In this section, contributors Wang Quangen, Xu Yan, and Zhu Ziqiang provide a fundamental introduction to the May Fourth Movement, a period that many Chinese scholars agree to be the starting point of modern Chinese children's literature. With over five hundred children's publishers currently active in China, children's literature is now a substantial part of the publishing industry and is meeting new demands of a rising middle class. However, it was in the period of the May Fourth Movement, which flourished in the 1920s, that new ideas about children and literature [End Page 129] written specifically for this age group emerged. At this time, Chinese authors, including Lu Xun, Zhou Zuoren, Bing Xin, and Ye Shengtao, among...

Story, song, and ceremony: shaping dispositions in Japanese elementary schools during Taisho and early Showa

Japanese elementary schools of the Taisho and early Showa periods sought to shape children into ‘good Japanese’ through an imaginary communicated in a range of media and activities, intended to form children's dispositions through a combination of discipline and attraction. Ceremonies for the reading of the Imperial Rescript on Education, held on four major annual holidays, disciplined children into awe of the Emperor. In contrast, stories of exemplary heroes were communicated in forms aimed at inspiring children and moving their emotions, from textbook stories and songs, to plays at gakugeikai (school revues). Such heroes ranged from medieval imperial loyalists such as Kusunoki Masashige and his family, to figures from the Russo-Japanese War such as Nogi Maresuke and Hirose Takeo. Education movements of the Taisho period, pedagogically progressive in their focus on whole-person education, encouraging drama, singing, and other artistic activities, could serve nationalist purposes by making such heroes' stories more emotionally involving.

Impact of Behavioral Genetic Evidence on the Perceptions and Dispositions of Child Abuse Victims

Background: Behavioral genetic research is beginning to elucidate some of the genetic contributions to human behaviors - including criminal and other problematic behaviors - and their interactions with environmental influences. One of the most studied of these interactions involves low-activity alleles of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene, which appear to increase the risk of antisocial behavior among males in the wake of childhood maltreatment. Some scholars have suggested that decisions about disposition of child abuse victims should be shaped by these findings, but the extent of public support for such approaches has not been assessed. Methods: In this study, a representative sample of the US population (n = 250) was presented with a vignette about a child, physically abused by his mother, who was tested for the presence of an allele that increases the risk of future impulsive violent behavior. Participants were asked about their views regarding the child's disposition, including return to his mother, and medical or psychological treatment. Results: Although participants thought that genetic data should be taken into account, the presence of an allele that increases the risk of impulsive violent behavior did not affect views regarding the child's return to his mother. However, it did increase respondents' willingness to provide the child with medical treatment and their view of the child as dangerous to other children. Conclusions: The findings suggest that behavioral genetic evidence has effects on perceptions of dangerousness and tendencies to view problems as medical but that the public is cautious about the use of genetic findings in child abuse adjudications.

Characterisation of the clinical pharmacokinetics of actinomycin D and the influence of ABCB1 pharmacogenetic variation on actinomycin D disposition in children with cancer.

Background and ObjectiveDespite its important role in cancer treatment, there is currently very limited available information concerning the clinical pharmacology of actinomycin D (Act D). The study was designed to characterise Act D pharmacokinetics and investigate the impact of pharmacogenetic variation on Act D disposition in children with cancer.MethodsA total of 650 plasma samples collected over an 8 year period from 117 patients ≤21 years receiving Act D (0.4–1.6 mg/m2) were used to characterise a population pharmacokinetic model. Polymorphisms in ABCB1 were analysed in 140 patients.ResultsA 3-compartment model provided a good fit to the data. Median values for Act D clearance and volume of distribution in the central compartment (V 1) obtained from the model were 5.3 L/h and 1.9 L (13.9 L/h/70 kg and 7.5 L/70 kg), respectively. There was substantial inter-subject variation in all pharmacokinetic parameters (coefficients of variation 53–81 % for non-normalised values). Body weight was a major determinant of Act D clearance, such that dose capping at 2 mg in larger children at a protocol dose of 1.5 mg/m2 resulted in significantly lower area under the plasma concentration-time curves (mean AUC values: 9.3 versus 12.8 mg·min/L; P < 0.0001). No significant relationships were found between ABCB1 genetic variants and Act D pharmacokinetic parameters, nor between CL, V 1 or dose and incidence of grade 3 or 4 toxicity.ConclusionWe have defined the pharmacokinetics of Act D in a paediatric patient population, providing robust estimates of key pharmacokinetic parameters. Pharmacokinetic data bring into question the current clinical practice of dose capping at 2 mg in larger patients. Pharmacogenetic variation in candidate drug transporter genes identified from preclinical studies does not significantly impact on Act D exposure in a clinical setting.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40262-014-0153-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The Effects of After School Robot Program on the Attitudes Toward Robot and Technological Thinking Disposition of Children

The Effects of After School Robot Program on the Attitudes Toward Robot and Technological Thinking Disposition of Children

The mathematics education of pre-school teachers

The foundation for children's mathematical development is established in the early childhood through experiences which challenge infants and preschoolers to explore ideas related to patterns, shapes, numbers and space. These early experiences influence significantly children's disposition for mathematics, hence they need to be positive and supportive. The ability of pre-school teachers to provide young learners with such experiences requires both profound understanding of fundamental mathematical ideas and positive attitude toward mathematics. Analysis of the results on the entry test administered to first year students, prospective pre-school teachers, at the Faculty of Pedagogy 'St. Kliment Ohridski ' in Skopje, at the beginning of the semester during five consecutive academic years (2006/07-2010/11) show extremely low levels of initial mathematics competencies of the majority of the students. These results together with research studies in this field establish the need for a high-quality mathematics education to be provided for prospective pre-school teachers within their university studies. The question of what kind of mathematics education is required to equip future pre-school teachers with the competencies to promote young learners' development of mathematical abilities is addressed through theoretical considerations of research studies of mathematics education in early childhood.

Disposition of Children With Burns in Emergency Departments in Île de France

The majority of burn injuries are managed by emergency departments (EDs), which are the pivotal axis in patient assessment. The aim of this study was to investigate the discharge destination of children with burn injuries presenting to EDs in Île de France. Therefore, a postal questionnaire was sent to 91 EDs. The number of children with burns and their discharge status after passing through the ED in 2005, as well as the clinical positions of practitioners involved, the discharge destination of children, and the conditions resulting in a transfer to a burn center were assessed. Forty-six EDs replied to the questionnaire. Pediatric burns corresponded to 0.63% of pediatric visits in EDs. The rates of admission (7.8%) and transfer (1.9%) were low. Larger EDs had a higher admission rate and a lower rate of transfer. The need for advice from a burn center remained constant as well as the transfer rate to a burn center (both around 14%), irrespective of the size of the ED. Reasons for transfer agreed with data in the literature. More than 3200 children were registered with burns in half of the region's EDs during 2005. The majority of burns were not severe, as demonstrated by the low number of admissions and transfers, and most children were cared for locally in nonspecialized settings. Nevertheless, the relationship between burn centers and all EDs, not just the large one, needs to be strengthened to improve the quality of care given to these children.

Children's engagement in leisure time physical activity: exploring family structure as a determinant

This paper draws on Bourdieu's key concepts in an effort to understand particular social practices and the effect of family as a social environment and determinant for participation in leisure time physical activity. As an exploratory study, the aim was to elicit children's subjective views of their engagement in leisure time physical activity settings. Adopting an interpretive perspective, six 11‐ to 14‐year‐old children from intact couple families and single parent families were interviewed in small groups, exploring lived experiences of their participation in physical activity in relation to their family structure. The study suggests that family structure plays a vital role in helping to shape children's dispositions towards physical activity. All children were subject to the transmission of parental beliefs and values towards physical activity though this was further reinforced in intact couple families through joint participation. Moreover, children from single parent families were seen to exhibit more sedentary dispositions that reflected the environment in which they reside. We argue that children's individual habitus, as bearing the experiences of their familial backgrounds, provided them with certain desires to participate in physical activity which are mediated by their family circumstance. The study suggests that family structure is becoming a more prominent issue within society, and thus, children's leisure activity from this perspective requires further research that explores this phenomenon in greater detail.