Child-rearing Style Research Articles

The Reflections of Grandmothers’ Care on Mothers’ Child- Rearing Practices

This research employed a qualitative descriptive design to explore the reflections of grandmothers’ caregiving on mothers’ child care practices. Within the research framework, in-depth interviews were conducted with 21 mothers, whose children received or are receiving care from their own mothers or mothers-in-law. Following a thematic analysis of the acquired data, three prominent themes emerged: views on child rearing styles, challenges associated with grandmother care, and opportunities related to grandmother care. The results indicate variations in child-rearing styles between mothers and grandmothers, with instances of both alignment and divergence. While grandmother care poses multifaceted challenges to the mother, child or mother-child relationship, it concurrently affords opportunities for increased maternal-child bonding and enhanced comfort in the child care process for the mother. The research findings demonstrate the multidimensional nature of grandmother care process, underscoring the necessity for support mechanisms such as institutional trainings and social services to mitigate potential adverse reflections of this process. Future research could explore different dimensions and long-term reflections of grandmother care.

Comparison of Attachment Styles and Object Relationships Among Women Engaged in Romantic Relationships with an Age Difference of 10 Years or Less and an Age Difference of 15 Years or More (with the Man Being Older)

Objective: The present study aimed to compare the attachment styles and object relationships among women engaged in romantic relationships with an age difference of 10 years or less and an age difference of 15 years or more (with the man being older). Methods and Materials: This was a causal-comparative study; the population consisted of 91 individuals, with 50 participants in the first group (women involved in romantic relationships with an age difference of 10 years or less) and 41 participants in the second group (women involved in romantic relationships with an age difference of 15 years or more), selected via convenience and snowball sampling methods. Participants responded to the Hazan and Shaver (1987) Attachment Style Questionnaire and the Bell (1995) Object Relationships Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with SPSS software. Findings: The results showed a significant difference between the two groups in the anxious/ambivalent attachment style and the avoidant attachment style (P<0.01). There was a significant difference between the two groups in the insecure attachment, alienation, and incompetence components from the object relationships variable (P<0.05). Also, there was no significant difference between the two groups in the secure attachment style and the self-centeredness component (object relationships) (P>0.05). Conclusion: It is recommended that decision-makers and practitioners in the fields of education, training, and culture pay attention to educating parents on correcting child-rearing styles to amend educational patterns, emphasizing the significant role of fathers in the psychological well-being of children, especially daughters.

A study of the mechanism for intergenerational transmission of gender roles in single-parent families

The divorce rate in China is rising yearly, and the concept of marriage is changing, triggering many social topics related to single parents. Among them, gender-awareness education for children in single-parent families is particularly worthy of attention, as there has been insufficient exploration of how parents transfer their gender role concepts to their children. This study conducted in-depth interviews with 58 single parents and children from 29 families in Suzhou and constructed the mechanism for intergenerational transmission of gender roles in single-parent families based on grounded theory. It found that single parents' gender stereotypes, the starting point of the intergenerational transmission mechanism, have been diluted. It affords them a more enlightened attitude towards child-rearing style, and they expect more equality in the gender role of their offspring. However, in some parents' actual parenting process, when the children's sexualization behaviours exceed their acceptance range, they will communicate with children in an authoritative and didactic way to “correct” the children's behaviour. In addition to direct verbal instruction, parents' expectations of their children's gender roles will be implicitly conveyed through various parent-child interactions in daily life to affect the formation of their children's gender roles. In the intergenerational transmission of gender roles, external people (such as grandparents, teachers and peer groups) have horizontal socialisation effects on children to modify or strengthen the results of gender education from their parents. Under the comprehensive influence of the above factors, the children's gender roles are finally determined. These studies expand previous theories and studies and have significant theoretical and practical implications.

Effect of Personality Traits and Emotion Regulation Strategies on Risky Behaviors in Adolescents.

The current study investigated the effects of personality traits and emotion regulation strategies on high-risk behaviors among adolescents (N = 1,572). This study used a cross-sectional and correlational research design. Multiple linear regression was used for analysis. A 1-unit increase in extraversion and neuroticism led to a 0.391- and 0.365-unit increase in high-risk behaviors, respectively. However, a 1-unit increase in agreeableness and conscientiousness led to a 0.307- and 0.365-unit decrease in high-risk behaviors, respectively (p < 0.05). A 1-unit increase in external and internal dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies led to a 1.34- and 0.548-unit increase in high-risk behaviors, respectively. However, a 1-unit increase in internal functional emotion regulation strategies led to a 0.641-unit decrease in high-risk behaviors (p < 0.05). Regression analysis showed that age, school type, sex, grade level, father's educational level, father's child-rearing style, and school performance were associated with more high-risk behaviors (p < 0.05). There were correlations between some personality traits, emotion regulation strategies, sociodemographic characteristics, and high-risk behaviors. Early intervention programs targeting dysfunctional personality traits and emotion regulation skills in adolescence may prevent the development of risky behaviors in adulthood. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 62(2), 23-36.].

Child Rearing Styles of Queer Parents in Relation to Child Adjustments

This study focused on determining the child rearing styles of queer parents about child adjustment. The case study was used to determine the unique experiences of the subject participants. Eight queer parents and eight children of queer parents participated in the study. Further, the researcher used unstructured interviews in collecting the research data. The results revealed that most of the queer parents belonged within the age range of more than 40, gay men and lesbian women, unmarried and living with no partner, Roman Catholic, Ilokano and Tagalog, college graduate, self-employed with a monthly family income of 20,001 – 30,000, and with one child. Moreover, most of the male and female child participants were under 17, first-born child with one sibling belonged to household members of three, nephews of queer parents and lived with their non-biological parents for more than 14 years. There is an emerging theme derived from the experiences of queer parents, such as their experiences in various aspects of parenthood. The queer parents’ child rearing styles were lax parenting style and disciplinarian style. Two emerging themes derived from the participants' experiences, such as their lived experiences consisting of three sub-themes: being raised by non-biological parents, being bullied and having conflict with parents. Similarly, two sub-themes were derived from the theme description of the present life, such as comfortable life and crossing to life challenges. The child adjustment that emerged was psychosocial. The emerging well-being of the child participants was life contentment. The emerging sub-themes under the description of parents’ way of rearing a child were composed of imposition of discipline, provision of basic needs and inculcation of the value of education. The child participants were appreciative and satisfied with the kind of life they had. Since most of the parents were single, the government through the local government units may properly disseminate the Solo Parent Act as to benefits and privileges under the law through series of orientation and assist the queer parents to have their Solo Parents card. Non-government organization, civic organization and the church may conduct series of guidance and counselling, psychological intervention and spiritual nurturing programs and activities to enhance the quality of life among child of the queer parents.

Dissoanalytic Psychohistory: Dissoanalysis of the Traumatic History of Humanity and the Construction of a New Societal Reality

In the face of all the limitations and criticisms regarding the recognition of consciousness as a psychosocial "singularity experience", the construction of "Dissoanalysis Theory: Psychocommunal Therapy" centered on "multiple consciousness system", "multiple reality perception" and "multiple memory phenomenon", that is, a new societal reality, has become an indispensability. Based on trauma and dissociation studies, i.e. modern psychotraumatology paradigms and modalities, the "Dissoanalysis Theory", structured by Ozturk with the aim of creating a functional society consisting of empathetic, prudent, just, peaceful, and capable individuals, made it possible for the emergence of "dissoanalytic psychohistory" from a psychosocial perspective. Dissoanalytic psychohistory is intervention therapy for psychosocial crises! “Dissoanalytic psychohistory” structured by Ozturk within the framework of the dissoanalytic school is defined as a branch of science that does researches on childhood traumas, psychosocial perceptions of childhood, chronic oppressions, child-rearing styles, dysfunctional families, dysfunctional generations, intergenerational transmission of trauma, intergenerational transfer of psychopathology, psychocommunal dissociation, dominant leaders and mass violence and develops strategies focused on especially preventing childhood traumas and wars. Dissoanalytic psychohistory, emphasizing that the neutralization of dysfunctional generations and the future can be achieved by the administration of "psychocommunal therapy" of all nations in the world, is an original psychology theory that consists of a holistic synthesis of modern psychotraumatology and psychohistory paradigms with the study of intergenerational transmission of trauma and intergenerational transfer of psychopathology. Dissoanalytic psychohistory, which is the dissoanalysis of the traumatic history of humanity and the construction of a new societal reality, both analyzes and integrates the dissociative components of societies with absolute reality. Dissoanalytic psychohistory creates development-oriented shifts, “dissociative revolutions”, “integrative psychosocial movements” and “mass predictions” and even functional and healthy new society profiles by raising awareness of masses of human about their actions.

The Influence of Family-Related Factors on Suicide in Major Depression Patients.

ObjectiveTo explore the influence of family-related factors on suicide-related behaviors of patients with major depression disorder, and to provide scientific evidence for effective preventive measures.MethodsA total of 852 outpatients at Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University were enrolled in this cross-sectional study from April 2019 to January 2021. The general demographic information and family-related information of the patients were collected via a general information questionnaire, the Family Assessment Device, the Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran, and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire.ResultsParticipants without suicide-related behaviors accounted for 10.45% of the total sample, those with suicidal ideation accounted for 47.54%, those with suicidal plans accounted for 24.77% and with suicidal attempts for 17.25%. Patients with major depression disorder who have lower education level, who were separated from their parents, who have severely impaired family function, who experienced childhood abuse, and whose parents adopted apathetic and severe child-rearing styles had a higher risk of suicide-related behaviors. In the multivariate regression model, degree of major depression disorder, education and child-rearing style were independent risk factors for suicide-related behaviors.ConclusionPatients with major depression disorder who have been separated from their parents, have severely impaired family function, were abused in childhood or have been exposed to improper childrearing styles have a greater risk of suicide. Family-related factors play a predictive role in suicide in patients with major depression disorder. More attention should be paid to family-related factors to reduce the occurrence of suicidal ideation and attempt.

Intergenerational transmission of child-rearing styles mediated by adult attachment: A structural equation model approach.

Parenting styles are determinants of psychosocial maladjustment in the subsequent generation. Modifiable factors that positively impact intergenerational transmission should be identified. Thus, this study investigated the mediating effects of adult attachment on the transmission of child-rearing styles and the combined impact of fathers' and mothers' styles on their offspring's parenting. Overall, 396 fathers and 733 mothers participated. They were married or cohabiting when their children aged 0-10 years attended a pediatric office in Japan. The pediatricians distributed the self-report questionnaires to examine perceived rearing (the Parental Bonding Instrument), adult attachment (the Relationship Questionnaire), and demographic characteristics. We then analyzed the data using structural equation modeling that illustrated intergenerational transmission of rearing styles between grandparents and parents. Overall, 385 fathers (M age = 35.5 years, SD = 6.0) and 699 mothers (M age = 33.5 years, SD = 5.1) satisfied the eligibility criteria. The path models showed that adult attachment to partners mediated grandparental and parental care. However, no mediating effect was observed in other intergenerational patterns that transmitted overprotective rearing styles. Additionally, combined grandfather and grandmother care were positively associated with parental overprotection. This study suggested the potential of adult attachment in mediating loving, empathic, and warm rearing styles and the combined effects of both parents' styles on promoting the next-generation parents' overprotective styles. Our findings clarify how to terminate the negative chain of the parent-child transmission.

Which mother-headed households' parenting styles are related to children's behavior problems? A cross-sectional study.

SummaryIntroductionParenting styles are considered as one of the main determinants of individual and social behaviors and the use of dysfunctional styles can create child behavioral problems. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between mother-child relationship patterns in mother-headed households and children’s behavioral problems.MethodsThis is a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study that was performed on 345 mother-headed households under the coverage of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee in Shiraz, Iran. Mothers were selected by convenience sampling method and data were collected using several questionnaires including the mother-child relationship evaluation, the child behavior checklist, and social support appraisals scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21.ResultsThe overprotective parenting style, as one of the inefficient models has been used more than others by mother-headed households as well as the mothers with higher education levels used less from the child-rearing style “ excessive ease “, and benefited more from the support of friends and others. In addition, children of divorced and low-income mothers are more prone to externalizing behavioral problems. The final result was also determined two parenting styles “excessive ease and overprotection” are effective on children’s total behavioral problems.ConclusionThe findings highlight the need to plan and expand socio-economic and educational support services to improve living conditions and parenting skills in mother-headed households. Further research is also suggested to identify the determinants and types of interventions affecting mother-child relationships, children’s behavioral problems, and finally quality of life among this low-income and vulnerable group.

The Impact of Parental Child–Rearing Style on School Attendance

The Impact of Parental Child–Rearing Style on School Attendance

The Impact of Parental Child–Rearing Style on School Attendance

The study was a descriptive survey carried out to find the effect of parental child-rearing style on school attendance of Junior High School students in the Sefwi Wiawso Municipality. A sample of 340 students reported on their parents’ parenting style using Parental Authority Questionnaire. A record of school attendance was taken from students’ school attendance registers from sampled schools. Multiple Regression analysis was conducted to assess the effects of parenting style school attendance. The result showed that authoritarian parenting style predicted negatively with school attendance. Also, the authoritative parenting style has a positive prediction for school attendance. Implications, limitations, and future research opportunities are discussed. Parenting style played an important role in influencing the level of a child’s school attendance.

Relationship between Child-Rearing Styles and Secondary School Students’ Attitude towards Examination Malpractice in Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria

Examination malpractice is a perennial problem in the nation’s educational system, as such; it is of great interest to educators, researchers and the general public. The type of child-rearing styles employed by parents in raising their children have been severally said to be a factor in almost every aspect of their children’s life. This study therefore investigated the relationship between child-rearing styles and Secondary School Students’ attitude towards examination malpractice in Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. The study was a descriptive research design of the survey type. Three research questions were raised and one corresponding hypothesis tested in the study. The population comprised all senior secondary school students in Ogbomoso South. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select a sample of four hundred (400) respondents. Two research instruments were adopted for data collections which are Parenting Style Questionnaire (PSQ) by Olowa (2015) on child-rearing styles, and attitude towards examination malpractice questionnaire by Nuhu (2009). The research questions were answered using frequency counts and percentage while Chi-square was used to test the hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. The study revealed significant relationship between child-rearing styles and secondary school students’ attitude towards examination malpractice in Ogbomoso South Local Government Area of Oyo State, among others. In view of the findings of this study, it was recommended that parents should be mindful of their child-rearing styles as this, among other factors, influence students’ attitude towards examination malpractice.

Parental Child-Rearing Styles and Subjective Well-Being of Children Involved in Bullying

This study aims to examine how parental child-rearing styles contribute to subjective well-being of three groups: bullying victims, bullying perpetrator-victims, and those uninvolved in bullying. These groups were categorized based on the children’s self-reported bullying incidents. This study used quantitative approach with cross-sectional design. The participants were 781 4th to 6th-grader students (51.98% boys, 48.02% girls), consists of 329 bullying victims, 197 were both bullying perpetrators and victims, and 255 were uninvolved in bullying. Parental child-rearing styles were measured using The Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran for Children (EMBU-C), while subjective well-being was measured using the Children’s Worlds Subjective Well-Being Scale 5 items (CW-SWBS5). Data were analysed using structural equation modelling. The results revealed that the warmth of fathers and mothers made significant and direct contributions to the subjective well-being of children uninvolved in bullying, where the father’s warmth negatively contributed, while the mother’s warmth positively contributed. Similar results did not appear in the subjective well-being of victims or perpetrator-victims.

Dissoanalysis as a Modern Psychotraumatology Theory: Denial Trauma and Mass Dissociation versus Dissociative Revolution and Psychocommunal Therapy

The "theory of dissoanalysis", structured on an axis that has the closest interactional dynamic with each individual and social element of the "multiple consciousness system" and "multiple memory phenomenon" conjugated with traumatic experiences, has its scientific roots in modern psychotraumatology studies conducted by Öztürk, a trauma therapist and a psychohistorian. Dissoanalysis makes significant scientific contributions to the development of both effective psychotherapy methods and innovative psychotraumatology and psychohistory movements in the field of "trauma and dissociation". “Dissoanalysts” are defined as “trauma therapists” who have professional competence in psychotraumatology, psychotherapy and suicidology, undertake and conduct the treatment of trauma-related psychiatric diseases, especially dissociative disorders, and complete them with a high average of success. As a modern theory of psychotraumatology, the psychosocial mission of dissoanalysis is to ensure that a society of psychologically integrated individuals prevails in the intergenerational process. The main purpose of dissoanalysis is, on the other hand, to create a development-oriented, normal and functional society composed of compassionate, fair, peaceful, empathetic, innovative and prudent individuals. Unless individually and socially originated "trauma denials" and "denial traumas" are neutralized by the psychosocial dissoanalysis method, chronic wars, colonial policies, dissociogenic oppressive systems, violent negative child-rearing styles, dysfunctional families and dysfunctional generations will continue to prevail at maximal rates and in all nations of the world! Öztürk, who developed the theory of dissoanalysis, emphasizes that an era of "mass dissociation", which spreads from individual to society, has begun on behalf of today's oppressive systems and the directed people controlled and managed by dominant leaders. Every moment when intergenerational development submits or evolves to intergenerational fossilization is a milestone and starting point for wars and genocides. Individuals and societies that are controlled and managed by traumatizing can be freed from captivity, oppression and abuse through "dissociative revolutions" that they will initiate by reactivating the healthy parts of themselves. Dissociative revolutions are all actions taken by individuals and societies, which have been ruled by oppression and traumatization for many years, in order to cut their hypnotic bonds with their fascist leaders and to liberate them, with these actions a psychosocial consciousness alliance is achieved and a new development-oriented human and society profile is created. As long as the dissoanalysis of “traumatized individuals whose smiles have been stolen” and “communities with shattered memories” cannot be carried out, no nation or any psychogenic mass can get rid of its borderline components, which are encompassing and focused on chronic violence; let alone gaining a direction towards an integrative life organization and in this context, the “theory of dissoanalysis” is the “psychocommunal therapy” itself!...

Affiliate Stigma in Caregivers of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The Roles of Stress-Coping Orientations and Parental Child-Rearing Styles

Affiliate stigma may increase the risks of negative parenting and psychological and depressive problems in caregivers of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Evaluating affiliate stigma and determining how to reduce it are crucial to promoting mental health in caregivers and their children with ADHD. The aim of this study was to examine the associations of stress-coping orientations and parental child-rearing styles with the risk of high affiliate stigma in caregivers of children with ADHD in Taiwan. Affiliate stigma, stress-coping orientations, and parental child-rearing styles were assessed. The results of univariate logistic regression analysis indicated that caregivers’ gender, depressive symptoms, four orientations of stress coping, and two parenting styles, and children’s high severities of internalizing, externalizing, and ADHD symptoms were significantly associated with high affiliate stigma. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that after controlling for caregivers’ gender, depressive symptoms, and children’s severity of internalizing, externalizing, and ADHD symptoms, caregivers with high orientation of seeking social support were less likely to have high affiliate stigma than those with low orientation of seeking social support; the caregivers with high care and affection parenting were less likely to have high affiliate stigma than those with low care and affection parenting, whereas the caregivers with high overprotection parenting were more likely to have high affiliate stigma than those with low overprotection parenting. Intervention programs targeting caregiver affiliate stigma must consider various coping orientations and parental child-rearing styles in their approach.

A BROWN PAPER SOLUTION TO THE CORONAVIRUS REVELATIONS OF MANY DEAD BLACKS, LATINXS, AND FEW SAID DOCTORS

This paper takes the form of a Brown Paper on the Coronavirus epidemic regarding the observed absence of Black and Latinx Doctors as media commentators, the disproportionately high death rates among members of these groups, and societal calls to address the cause of these enduring problems. This work attempts to explain the discrepancy involved through a hyper-quizzical and culturally sensitive exploration of anthropological, cultural, historical, societal, and other factors by using a multipronged and nonconventional approach. By exploring the manner in which racism possibly informs the problem, various mechanisms that inform success or failure in different Black and Latinx sub-groups were explored. They include (e.g., acting White or Black, individuals’ attitudes and perceptions, deficit thinking, child-rearing style, honorary Whites, immigration effect, model minority, parental involvement, racial grammar, and White privilege). The looming ascendancy of both groups to majority-minority population informs the urgency to confront the problem. Determination emerged that as the rising tides will lift all Americans’ boats, raising Blacks and Latinxs’ academic and technical competency will boost the nation’s capacity to compete in an increasingly globalized and high-tech world. It challenges the paradox related to Blacks and Latinxs’ boat of educational achievement remaining stationary, despite the many rising tides of educational reforms, laws, and massive expenditures. A “NEW NORMAL” fostering collaboration between Asians, Blacks from the diaspora, Latinxs, and progressive Whites is recommended to address the problem. Critically, the need to elevate medical professionals as STEM role models for Black and Latinx children, as opposed to current Black and Latino thespians (entertainment figures, sports stars, and rap artists) or gangsters, is also recommended.

In the best interests of children? The paradox of intensive parenting and children’s health

ABSTRACT The family environment and parental guidance are generally considered to be key drivers of children’s health behaviours. Parents, mostly mothers, have become a focal point of policies aimed at preventing children’s health and well-being problems (e.g. childhood obesity). The underlying intensive parenting ideology places significant pressure on parents (notably mothers), requiring them to spend a great deal of time, energy and money on their children’s health and well-being. Yet, the relationship between intensive parenting and children’s health might be paradoxical. While a clear positive relationship exists between parental childrearing styles and children’s physical health, the limited evidence in relation to psychological health suggests intensive parenting may negatively affect children’s wellbeing. Using data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) we provide key insights into the relationship between parenting styles and children’s physical and psychological well-being. We analytically distinguish three types of parenting styles (intensive parenting, neglectful parenting, and ‘intermediate’ parenting), and compare children’s self-reported health, well-being and self-esteem by parenting style. The findings show that parenting styles may differentially affect children’s physical and psychological health in nuanced ways. Public health and social policy implications of the role of parenting in children’s health and wellbeing are discussed. The conceptualisation of parenting styles and the relationship with children’s health, however, requires further exploration, which we discuss in the conclusion.

Emotional and behavioral problems, social competence and risk factors in 6-16-year-old students in Beijing, China.

IntroductionChild emotional or behavioral problems and insufficient social development has been a heavy burden on family and society. However, currently large-scale studies on emotional and behavioral problems as well as social competence among school children in China are still lacking. This cross-sectional study analyzed the current status and risk factors of behavioral problems and social competences in Beijing students.MethodA total of 9,295 students, with ages ranging from 6 to 16 years old, were enrolled in the study. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was used to screen emotional and behavioral problems, social competences of students. We then assessed significant predictors factors associated with children behavioral problems and social competences.ResultsThe total detection rate of behavioral problems of this cohort was 16.7%. All kinds of social competence scores of boys were lower than girls (P <0.05). The scores of social and learning ability in children with behavioral problems were significantly lower than those without behavior problems (P <0.05). Gender, developmental delay, recent life events, negative relationships and negative child-rearing styles were the shared influencing factors for behavioral problems and social competence. In addition, age, macrosomia, threatened abortion, hospitalization for physical illness, physical illness, poor sleep were independent risk factors for children's emotional and behavioral problems, and non-breastfeeding was an independent risk factor for abnormal social competence.ConclusionThe social competence, emotional and behavioral problems are serious among students in Beijing. More attention should be paid to mental health and effective intervention measures should be provided.

Relationship between Schemas and Child-rearing Styles with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Students of Iran University of Science and Technology

Background: Generally, primary maladaptive schemas and child-rearing styles are variables that affect behaviors of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Objectives: The present study aimed to examine the relationship between schemas and child-rearing styles with obsessive-compulsive disorder in the students of Iran University of Science and Technology in 2017. Material and Methods: Research method was practical in terms of objective; it was descriptive-correlational in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all students with obsession ((BA students of Iran University of Science and Technology (240 students)); out of whom 150 individuals were selected as a sample size (through Cochran sample size formula), using a convenience sampling method. Data collection was done based on early maladaptive schemas questionnaire, child-rearing styles questionnaire, and Yeel Brown's (1989) obsessive-compulsive disorder questionnaire. The analysis of the data obtained from implementing the questionnaires was done through SPSS19 software in two sections: descriptive and inferential (Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Multifold Regression). Results: Results showed that there was a relationship between early maladaptive schemas and obsessive-compulsive disorder of students (P

Parental Factors in Pediatric Functional Abdominal Pain Disorders: A Cross-sectional Cohort Study.

Parental factors are suggested to play a role in pediatric irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional abdominal pain-not otherwise specified (FAP-NOS) and may influence treatment. Since studies on parental factors mainly focus on mothers, this study aims to compare physical health, psychological distress, personality dimensions, and parenting behavior of both parents of children with IBS or FAP-NOS to parents of controls. Parents of 91 children with IBS or FAP-NOS were included in this explorative cross-sectional cohort study. Parents of 74 age-matched healthy children were used as controls. Questionnaires were used to measure demographics, physical health, psychological distress and symptoms, personality dimensions, and child-rearing practices. A total of 59 mothers and 52 fathers of 61 children with IBS/FAP-NOS (response rate 61.0%) and 56 mothers and 49 fathers of 59 controls completed the study (response rate 70.9%). Mothers of children with IBS/FAP-NOS reported more physical problems. Psychological distress and symptoms, personality dimensions, and child-rearing practices did not differ between mothers of both groups. Fathers of children with IBS/FAP-NOS had significantly lower scores on the child-rearing practice subscale of ignoring of unwanted behavior. In the IBS/FAP-NOS group, fathers were more depressed and less agreeable than mothers. No differences on all assessed outcomes were found between parents of children with IBS and children with FAP-NOS. Mothers of children with IBS/FAP-NOS and healthy peers differ with respect to physical health. Fathers in both groups differ with respect to child-rearing style. Clinicians should be aware of these differences when treating children with these disorders.