Childhood Mood Research Articles

A narrative review and discussion of concepts and ongoing data regarding quantitative EEG as a childhood mood disorder biomarker

As the need for prompt identification and management of childhood mood. disorders continues to grow, increasing interest has shifted towards potential objective. biomarkers. One modality that has shown promise as a biomarker has been quantitative electroencephalography or qEEG. In this review, we expand on our previous investigation into qEEG biomarker research for child mood disorders and potential challenges faced in ongoing development. Ongoing research into qEEG: Since our last systematic review, qEEG biomarker research of childhood major depressive disorder remained sparse, with only one novel awake qEEG investigation in children despite ongoing adult depression qEEG research. For bipolar disorder, previously identified qEEG researchers have continued investigation into Bipolar II diagnosis identification, Bipolar I versus II diagnostic discrimination, and general bipolar biomarker utilization. Challenges faced by qEEG: While the nature of qEEG as a data-driven, easily performed, and easily analyzable biomarker is promising, challenges to clinical utilization remain, including direct anatomical correlation and generation of patientfacing clinically tested and usable tools. However, preliminary general utilization of qEEG in clinical settings with childhood mood disorder has shown excellent efficacy, and ongoing research to address these limitations is feasible and ongoing. Conclusions: While qEEG biomarker research in child mood disorders has remained slow, there is a clear need and strong ongoing potential for future investigations.

Does moderate to vigorous physical activity mediate the association between depression and physical function in midlife: Evidence from two British birth cohort studies

BackgroundMental health and physical health are intrinsically linked, yet the mechanisms are not well understood. We investigated whether moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) mediated the association between depression and physical function (PF) in midlife. MethodsIndividuals from two UK birth cohorts born within one week in 1958 (n = 7278) and 1970 (n = 6097) with data on depression (ages 33/34; Malaise Inventory), MVPA (age 42; self-reported) and PF (ages 50/56; Short Form-36 subscale). Covariates included sex, childhood and adulthood social class, maternal mental health, childhood mood, alcohol consumption, smoking habits, sleep, marital status, BMI and long-standing illness/disability. Linear or multinomial logistic regression models examined associations between depression, MVPA and PF. We used a parametric g-computation mediation analysis approach to estimate percent differences in PF. ResultsDepression was associated with less frequent MVPA and poorer PF. Lower MVPA was associated with worse PF. The direct effect – randomised analogue not operating via MVPA – of depression on PF was −18.8 % (95%CI:--25.8,-11.8) and −15.8 % (20.6,-11.0) in the 1958 and 1970 cohorts, respectively. The indirect effect – operating via MVPA – was −0.5 % (−1.0,-0.03) and −0.2 % (−0.6, 0.3), resulting in a total proportion mediated of 3.1 % (0.1, 6.0) and 0.9 % (−1.6, 3.4). LimitationsMVPA was self-reported. Intermediate confounders and mediators were measured at the same age, however associations did not change in sensitivity analysis considering age 46 MVPA (1958 cohort). ConclusionsAlthough higher MVPA was protective against poor PF, there was only minor evidence that it mediated the association between depression and PF. Further investigation into other potential mediators of pathways from mental to physical health is needed.

Seasonality of hospitalization for schizophrenia and mood disorders: A single-center cross-sectional study in China

BackgroundSeasonal patterns exist in many disorders and even serve as potential drivers of some disorders, but in schizophrenia and affective disorders, there is no uniform conclusion on the seasonal pattern. MethodsA total of 100,621 inpatients were surveyed in this study over 16 years, and 21,668 inpatients were ultimately included in the count after standard exclusion criteria were applied. ResultsThere was an uneven seasonal distribution of mental illness admissions (χ2 = 48.299, df = 18, P < .001). The peak of schizophrenia admissions occurred in the winter and the trough in the spring (52.6 % vs 50 %, P < .05). The peaks for depression and bipolar disorder were in the fall and spring, respectively, while the troughs were in the winter and fall, respectively (24.7 % vs 21.7 %, P < .05; 15.2 % vs 13.2 %, P < .05). Admissions for childhood mood disorders peaked in the fall (P < .05). We also found that the length of stay was also correlated with the season of admission, and that this seasonal fluctuation was not consistent across male and female populations. LimitationsTo avoid the effect of repeated hospitalizations, we maintained a registry of each patient's first admission only, which also resulted in our inability to explore the seasonal pattern of each disease recurrence at the individual level. ConclusionsWe found that the seasonal distribution of psychiatric admissions was not uniform. And there was also an uneven seasonal distribution of length of stay for patients admitted in different seasons. This may imply that certain environmental factors that vary with the seasons are potential drivers of mental illness.

Daily links between Latinx siblings' relationship qualities and mood.

This study examined daily links between sibling warmth and negativity and positive and negative mood in middle childhood and the moderating role of enculturation. Participants were 326 Latinx children from 163 families in the United States (Mage =10.63 and 8.58years for older and younger siblings, 48.5% female, 89.3% Mexican-origin). Children reported their days' experiences during seven nightly phone interviews conducted in 2018-2019. Multilevel analyses revealed within-person, positive associations between daily sibling warmth and positive mood , and sibling negativity and negative mood . Moreover, for more enculturated children, odds of positive mood were lower on days when they experienced more sibling negativity than usual. Findings document the significance of Latinx children's daily sibling experiences.

Early Childhood Learning Mood Management through Video-Based Streamlining

With the implementation of video-based learning at RA Masyitoh, this study aims to analyze and examine the management of learning mood in early childhood through video-based learning. The researcher employs the qualitative case study method.This study comprised interviews, observation, and documenting findings as data collection techniques. The data analysis is carried out in stages, beginning with data collection and progressing through data presentation, reduction, and conclusion. The results revealed that learning mood management in early childhood through video-based learning was accomplished through the following methods: needs analysis, implementation design of video-based learning, assessment of video-based learning. According to this research, students' learning mood must be maintained for optimization and learning targets to be achieved in the classroom. Teachers must do their part to ensure that this happens. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding is needed to improve children's learning mood through various learning approaches.

CHILDHOOD MOOD DISORDERS DURING PANDEMIC; LEARNING MANAGEMENT BASED ON SELF DISCIPLINE

This paper describes the management of early childhood mood in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic through qualitative research approaches and types of case studies. Covid’s-19 pandemic that hit the world has changed most of human activities. This pandemic anables everyone to do their own work by staying at home, studying at home and working at home. It was requested that the government had appealed. This research aims to learn how to regulate early childhood moods so that they can be disciplined in the midst of this pandemic. There are several methods that can be used, use the exemplary method, habitation, and discuss individuals. Besides that, there are other things that can also be done, such a giving awards to children who have met the specified discipline standards, for example, providing additional play time. And give punishment the sentence consist of no award received, not with punches, screams or twists.

Longitudinal Associations of Childhood Internalizing Psychopathology With Substance Misuse: A Register-Based Twin and Sibling Study

The pathways from internalizing psychopathology to substance misuse remain largely unclear. We estimated associations between childhood internalizing problems and subsequent substance misuse in 2 family-based samples. We also investigated sex differences and the role of externalizing comorbidity. We studied associations of childhood internalizing psychopathology with register-based substance misuse after age 13 years. Sample 1 included all individuals born in Sweden from 1984 to 2000 (N= 1,768,516). Depressive and anxiety disorders were included as register-based International Classification of Diseases Ninth Revision (ICD-9) or Tenth Revision (ICD-10) diagnoses before age 13. Sample 2 was a subsample within the population sample, the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS) twin cohort (n= 12,408; born 1992-1998), with mood and anxiety problems assessed at age 9/12 by parents. In both samples, substance misuse was defined as an ICD-9/10 alcohol/drug use disorder or an alcohol/drug-related criminal conviction until December 2013. To account for familial effects, stratified analyses were conducted within siblings and twin pairs. In the population sample, both depressive (hazard ratio [HR]= 2.75, 95% CI= 2.36-3.20) and anxiety disorders (HR= 1.52, 95% CI= 1.35-1.73) were associated with substance misuse. Childhood mood problems (HR= 2.28, 95% CI= 1.69-3.08) were associated with substance misuse in the CATSS sample. The associations were partially explained by familial factors, and comorbid externalizing disorders explained the associations in men but not in women. Childhood mood problems were associated with substance misuse, but familial factors shared by siblings partially explained the associations. The relationship of anxiety with substance misuse was complex and depended on measurement and the type of anxiety disorder. Internalizing problems may be especially important for substance misuse risk in women.

Diagnostic classification of irritability and oppositionality in youth: a global field study comparing ICD-11 with ICD-10 and DSM-5.

Severe irritability has become an important topic in child and adolescent mental health. Based on the available evidence and on public health considerations, WHO classified chronic irritability within oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in ICD-11, a solution markedly different from DSM-5's (i.e. the new childhood mood diagnosis, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder [DMDD]) and from ICD-10's (i.e. ODD as one of several conduct disorders without attention to irritability). In this study, we tested the accuracy with which a global, multilingual, multidisciplinary sample of clinicians were able to use the ICD-11 classification of chronic irritabilityand oppositionality as compared to the ICD-10 and DSM-5 approaches. Clinicians (N=196) from 48 countries participated in an Internet-based field study in English, Spanish, or Japanese and were randomized to review and use one of the three diagnostic systems. Through experimental manipulation of validated clinical vignettes, we evaluated how well clinicians in each condition could identify chronic irritability versus nonirritable oppositionality, episodic bipolar disorder, dysthymic depression, and normative irritability. Compared to ICD-10 and DSM-5, ICD-11 led to more accurate identification of severe irritability and better differentiation from boundary presentations. Participants using DSM-5 largely failed to apply the DMDD diagnosis when it was appropriate, and they more often applied psychopathological diagnoses to developmentally normative irritability. The formulation of irritability and oppositionality put forth in ICD-11 shows evidence of clinical utility, supporting accurate diagnosis. Global mental health clinicians can readily identify ODD both with and without chronic irritability.

Trajectories of childhood anxiety disorders in two generations at high risk.

The course of anxiety disorders during childhood is heterogeneous. In two generations at high or low risk, we described the course of childhood anxiety disorders and evaluated whether parent or grandparent major depressive disorder (MDD) predicted a persistent anxiety course. We utilized a multigenerational study (1982-2015), following children (second generation, G2) and grandchildren (third generation, G3) of generation 1 (G1) with either moderate/severe MDD or no psychiatric illness. Psychiatric diagnoses were based on diagnostic interviews. Using group-based trajectory models, we identified clusters of children with similar anxiety disorder trajectories (age 0-17). We identified three primary trajectories in G2 (N = 275) and G3 (N = 118) cohorts: "no/low anxiety disorder" during childhood (G2 = 66%; G3 = 53%), "nonpersistent" with anxiety during part of childhood (G2 = 16%; G3 = 21%), and "persistent" (G2 = 18%; G3 = 25%). Childhood mood disorders and substance use disorders tended to be more prevalent in children in the persistent anxiety trajectory. In G2 children, parent MDD was associated with an increased likelihood of being in the persistent (84%) or nonpersistent trajectory (82%) versus no/low anxiety trajectory (62%). In G3 children, grandparent MDD, but not parent, was associated with an increased likelihood of being in the persistent (83%) versus nonpersistent (48%) and no/low anxiety (51%) trajectories. Anxiety trajectories move beyond what is captured under binary, single time-point measures. Parent or grandparent history of moderate/severe MDD may offer value in predicting child anxiety disorder course, which could help clinicians and caregivers identify children needing increased attention and screening for other psychiatric conditions.

Resveratrol reserved hypoxia-ischemia induced childhood hippocampal dysfunction and neurogenesis via improving mitochondrial dynamics

Early life stress usually causes the abnormal brain development and results in the onset of cognitive and emotional disorders in later childhood. Neonatal hypoxic ischemia (HI) causes dramatic brain damage in early life and resulted in serious impairment to brain development. Hippocampal neurogenesis, as one of the key structural plasticity to mediate animal behaviors, can be impact by neonatal HI until child stage. In our study, we identified the natural product resveratrol (RES) as the potential alternative therapy to improve brain functions of childhood mice after underwent neonatal HI. Treatment of RES improved the spatial learning and memory in morris water maze and increased the recognize ability in objective recognition task. Moreover, RES also attenuate the depressive and anxiety like mood in child mice after experiencing neonatal HI. Brain morphological study showed RES promote the proliferation of neural stem cells and increase the neuronal differentiation in hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) region. Our in vitro study in C17.2 neural stem cell line demonstrated RES could prevent the mitochondrial fragmentation induced by hypoxia. Moreover, same effect was also observed in primary cultural neurons. To summarize, RES could prevent the cognitive deficit and depressive/anxiety mood in childhood with experience of neonatal HI via promoting hippocampal neurogenesis. Improving mitochondrial dynamics could be one of the key biological mechanisms underlying such effects of RES.

Irritability in Childhood May Point to Teens At High Risk for Suicide

A study sheds light on the stability of irritability throughout childhood for some youth and how it may lead some to thoughts of suicide as teenagers.

The Role of Dietary Patterns in Mood Disorders: Prospective Research in Youth Populations.

Childhood mood disorders, including depression and bipolar spectrum disorders, represent serious public health concerns and often extend into adulthood. Due to increasing rates of a mood disorder diagnosis, and its accompanying risk of suicide, identification and management in childhood and adolescence is critical. Yet, fully effective and safe treatment options are lacking for child-onset mood disorders. Research investigating relationships between nutrition and psychiatry is a plausible avenue to improve prevention and treatment options. Epidemiological and observational evidence exists to support a protective effect of the Mediterranean diet in mood disorder prevalence and future diagnosis. To date, the majority of research has been conducted in adult populations. Future research is needed to examine if similar dietary relationships exist within a youth mood disorder population. Additionally, increased homogeneity in assessment methods of mood disorder symptoms and dietary patterns is needed; specifically, to determine more collective conclusions via meta-analyses. Results from youth studies could be used to formulate future randomized controlled trials, health promotion programs or clinical interventions, via diet or supplement interventions, for alternative mood disorder treatment or prevention purposes.

Daily Reports of Stress, Mood, and Physical Health in Middle Childhood

Most empirical work examining stress in children focuses on major life events, like divorce of parents, while fewer studies consider the role of daily stressors, or the routine challenges of day-to-day living. Existing work on children’s daily stress is lacking such that it primarily: (1) focuses on children who are ill, disabled, or who face significant environmental risks, (2) relies on retrospective reports, (3) relies on parent or teacher reports of stressors experienced by children, or (4) does not comprehensively examine the role of stress on mood and health. In the current study, we explored daily experiences of stress, mood, and physical health symptoms across five consecutive days in 25 children between 8 and 10 years old. Results showed that children reported a variety of types of stressors, and that more stressors were reported by older children, girls, and on weekdays compared to weekends. Daily reports of stress were linked to same day reports of physical health symptoms but not mood, however the presence of both negative mood and daily stress was associated with even more same day health symptoms. This study extends prior work by examining children’s stress at the daily level as well as relying on children’s self-reports of their stress, mood, and physical health symptoms.

The Prediction of Clinically Relevant Anxiety Symptoms in Early Adulthood: Direct and Indirect Effects of Childhood and Parental Factors

Objective: Anxiety disorders are most prevalent among psychological disorders with an onset between mainly early teens and late twenties. In the frame of Barlow’s triple vulnerability model (TVM) of anxiety the current prospective study examined internalizing symptoms, perceived dysfunctional parenting style and parental worry assessed in childhood as potential risk factors of anxiety in young adults. Furthermore, the mediating effects of self-efficacy and recalled dysfunctional parenting style on anxiety were investigated at early adulthood. Method: A total of 1597 young adults aged 19 to 27 years (M=22.4; SD=2.32) of a German population-based sample were re-contacted 9 years after participating in the last survey of a series of four annual assessments (W1-W4). Information on the outcome was gathered in a follow-up examination (W5) with the 7-item General Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) measuring the severity of symptoms. According to the authors of the questionnaire. The scores were dichotomized to represent a proxy diagnosis of a general anxiety disorder. Also, the parenting style as recalled by the children and self-efficacy were assessed at this point of time. Mediation analysis was performed with Hayes’ PROCESS tool for SPSS. Results: Controlling for age and gender, clinically relevant anxiety in early adulthood was significantly predicted by internalizing symptoms, perceived dysfunctional parenting style and parental worry in childhood. These relations were significantly mediated by self-efficacy and recalled dysfunctional parenting style assessed at follow-up. Conclusion: Results suggest that childhood and parental factors, i.e. early symptoms of anxiety, shyness and depressive mood in childhood as well as perceived parenting style marked by restriction, reproach, inconsistency and worrying significantly influence the manifestation of clinically relevant anxiety in young adults. This effect is mediated by the recalled perception of the parent’s behavior by the children. These findings can be utilized in psychological counseling of parents of children with internalizing symptoms in childhood or adolescence.

Pilot Effectiveness Evaluation of Community-Based Multi-Family Psychoeducational Psychotherapy for Childhood Mood Disorders.

Several psychosocial, family-focused Evidence-Based Treatments (EBTs) for youth with disruptive behavior have proven effective in practice settings. However, limited research has examined community implementation of EBTs for pediatric depression and bipolar disorder. This pilot open trial evaluated Multi-Family Psychoeducational Psychotherapy (MF-PEP) with 41 children ages 7 to 12 (54% male, 92% Caucasian) with mood disorders and their parents in an outpatient setting. MF-PEP is an 8-session, adjunctive EBT with parallel child and parent groups. Fourteen community therapists facilitated six MF-PEP groups at three agencies over two years. Developed checklists were used to evaluate adherence. Clinical outcomes were measured via clinician assessment and self-report questionnaires at pre-treatment, post-treatment, 6-month follow-up, and 12-month follow-up, and analyzed via hierarchical linear modeling. Therapist group adherence ranged from 66.71% to 78.68% (M = 72.14%, SD = 4.85). Children experienced significant improvement in depressive and manic symptoms, and parents reported a significant increase in knowledge of mood disorders. Children with bipolar disorder and families with limited treatment history benefitted most from MF-PEP. Effect sizes (Cohen's d) ranged from small to large for mood outcomes (d = 0.34 to 1.18), knowledge (d = 1.02), and treatment beliefs (d = 0.04 to 0.41). Limitations included small sample, missing data, and open design. Results suggest that MF-PEP may be impactful for families affected by pediatric mood disorders in the community, especially among youth with bipolar disorder and families novice to treatment. Randomized controlled trials are needed to provide more definitive evidence for the effectiveness of MF-PEP in practice settings.

Poverty in Preschoolers Alters Mood and Brain Connectivity in Later Childhood

More than 20% of children in the U.S. are living in poverty (http://www.npc.umich.edu/poverty/#5). These investigators examined whether poverty alters

Childhood Diabetes and Mood Disorders

Clinical vignette A 16 year old male wasdiagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus three months ago. His condition was uncontrolled with a hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of 9.0%. He has been meetingmonthly with his diabetes treatment team, but struggling at carbohydrate counting and managing insulin. The patient'smother has a history of depression,polysubstance abuse, and frequently failed to attendscheduled appointments. At the three month follow up visit, his HbA1c was 9.6%. He now reported sadness, low energy, and insomnia, decreased interest in sports or social contact, and feeling hopeless.

The relationship between parents' poor emotional health status and childhood mood and anxiety disorder in Florida children, national survey of children's health, 2011-2012.

The purpose of this study was to examine how parents' emotional health relates to childhood mood and anxiety disorder among Florida children in the 2011-2012 National Survey of Children's Health. Analyses were restricted to 1,241 Florida children 6-17 years of age. Childhood mood and anxiety disorder was defined as a parent-reported diagnosis of current depression or anxiety. Parents' emotional health status was a composite measure of the lowest reported emotional health of any parent in the household. To assess the association between parents' emotional health and childhood mood and anxiety disorder, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Nearly 5 % of Florida children had a mood or anxiety disorder in 2011-2012. Children living with a parent in poor emotional health were significantly more likely to have a mood or anxiety disorder compared to children living with a parent in good emotional health (OR 5.01; 95 % CI 1.89, 13.29). After adjusting for covariates, this association remained substantial and significant (aOR 4.33; 95 % CI 1.49, 12.57). Findings presented here are consistent with national findings and emphasize the strong link between parents' emotional health status and childhood mood and anxiety disorders. To address the mental health of children in the state of Florida, Florida public health initiatives should consider family processes and child level characteristics.

Characteristics of Families Who Enroll in Non-Pharmacologic Treatment Studies for Childhood Mood Disorders

Characteristics of Families Who Enroll in Non-Pharmacologic Treatment Studies for Childhood Mood Disorders

Cognitive Behavior Therapies (CBT) in Childhood and Adolescent Mood Disorders and Anxiety Disorders: A Review

In this study, it is aimed to review efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy (CBGT) on childhood and adolescence in mood and anxiety disorders. Many researches have shown that cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) can be effective in the treatment of depression and anxiety in children and adolescents. Child and adolescent depression and anxiety are frequent disorders which may have a recurring and chronic course. PsycINFO, Medline and the Turkish Psychiatric databases were searched, using the key words ‘depressive disorder’, ‘anxiety disorders’ ‘cognitive behavioural treatment’. Then, the journals were examined which had been published in recent years. Individual cognitive behavioral therapy (ICBT) and group cognitive behavioral therapy (GCBT) are the treatment options whose efficacies have been proven in the treatment of depression and anxiety in children and adolescents. Furthermore, some cognitive behavioral therapy-based programs such as “Coping Cat”, “Coping Koala”, “FRIENDS” and family anxiety management programs, have been used among depressive and anxious children and adolescents. Currently, there are different treatment options like computer-assisted cognitive behavioral therapy, computer-based cognitive behavioral therapy and also, internet-based CBT. However, preliminary evidence suggests that computerised cognitive behaviour therapies (cCBT), are acceptable and effective interventions for children and adolescents. In this study is to review not only the effectiveness of cognitive behaviour treatments of depression and anxiety in children and adolescents but also the tecniques which have been used and their effects on the course and the treatments.