Incidence In Children Research Articles

Association of Gut Microbiota Composition with Stunting Incidence in Children under Five in Jakarta Slums.

Stunting can be linked to various factors, one of which is dysbiosis. This study aims to analyze the microbiota composition and related contributing factors of stunted and non-stunted children in the slum areas of Jakarta. The subjects in this study included 21 stunted (HAZ ≤ -2SD) and 21 non-stunted children (-2SD ≤ HAZ ≤ 3SD) aged 2-5 years. Microbiota analysis was performed by extracting DNA from the subjects' feces and then via 16S rRNA sequencing using next-generation sequencing (NGS). The results of this study showed that in stunted children, the abundance of Mitsuokella (24,469 OTUs), Alloprevotella (23,952 OTUs), and Providencia alcalifaciens (861 OTUs) was higher, while in non-stunted children, that of Blautia (29,755 OTUs), Lachnospiraceae (6134 OTUs), Bilophila (12,417 OTUs), Monoglobus (484 OTUs), Akkermansia muciniphila (1116 OTUs), Odoribacter splanchnicus (42,993 OTUs), and Bacteroides clarus (8900 OTUs) was higher. Differences in microbiota composition in the two groups were influenced by nutrient intake, birth history, breastfeeding history, handwashing habits before eating, drinking water sources, and water sources for other activities. This study highlights that stunted children have a significantly different gut microbiota composition compared to non-stunted children, with higher levels of pathogenic bacteria and lower levels of beneficial bacteria. Future research should focus on interventions that can improve the gut microbiota composition to prevent stunting in children.

Relationship Between Breast Milk Feeding and COVID-19 Incidence in Children Aged 0-2 Years at Siloam Hospital Kelapa Dua During The Pandemic

<p><strong>Background:</strong> The COVID-19 pandemic has claimed more than 6 million lives worldwide, and children are not spared from its danger. Breast milk is known to protect babies from various kinds of infections. Until now there are few data regarding the relationship between breastfeeding and the incidence of COVID-19 in children aged 0-2 years in Indonesia. This study aims to further examine the relationship between breastfeeding and the incidence of COVID-19 in children aged 0-2 years. Siloam Hospitals Kelapa Dua (SHKD) was chosen as a location because it was one of the referral hospitals for treating COVID-19 for pediatric patients in Tangerang that can be accessed by the researcher.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> This study was conducted using a cross-sectional study method on a sample of children aged 0-2 years from the medical record database of Siloam Hospitals Kelapa Dua for the period 2020 to 2022.</p><p><strong>Result:</strong> Upon calculation, it was found that the p-value is 0,154 (p>0,05). From 61 sample, 37,7% of the samples were breastfed and 44,3% was COVID-19 positive.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> No significant relationship was found between breastfeeding and COVID-19 infection among children aged 0-2 years old in SHKD.</p>

Early life socioeconomic inequalities and type 2 diabetes incidence: Longitudinal analyses in the Maastricht study

AimType 2 diabetes (T2D) is a common chronic disease that disproportionally affects groups with a low socioeconomic position (SEP). This study aimed to examine associations between childhood SEP and incident T2D, independent of adult SEP. MethodsLongitudinal data from The Maastricht Study were used (N=6,727, 55.2 % female, mean (SD) age 58.7(8.7) years). Childhood SEP was determined by asking for the highest completed educational level for the father and mother and childhood income inadequacy. Adult SEP was determined by highest completed educational level, equivalent household income, and occupational position. Incident T2D was self-reported yearly (up to 12 years of follow-up). Associations were studied with Cox regression analyses. ResultsIn participants without T2D at baseline, 3.7% reported incident T2D over 8.2 (median) years of follow-up. Incident T2D was most common in people with low childhood and adult SEP and lowest in those with high childhood and adult SEP (1.7 vs. 7.5 per 1,000 person years). The association between childhood SEP and incident T2D was mainly explained by adult SEP, except for childhood income inadequacy which was independently associated with incident T2D. ConclusionSocioeconomic inequalities in childhood and adulthood are risk factors for incident T2D. More attention is needed to reduce childhood poverty and improve adult SEP to reduce the T2D risk.

Effectiveness of Different Oral Health Interventions on Plaque and Gingivitis Incidence in Children Under Seven Years of Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Oral health is crucial for young children, yet plaque and gingivitis pose significant challenges. This review evaluates oral health interventions for children under seven years to identify effective strategies. A systematic review was conducted across multiple databases using predefined criteria. Thirteen thousand five hundred records were identified, with 13 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Various interventions were assessed, including tactile models, digital tools, fluoride varnish, and education programs. The meta-analysis showed heterogeneity in outcomes, with some interventions significantly reducing plaque and gingivitis. Tactile models and digital tools demonstrated effectiveness, particularly among children who were visually impaired and had congenital heart defects. However, fluoride varnish showed mixed results. School-based interventions and advanced toothbrushing technologies effectively reduce early childhood caries and plaque. Despite publication bias, a low risk of bias was observed across studies. The findings underscore the importance of tailored interventions and collaboration among stakeholders. Comprehensive oral health education, innovative digital tools, and multifaceted approaches are recommended to promote lifelong oral health habits. Further research is needed to standardize protocols and assess long-term effectiveness. Evidence-based interventions can significantly improve oral health outcomes for children under seven, laying the foundation for lifelong oral health.

Childhood Adversity and Incident Psychotic Experiences in Early Adulthood: Cognitive and Psychopathological Mediators.

Childhood adversity is often described as a potential cause of incident psychotic experiences, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We aimed to examine the mediating role of cognitive and psychopathological factors in the relation between childhood adversity and incident psychotic experiences in early adulthood. We analyzed data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a large population-based cohort study. Childhood adversity was measured prospectively from birth to age 11 years, mediators (anxiety, depression, external locus of control [LoC], negative symptoms) were assessed at approximately 16 years of age, and incident psychotic experiences were assessed at ages 18 and 24 years. Mediation was examined via the counterfactual g-computation formula. In total, 7% of participants had incident suspected or definite psychotic experiences in early adulthood. Childhood adversity was related to more incident psychotic experiences (ORadjusted = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.21; 1.49), and this association was partially mediated via all mediators examined (proportion mediated: 19.9%). In separate analyses for each mediator, anxiety, depression, external LoC, and negative symptoms were all found to mediate the link between adversity and incident psychotic experiences. Accounting for potential confounders did not modify our results. Our study shows that cognitive biases as well as mood symptomatology may be on the causal pathway between early-life adversity and the development of psychotic experiences. Future studies should determine which mediating factors are most easily modifiable and most likely to reduce the risk of developing psychotic experiences.

Childhood and adolescent residential and farm pesticide exposures and inflammatory bowel disease incidence in a U.S. cohort of women

Background and aimsThere are few known risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation. Use of specific pesticides has been associated with higher incidence of IBD among pesticide applicators and their spouses, but no study has examined pesticide exposure in early life, a period where the human immune system undergoes rapid changes. We evaluated pesticide use during childhood and adolescence and incidence of IBD among US women enrolled in the Sister Study. MethodsIncident IBD diagnoses between enrollment (2003–2009) and 2021 were identified and validated with medication use and colectomy/colostomy surgery. We estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for the relationship of childhood/adolescent residential and farm pesticide exposures with IBD incidence using Cox models, accounting for age, race and ethnicity, education, smoking, and birth year. ResultsWe identified 277 incident IBD cases among 48,382 eligible participants. IBD hazard was elevated among those whose childhood residence was regularly treated with pesticides, especially among those who ever personally applied pesticides (HR = 1.39, 95%CI: 0.65, 2.99). We observed a positive association between IBD and exposure to broadcast pesticide sprays before DDT was banned (>6 times vs. never HR = 1.56, 95%CI: 1.06, 2.31). Among participants who lived on a farm during childhood/adolescence for ≥1 year (N = 9162), IBD hazards were higher among those who were in crop fields during pesticide application (HR = 2.06, 95%CI: 0.94, 4.51) and who ever personally applied pesticides on crops (HR = 1.85, 95%CI: 0.81, 4.18) or livestock (HR = 2.58, 95%CI: 1.14, 5.83). ConclusionEarly-life pesticide exposure may be a novel risk factor for IBD. Practices that reduce pesticide exposure during early life may help reduce the burden of this disease.

Stat Bite: Bone Tumor Incidence in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults

Stat Bite: Bone Tumor Incidence in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults

Scoping Review of Interventions for Preventing Incidents in Children Under 5 Years of Age

Scoping Review of Interventions for Preventing Incidents in Children Under 5 Years of Age

Gonadal Teratomas: A State-of-the-Art Review in Pathology.

Teratomas are neoplasms arising from germ cells and encompass tissues derived from two or more embryonic germ layers, including ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. These tumours typically localize along the midline or in paramedian positions and can manifest as gonadal (20%) or extragonadal (80%) entities. Although gonadal teratomas are uncommon, they represent the predominant type of gonadal tumour in the paediatric population. They comprise approximately 20-25% of all ovarian tumours in females and about 3-5% of all testicular tumours in males. Ovarian teratomas exhibit a higher incidence in early childhood and adolescence, whereas testicular teratomas are more prevalent during the first three months of life and between the ages of 15 and 19. While the majority of paediatric gonadal teratomas are benign, malignant or mixed variants may also arise, necessitating more aggressive therapeutic interventions.

Childhood maltreatment, genetic risk, and subsequent risk of arrhythmias: a prospective cohort study

ABSTRACT Background: Emerging evidence has linked childhood maltreatment with cardiovascular disease risk; however, the association between childhood maltreatment and cardiac arrhythmias remains unclear. Moreover, any genetic predispositions to atrial fibrillation (AF), a common cardiac arrhythmia associated with an elevated risk of stroke, heart failure, and mortality, that modify such associations have been undocumented. Purpose: To examine the associations between childhood maltreatment and incident arrhythmias, and whether a genetic predisposition to arrhythmias modifies these associations. Methods: This prospective analysis included 151,741 participants from the UK Biobank (mean age 55.8 years, 43.4% male). Childhood maltreatment, including five types, was measured using the Childhood Trauma Screener (CTS). Incident arrhythmias (AF, ventricular arrhythmias [VA], and bradyarrhythmia [BA]) were documented through linked hospital admission and death registry. Weighted AF genetic risk score was calculated. Cox proportional hazard models were conducted to test for associations between childhood maltreatment and incident arrhythmias. Results: During a median follow-up of 12.21 years (interquartile range, 11.49–12.90 years), 6,588 AF, 2,093 BA, and 742 VA events occurred. Compared with the absence of childhood maltreatment, having 3–5 types of childhood maltreatment was associated with an increased risk of incident AF (HR, 1.23; 95%CI 1.09–1.37), VA (HR, 1.39; 95%CI 1.03–1.89), and BA (HR, 1.32; 95%CI 1.09–1.61) after adjusting demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors. The associations between cumulative type of childhood maltreatment and the risk of AF (P overall < .001; P nonlinear = .674) and BA (P overall = .007; P nonlinear = .377) demonstrated a linear pattern. There was a gradient association between childhood maltreatment and AF risks across the intermediate and high genetic risk groups (both P trend < .05) but not within the low genetic risk group (P trend = .378), irrespective of non-significant interaction effect (P interaction = .204). Conclusion: Childhood maltreatment was associated with higher risks of incident arrhythmias, especially AF and BA. Genetic risk of AF did not modify these associations.

Adipokines as Possible Players in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Electrophysiological Evaluation of Their Role in Causing Functional Gastrointestinal Alterations in Murine Tissue

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a clinical condition of the gastrointestinal tract that has significant incidence in childhood. Major symptoms include abdominal pain, dyspepsia, delayed gastric emptying, anorexia, diarrhea and weight loss. IBD etiopathogenesis is multifactorial, with a proven involvement of cytokines. In this regard, cytokines like resistin and adiponectin produced by adipose tissue play a crucial role in inflammation. Particularly, resistin seems related to IBD severity and is considered a promising marker of disease occurrence and progression. Unraveling its mechanism of action and downstream effectors is mandatory when designing novel therapies. This preclinical study aims to further elucidate the action of resistin in causing functional gastrointestinal alterations, comparing it with the well-defined effect of adiponectin. To this end, we carried out electrophysiological analysis on murine gastric fundus. We found that resistin, similarly to adiponectin, increases smooth muscle cell (SMC) capacitance, indicative of cell surface remodeling, which is consistent with relaxation. However, contrary to adiponectin, resistin unalters membrane potential and inward Ca2+ entry and scarcely affects outward current, suggesting its inefficacy in markedly modifying electrical phenomena on the SMC membrane. This outcome, supporting the role of resistin in gastrointestinal distention, as observed in IBD, rules out a strikingly direct effect on SMCs.

Spatial and Epidemiological Analysis of Tuberculosis Incidence in Children in Palembang City in 2022

Spatial and Epidemiological Analysis of Tuberculosis Incidence in Children in Palembang City in 2022

The Relationship between House Conditions and the Household Contacts with the Incidence of Children's Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is a high risk in vulnerable groups with low immunity, such as children. Environmental factors and household contacts influence the high incidence of tuberculosis. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between housing conditions and the presence of household contacts with the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in children. This study used a case-control design. This study used a case-control design at the Puskesmas Kedaton Bandar Lampung from December 2023 to January 2024. The total sample was 58 children (29 cases and 29 controls), selected using Simple Random Sampling. The variables of this study were residential density, humidity, lighting, floor type, ventilation area, and the presence of household contacts. This study used univariate analysis, bivariate analysis with chi-square, and multivariate with multiple logistic regression. This study shows that there is a relationship between lighting (p=0,008), ventilation area (p=0,032), and the presence of household contacts (p&lt;0,001) with the incidence of pulmonary TB in children. The factor most associated with the incidence of pulmonary TB in children was lighting (OR=6.061; 95% CI=1.768-20.777), which means children with home lighting that doesn't meet the requirements have a 6.061 times higher risk of experiencing childhood pulmonary TB than those who meet the lighting requirements.

Correlations between History of Contact with Infected Person and Measles Vaccination Status on the Risk of Measles Incidence in Children: Meta-Analysis

Correlations between History of Contact with Infected Person and Measles Vaccination Status on the Risk of Measles Incidence in Children: Meta-Analysis

A CASE OF WILMS TUMOR: CASE REPORT

Wilms tumor, also called nephroblastoma, is a renal neoplasm with the highest incidence in early childhood and rarely affects adults. The objective of the present study was to report a case of a child who was referred to a private clinic in the city of Petrolina - Pe to undergo an imaging exam and review the literature regarding Wilms tumor. It was developed through a case report, together with literature findings in the Pubmed database. In the report, the patient had a radiological diagnosis of Wilms tumor, indicating chemotherapy treatment and subsequent surgical intervention. In the end, it was found that the diagnosis must be made by correlating radiological and surgical findings and with the anatomopathological study.

Residential surrounding greenness and the incidence of childhood asthma: Findings from a population-based cohort in Ontario, Canada

Several epidemiological studies have investigated the possible role that living in areas with greater amounts of greenspace has on the incidence of childhood asthma. These findings have been inconsistent, and few studies explored the relevance of timing of exposure. We investigated the role of residential surrounding greenness on the risk of incident asthma using a population-based retrospective cohort study. We included 982,131 singleton births in Ontario, Canada between 2006 and 2013. Two measures of greenness, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Green View Index (GVI), were assigned to the residential histories of these infants from pregnancy through to 12 years of age. Longitudinally-based diagnoses of asthma were determined by using provincial administrative health data. The extended Cox hazards model was used to characterize associations between greenness measures and asthma (up to age 12 years) while adjusting for several risk factors. In a fully adjusted model, that included a term for traffic-related air pollution (NO2), we found no association between an interquartile range increase (0.08) of the NDVI during childhood and asthma incidence (HR = 0.99; 95 % CI = 0.99–1.01). In contrast, we found that an 0.08 increase in NDVI during childhood reduced the risk of asthma in children 7–12 years of age by 14 % (HR = 0.86, 95 % CI:0.79–0.95). Seasonal differences in the association between greenness and asthma were noted. Our findings suggest that residential proximity to greenness reduces the risk of asthma in children aged 7–12.

The Relationship of Early Providing MPASI and Recurrent Infectional Diseases with Stunting Incidents in Children Aged 1-5 Years in the Lawahing Public Health Care Working Area

Background: Stunting which is a condition where there is failure to thrive in children under five years old (under five years) caused by chronic malnutrition so that the child is too short for his age. Providing complementary breast milk too early (less than 4 months) is an indirect factor causing stunting where early complementary breast milk food can cause various kinds of infectious diseases in children&#x0D; Purpose: to determine the relationship between giving early MPASI and recurrent infectious diseases to the incidence of stunting in children aged 1-5 years in the working area of the Lawahing Health Centre, Alor Regency, NTT&#x0D; Method: This research is an observational analytical study with a cross sectional approach. The sample from this study was 214 children aged 1-5 years who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria.&#x0D; Results: : research shows that there is a significant relationship between early complementary feeding and recurrent infectious diseases and the incidence of stunting in children aged 1-5 years (p value: &lt;0.01).&#x0D; Conclusion: there is a significant relationship between early complementary feeding and recurrent infectious diseases with the incidence of stunting in children aged 1-5 years in the working area of the Lawahing Community Health Centre, Alor Regency, East Nusa Tenggara.

The Impact of Maternal Factors on Stunting Incidence in Children Aged 6 – 59 Months at Sasi Community Health Center, Timor Tengah Utara Regency, East Nusa Tenggara

Stunting, defined as height-for-age more than two standard deviations below the WHO’s child growth standards median has many long-term consequences. With a high prevalence of stunting in the Kelurahan Sasi (10% in August 2023), we aim to determine whether identified maternal risk factors align with the local context, offering insights for effecting interventions in Timor Tengah Utara Regency. This is a case-control study with a sample size of 103 children aged 6 to 59 months participating in three Posyandu in Sasi Community Health Center. Maternal risk factors impacting stunting occurrence are assessed through bivariate using chi-square test and multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression methods. Of the 103 children who attended Posyandu in Kelurahan Sasi, 28,1% of children exhibited stunting, with statistically significant risk factors namely low maternal education, low knowledge about stunting, low household wealth index, gestational age, and short maternal height. Maternal education emerged as the primary risk factor for stunting in Sasi Community Health Center (OR 6.0; 95% CI 2,3 to 4.5; P=0.0029). Maternal education emerged as the primary risk factor on stunting in Sasi Community Health Center, as indicated by both bivariate and multivariate analysis. Furthermore, low household index and short maternal height were linked to a higher likelihood of stunting, emphasizing the influence of economic factors. Maternal age and iron supplementation did not emerge as statistically significant contributors to stunting, contrary to previous findings, suggesting the need for further investigation despite the study’s limitations. This study shows that several factors like maternal knowledge, household wealth index, maternal education, maternal height, and maternal gestation have a significant impact on the incidence of stunting. However, maternal age and iron supplementation did not show any significant impact.

Meta-Analysis the Effects of Hand Washing Behavior Using Soap and Latrine Availability on the Diarrhea Incidence in Children Under Five

Meta-Analysis the Effects of Hand Washing Behavior Using Soap and Latrine Availability on the Diarrhea Incidence in Children Under Five

Neonatal Jaundice: A Study of the Incidence in Children of Rh (D) Negative and 0 Rh (D) Positive Mothers.

Despite advances in neonatal care, neonatal jaundice remains a common problem in maternity wards. The present retrospective epidemiological study collected data on a sample of 710 newborns and compared the incidence of neonatal jaundice in infants born to Rh (D) negative and 0 Rh (D) positive mothers. The primary aim was to determine whether the higher incidence of maternal alloimmunisation in newborns was causally related to a potentially higher incidence of neonatal jaundice in newborns of 0 Rh (D) positive mothers. To the end, we investigated a possible association between the incidence of neonatal jaundice in 0 Rh (D) positive mothers and the neonatal blood group. The incidence of neonatal jaundice was not found to differ between maternal blood groups. We discuss new preventive measures that may reduce the incidence of neonatal jaundice and thereby reduce the length of hospital stay.