Children's Preferences Research Articles

Countless Blessings: A History of Childbirth and Reproduction in the Sahel

Countless Blessings: A History of Childbirth and Reproduction in the Sahel

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PREFERENSI KONSUMSI IKAN ANAK USIA SEKOLAH (STUDI KASUS: SISWA SMPN 1 ASTAMBUL KABUPATEN BANJAR)

Fish consumption is one of the factors that directly affect the nutritional status of a person, family, or community. State Junior High School Astambul 1, Astambul District, Banjar Regency, has several canteens that sell a variety of foods. Most of the students prefer fried chicken over some other fish dishes. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the factors that influence fish consumption preferences in school-age children. This study uses primary data and secondary data. Primary data were collected through surveys, observations, and direct interviews with respondents with the help of a questionnaire. Data analysis used: (1) Instrument Test (validity test and reliability test), (2) Logistics analysis (Hosmer and Lemesho's Goodness, Omnibus Tests, Nagelkerke R Square, Correlation Matrix and Wald's Test). The results of the analysis show that 1) The regression coefficient (β) of the social status variable is 2.283 and the significance value = 0.019 (p < 5%). 2) The value of the regression coefficient (β) of the mother's education variable is 2.458 and the significance value = 0.017 (p < 5%). 3). The value of the regression coefficient (β) of the energy adequacy level variable is 0.004 and the significance value = 0.05 (p < 5%). 4) The regression coefficient (β) of the infection variable is 14,292 and the significance value = 0.05 (p > 5%). 5) The regression coefficient (β) of the infection variable is 19.098 and the significance value = 0.05 (p > 5%). The conclusion of the analysis is that socioeconomic status, mother's education, and energy adequacy level have a significant effect on fish consumption, while infection and child nutritional status have no significant effect on fish consumption.

The Role of a Child Tax Policy: Population, Human Capital, and Economic Growth

This study analyzes the impact of a child tax policy on the population, human capital, and economic growth in an overlapping generations model with endogenous fertility and human capital. The model shows that the child tax policy inhibits population growth and promotes human capital accumulation, generating a trade-off between the quantity and quality of children. The reduced population and increased human capital both contribute to per capita income. The balance between the negative impact of the child tax policy on the population and the positive impact on per capita income ultimately determines the impact on aggregate growth. The results show that the effect on aggregate growth rate is positive when parents' preference for children is large enough, and negative otherwise. In addition, with the pay-as-you-go pension system, I find that, under feasible conditions, the effect of the child tax policy on pensions is the same as that on total growth.

The developmental trajectories of racial and gender intergroup bias in 5- to 10-year-old children: The impact of general psychological tendencies, contextual factors, and individual propensities

Racism and intergroup discrimination are pervasive problems in human societies. Whereas several studies have shown that children show bias in the context of many kinds of groups, much less is known about how and when general psychological tendencies and contextual factors contribute to the manifestation of intergroup bias across development, and whether individual differences play a role. In the present study, we pursue these questions by investigating and comparing the developmental trajectories of intergroup bias in 5- to 10-year-old (mostly) White children (n = 100). We assessed children's liking and preferences towards 4 racial groups (White, East Asian, Black, and Middle Eastern) and towards 2 gender groups (male and female) in a within-subject design. We found that the young children in our sample showed a significant racial and gender ingroup bias, speaking to an early and strong manifestation of intergroup bias on the basic ingroup-outgroup distinction. This bias decreased with age. At the same time, we found considerable differences between the different types of outgroups from early on. Furthermore, there were remarkable differences between the developmental trajectories of gender and racial intergroup bias, highlighting the role of both social and contextual influences. Finally, our results did not reveal consistent evidence for the influence of individual differences on children's intergroup bias.

Les pédophiles sont-ils tous des agresseurs sexuels d’enfants ?

In popular discourse, the terms pedophile and child sex. offender are generally understood to be synonymous : pedophiles are considered to be individuals who have sexually assaulted a child and child sex. offenders are necessarily defined as individuals with a sexual preference for children. Although previous studies have shown that sexual preference for children plays an important role in the offending process and in recidivism, it is but one factor among others (e.g. lack of empathy, cognitive distortions). In this interview, the researchers provide some nuance by, among other things, delimiting several concepts such as child sexual abuse and by addressing the different types of sexual offenses, the characteristics and profiles of child sexual offenders and the differences between pedophilia and child sexual abuse. The researchers conclude by introducing the concept of the non-offending pedophile, an individual with a sexual preference towards children but who has never committed a sexual offense. The researchers discuss the resources available to this type of individual, the difficulties they may experience on a daily basis and suggest areas of further reflection in terms of support and treatment.

Engaging White parents to address their White children's racial biases in the Black-White context.

Multiple studies (n=1065 parents, 625 females, 437 males, 3 nonbinary, 99.06% White; n=80, 5 to 7-year-old children, 35 girls, 45 boys, 87.50% White; data collection September 2017-January 2021) investigated White U.S. parents' thinking about White children's Black-White racial biases. In Studies 1-3, parents reported that their own and other children would not express racial biases. When predicting children's social preferences for Black and White children (Study 2), parents underestimated their own and other children's racial biases. Reading an article about the nature, prevalence, and consequences of White children's racial biases (Study 3) increased parents' awareness of, concern about, and motivation to address children's biases (relative to a control condition). The findings have implications for engaging White parents to address their children's racial biases.

Taste perception in children with different caries activity

PurposeThe aim of the study was to investigate whether caries-active and caries-free children differ in terms of their taste perception for sweet, sour, salty and bitter.MethodsThe study group consisted of 100 children aged 5–10 years: 50 caries-free children and 50 children with at least four untreated carious lesions. Taste perception was analysed using two test systems. First, filter paper strips impregnated with four taste qualities (sweet, sour, salty, and bitter) at four defined intensities were used (“taste strips”). Then a tasting spray in suprathreshold concentration of the respective taste was applied. The children were asked to name the perceived taste. The parents answered a questionnaire about the children’s dietary habits.ResultsThe children with high caries activity scored lower on average on the taste strips than the caries-free participants. For the taste sprays, the perception of the taste quality “bitter” was significantly worse in the children with caries than in caries-free children (Mann–Whitney U test p < 0.05).ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that taste preferences in children are associated with increased susceptibility to tooth decay.

The developmental trajectories of racial categorization and explicit racial biases in Singapore

The present study investigated the development of racial categorization and explicit racial biases in Singaporean Chinese preschoolers (N = 73). Three- to six-year-olds were found to be generally adept at categorizing novel faces by race and displayed significant improvements in their racial categorization abilities at six years old. Additionally, the strength of children's racial preferences varied along the developmental trajectory. While three- and four-year-olds did not exhibit own-race preferences, five- and six-year-olds preferred to befriend own-race children and preferentially assigned desirable jobs to own-race adults. None of the age groups, however, displayed preferences for either race when assigning undesirable jobs to adults, pointing to an absence of negative outgroup bias from three to six years old. Lastly, children who were better able to categorize novel faces by race also showed stronger tendencies to assign undesirable jobs to other-race adults and thus stronger outgroup negativity. Together, our findings suggest that ingroup positivity precedes outgroup negativity, and that racial categorization plays an important role in the development of negative outgroup bias, hence providing further support for developmental theories on intergroup bias formation.

The perception of 8- to 10-year-old Dutch children towards plant-based meat analogues

Consumption of meat-based food products can be related to diverse health problems, while the production of meat-based food products negatively impacts the environment. A way to reduce meat production and consumption is to replace meat-based food products by meat substitutes. This would be especially effective when done by consumers who are currently eating meat. Families could play an important role in the transition from regular meat consumption towards consumption of meat substitutes. Food preferences and opinions of the children are of great influence on parents' food choice for the main meals. However, little is yet known about the perception of children regarding meat substitutes. Therefore, this study examined the perception of 8- to 10-year-old non-vegetarian Dutch children towards plant-based meat analogues. In this study, meat analogues are defined as specific meat substitutes, resembling regular meat. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 34 children. It was found that children are in general open to trying meat analogues, while playing a pivotal role in the household by requesting meat analogues for dinner. Results suggest that meat analogues’ product attributes should resemble regular meat to address the preference of children. Although the packaging should resemble the packaging of regular meat, it should also be distinguishable from regular meat by clear communication about the vegetarian content. In addition, communication about animal welfare, healthiness and environmental impact related to the meat analogues can activate positive perception around meat analogues. Stressing these aspects in product development and communication could positively influence the consumption of meat analogues among non-vegetarian children.

What Predict Modern Contraception Use? A Study of Reproductive Age Married Couples in Indonesia

ABSTRACTBackground: Health, including reproductive health is everyone's right. Reproductive health can be achieved in several ways, including the practice of family planning through modern contraception used by married couples. Modern contraception brings positive impact for ensuring couples and families’ overall health and wellbeing. However, prevalence of modern contraception use among couples is still low, including in Indonesia. This study aimed to determine factors that predicted the modern contraception use of reproductive age married couples in Indonesia.Method: This study was quantitative study with cross-sectional approach. Data used in this study was secondary data from the 2021 Family Data Collection. Sampling technique was saturated sampling on reproductive age couples in 34 Provinces in Indonesia. Dependent variable was modern contraception use. Independent variables were women's ideal marriage age, women's early marriage age, and ideal number of children preferences. Data analysis used multiple linear regression test. Results: Results showed that variables that were significantly related to modern contraception use were women's ideal marriage age, women's early marriage age, and ideal number of children preferences (p&lt;0.001). There was significant relationship between each variable women's ideal marriage age (p&lt;0.001), women's early marriage age (p&lt;0.001), and ideal number of children preferences (p&lt;0.001) with modern contraception use. women's ideal marriage age, women's early marriage age, and ideal number of children preferences were predictors of modern contraception use among reproductive age married couples in Indonesia, both simultaneously and individually. Based on study results, reproductive age couples need to consider their age of marriage and gain good information and understanding about children preferences. It is hoped that it would increase their participation of modern contraception use.

의사소통 장애아동 특성을 고려한 언어 중심 심리 운동 실재와 중재 이론을 위한 제언

Even if there are various treatment methods for children with communication disorders and achieve results, but there is a limit that the child must belong to a specific treatment method system while controlling the children's free thoughts and actions to some extend and this study found close relationship in that children can improve their language skill in the course of communicating for thought and behavior required for play. So, the purpose of this study is to develop Language-oriented psychomotor and language-centered psychomotor intervention theory to promote its effectiveness. Therefore, this study presented the practical application of speech therapy method in physical experience, speech therapy method in material experience, and speech therapy method in social experience, as follows. First, in the case of speech therapy in body experience, a positive situation must be created at first then, by using play centered on the body, autonomous verbal behavior can be enhanced in that situation. Second, in the case of speech therapy method in material experience, we suggested a way to expand voluntary language acquisition in various play situations through the principle of generalization, using materials from very small to large. Third, in the case of speech therapy method in social experience, it is possible to achieve the process of integration with the outside world by forming a group of 3-4 people and performing role play while changing the role. In addition, this study presented the conclusion that the following should be considered in the development of an intervention theory to increase the effectiveness of process above. First, since the degree of disability of children with communication disorders is different, these differences should be fully taken into account in the Language-oriented psychomotor. Second, the children involved are lack of activeness, a warm-up process is necessary, it is necessary to establish an additional psychological exercise pre-step to promote their activeness. Third, because children with communication disorders become somewhat distracted while performing the above activities, effective intervention of the therapist must be followed and a gradual approach should be used with an emphasis on overcoming their frustration, which is the biggest wound of children with communication disabilities. Fourth, In order for Language-oriented psychomotor to be differentiated from other methods, the physical experience that maximizes autonomy, the material experience customized to each child's disposition and taste, and social experience that is sometimes goes against each child's disposition and preference through the setting of a cooperative play theme to achieve holistic development through maximization of internalization, Fifth, when the Language-oriented psychomotor is completed to some extent, it is proposed to move to a general psychomotor in to pursue the formation of a complete holistic development.

Key Informants’ Perspectives on Childhood Obesity in Vietnam: A Qualitative Study

ObjectivesVietnam’s post-war globalization, economic development, and urbanization have contributed to a nutrition transition from traditional diets to highly-processed diets, and increased prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity. Our study aims to explore the attitudes and behaviors driving this epidemic.MethodsThis qualitative study focused on the perspectives and practices of Vietnamese parents, schoolteachers and doctors. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of 12 regarding the historical, social, and cultural influences contributing to childhood overweight and obesity. Audio-recorded interviews were translated and transcribed, then analyzed using modified ground theory to identify themes and representative quotes.ResultsFive themes were identified: (1) Change in diet between generations, (2) Preference for rounder children, (3) Unhealthy feeding practices, (4) Reduced physical activity, and (5) Increasing awareness of childhood obesity. A conceptual map detailed the shift from war-time to post-war economic environment and psycho-social context for raising children to be large, safe and academically-successful.Conclusions for PracticeWe found that globalization, urbanization and economic development—in the context of historical, social and cultural attitudes—may contribute to increasing child obesity in Vietnam. Obesity prevention through public health and educational institutions should involve policies and programs for healthy eating and exercise, tailored to address parental figures’ concerns.

Time and risk preferences of children predict health behaviors but not BMI

We conduct experiments with 720 children ages 9–11 to evaluate the relationship of time and risk preferences with health. Children who are more patient report consuming fewer unhealthy calories and spending less time on sedentary activities such as video games. Children who are more risk seeking report engaging in more exercise and more screen time. However, time and risk preferences are not predictive of body mass index (BMI). Moreover, some of the negative health behaviors, such as screen time, are associated with lower – rather than higher – BMI.

Hand Preference in Children’s Referential Gestures During Storytelling: Testing for Effects of Bilingualism, Language Ability, Age, and Sex

Adults, preschool children, and infants gesture more with their right hand than with their left hand. Since gestures and speech are related in production, it is possible that this right-hand preference reflects left-hemisphere lateralization for gestures and speech. The primary purpose of the present study was to test if children between the ages of 6 and 10 years show a right-hand preference in referential gestures while telling a story. We also tested four predictors of children’s degree of right-hand preference: 1) bilingualism, 2) language proficiency, 3) age, and 4) sex. Previous studies have shown that these variables are related to the degree of speech lateralization. Twenty-five English monolingual (17 girls; Mage = 8.0, SDage = 1.4), 21 French monolingual (12 girls; Mage = 7.3, SDage = 1.4,) and 25 French-English bilingual (11 girls; Mage = 8.5, SDage = 1.4) children watched a cartoon and told the story back. The bilinguals did this once in each language. The referential gestures were coded for handedness. Most of the participants showed a right-hand preference for gesturing. In English, none of the predictor variables was clearly related to right-hand preference. In French, the monolinguals showed a stronger right-hand preference than the bilinguals. These inconsistent findings across languages raise doubts as to whether the right-hand preference is linked to lateralization for speech.

Food Promotion and Children's Health: Considering Best Practices for Teaching and Evaluating Media Literacy on Food Marketing.

Food marketing to children is ubiquitous and persuasive. It primarily promotes foods of poor nutritional quality, influences children's food preferences and habits, and is a factor in childhood obesity. Given that food marketing relentlessly targets children in traditional/digital media and the built environment, children need critical media literacy skills that build their understanding of food marketing's persuasive effects. However, little research connects media literacy with food marketing and health, including effective strategies for teaching and evaluating such programming for children. This perspective presents the outcomes of a stakeholder meeting on best practices in teaching and evaluation on media literacy and food marketing to children. Strategies for promoting critical thinking (teaching content, teaching practices, teaching supports, and parent/caregiver involvement), and strategies for measuring critical thinking (program effectiveness and broader long-term impacts) were identified. These include, among other things, the need to capture the range of marketing formats and current food promotion trends, to include inquiry-based and co-creation activities, and to support ongoing media literacy development. Overall, these strategies suggest useful criteria for media literacy programming related to food marketing, and highlight the importance of media literacy for giving children the skills to navigate a complex food environment.

P139 Three-year School-based Intervention May Change Primary School Children's Preferences for Fruit and Vegetable Dishes

<h3>Objective</h3> Evaluation of the three-year school-based multicomponent intervention "Nutri-školica" in terms of changing children's preferences for fruit and vegetable dishes from the school menus. <h3>Use of Theory or Research</h3> Preference, as one of the biological characteristics according to Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory, may be the trigger for children's consumption of fruit and vegetable dishes. With appropriate educational, sensory, and exposure-based intervention, it could be modified to increase children's acceptance of fruit and vegetable dishes. <h3>Target Audience</h3> Primary school children (7-10 years old). <h3>Program Description</h3> "Nutri-školica" is a three-year (school years 2018/2019-2020/2021) school-based multicomponent intervention aimed at increasing the acceptance and consumption of fruit and vegetables among primary school children. The intervention was implemented in 14 elementary school in the city of Zagreb, with children within the schools divided into an intervention and a control group. <h3>Evaluation Methods</h3> To assess the impact of the intervention on children's preferences for fruit and vegetable dishes, a two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was conducted to compare pre- and post-intervention changes in the intervention and control groups. Children's preferences were assessed during school lunch two weeks before and after the intervention. After the children finished their school lunch, they rated the meal items, which included fruit or vegetables, using a taste-and-rate method on a 5-point smiley-face scale (5 represents "most liked"). The analysis was conducted with 70 children who ate school lunch and rated the meals before and after the intervention. <h3>Results</h3> Children in the intervention group (before: 4.19 ± 1.12; after: 4.29 ± 0.83) showed a significant increase (<i>P =</i> 0.018) in preference for fruit and vegetable dishes served at school after the three-year intervention compared to the control group (before: 4.29 ± 0.92; after: 3.28 ± 1.07). <h3>Conclusions</h3> The intervention "Nutri-školica" has proven successful in changing children's preferences for fruit and vegetable dishes. <h3>Funding</h3> European Commission – Horizon 2020 (Call H2020-SFS-2015-2, Topic: SFS-20-2015, Type of action: RIA, Proposal Number: 678024-2); Croatian Science Foundation - Young researchers' career development project: training of doctoral students (DOK-01-2018 - funded by the European Social Fund)

Comprehensive Review of Nocturnal Enuresis in Children

Background: Enuresis is a common problem that affects up to 15% of 5‐year‐old children and may have significant psychological, emotional, and social consequences for both the child and their family. Enuresis is the inability of toilet‐trained children to hold urine during the night. It can be classified as primary and secondary. Secondary enuresis occurs in children who have had a dry duration of more than six months; otherwise, it is called primary enuresis. Objectives: This narrative review aims to summarize the available data on the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, evaluation, and treatment of children with enuresis. Methods: This study was conducted through a literature search with the keywords based on Medical Subject Headings (MESH) and were combined with other keywords, including enuresis, pediatric, incontinence, and treatment using PubMed, Embase, Web of Sciences, Scopus, and Cochrane databases. Results: The initial evaluation of enuresis needs a detailed medical history and a careful physical examination with no need for radiology and invasive procedures. The treatment’s mainstay is non‐pharmacological treatments, such as behavioral intervention followed by pharmacotherapy. The appropriate treatment chosen depends on the children's age, midnight voiding patterns, and family and child preferences. Conclusions: Enuresis is a common disorder that affects both the child and the family in many ways. Enuresis's etiology is complex, and it is still not well understood. The child and family must be included in the treatment process, and potential pathophysiological causes must be taken into account.

The Relationship between Parental Involvement and Academic Motivation of Grade 11 and 12 Senior High School Students

The goal of this research is to know the correlation between parental involvement and academic motivation among Grades 11 and 12 senior high school students. The descriptive-correlational approach was used in this research. Furthermore, a universal sampling technique was used, resulting in 206 respondents out of the 796 total population. The parental involvement rating scale and academic motivation scale were applied to quantify parental involvement and academic motivation, respectively. The mean was utilized to determine the extent of parental involvement and level of academic motivation. Moreover, Pearson R was employed to test the significance of both parental involvement and academic motivation. The study concluded that parental involvement was sometimes evident among parents of students. In the same way, the academic motivation of senior high school students in Grades 11 and 12 was moderate. Lastly, parental involvement and academic motivation have proven to have a significant but low-to-negative relationship. This means, that when parents show high involvement in students' academic learning, this results in students having less motivation academically; this also happens vice versa. It is recommended that parents and students talk about their preferences regarding how parental involvement is enforced to have better academic motivation. Teachers should also communicate with their student’s parents to inform them of their child's preferences regarding their participation in learning.

Perceived influence of male child preference on the social adjustment of women producing only females in Jalingo Local Government Taraba State, Nigeria

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of male child preference on the social adjustment of women producing only females in Jalingo Local Government, Taraba State, Nigeria. A descriptive survey design was used for the study. The population that was used for this study was the entire single and married female gender in Jalingo Local Government. The sample for the study which comprised ninety (90) females and ninety (90) female producing women making 180 respondents altogether were randomly selected from educational centres, recreational centres, as well as marketplaces within the Local Government. The instrument that was used for data collection was a self-designed instrument titled “Male Child Syndrome on Female social Adjustment Questionnaire (MCPSAQ)”. Cronbach's Alpha reliability test was used to determine the reliability coefficient. The reliability result of .996 shows that the instrument was reliable for data collection. Descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions. The findings showed that male child preference negatively influences the social adjustment of female producing women in Jalingo Local Government. It was therefore recommended among others that government and non-governmental organizations should mount a serious campaign against the practice of male child syndrome using jingles, public enlightenment, and the declaration of an international day for female producing women.

Should I Go to Graduate School? The Role of Preference for Children and Human Capital Accumulation

We propose a selection mechanism with preference heterogeneity to study the impact of children on women’s decision to attend graduate school. We show that the net return to education decreases with women’s preferences for children and that only women with preferences below a certain threshold find it optimal to go to graduate school. We embed the selection mechanism into a dynamic life-cycle model of schooling, fertility, and labor force participation decisions and find that changes in returns to experience are quantitatively relevant to account for the observed changes in behavior of women born in 1945 or 1965.