Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory Research Articles

Prevalence and determinants of fear of childbirth among pregnant women in Egypt: A cross-sectional study

ProblemFear of childbirth (FOC) is a significant public health concern, and understanding its determinants is crucial for developing effective interventions to support women during pregnancy and childbirth. BackgroundFear of childbirth (FOC) is increasingly recognized as an essential psychological health concern among pregnant women globally. However, research elucidating the prevalence and multifaceted determinants of FOC in the Egyptian context remains scarce. This knowledge is pivotal to informing maternal health practices. AimThis study aimed to investigate FOC prevalence and its determinants among pregnant women in Egypt. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 460 low-risk pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt, from February 2023 to July 2023. Data were collected using structured questionnaires on sociodemographic and obstetric profiles, the Childbirth Attitude Questionnaire, the Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. ResultsThe prevalence of FOC ranged from mild to severe, with 70.4% of women displaying some degree of fear and 11.3% exhibiting severe FOC. Key determinants associated with greater FOC were younger age, nulliparity, unplanned pregnancy, negative previous birth experiences, and preference for cesarean delivery. An inverse relationship was found between FOC and childbirth self-efficacy. ConclusionsThis study reveals a high FOC prevalence among Egyptian pregnant women, necessitating the need for systematic screening and tailored interventions to mitigate this concern, especially among high-risk groups like young, nulliparous mothers. Fostering childbirth self-efficacy may aid in reducing FOC. These findings can inform the enhancement of holistic maternal health practices in Egypt.

Predictive Power of Self-Efficacy on the Fear of Childbirth in Pregnant Women: Underlying Mechanisms of Social Support as a Mediator and the COVID-19 Fear as a Moderator.

Fear of childbirth (FOC) is a common problem associated with psycho-social factors in pregnant women. This study aimed to determine the mediator of social support and the moderator role of fear of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the relationship between self-efficacy and FOC in pregnant women. This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with 422 pregnant women registered in 18 family health centers. Data were collected with the introductory information form, the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire-A, the Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and the Fear of COVID19 Scale. The SPSS 22 package program and Hayes's process macro 3.2 were used in the analysis of the data. Findings showed that 19.9% of the pregnant women experienced severe FOC. Self-efficacy and social support negatively predicted FOC, while fear of COVID-19 predicted it positively. Perceived social support moderately mediated the relationship between FOC and self-efficacy. Fear of COVID-19 was found to be a marginally effective moderator in the relationship between self-efficacy and FOC. This indicates that as self-efficacy increases in pregnant women with low fear of COVID-19, the FOC is experienced less. In the relationship between self-efficacy and FOC, social support is a key factor in reducing FOC. To reduce the FOC, the social support of pregnant women should be strengthened, and the fear associated with acute crisis periods such as pandemics should be reduced with some preventive measures.

Childbirth Self-Efficacy and Its Associated Factors among Pregnant Women in Arba Minch Town, Southern Ethiopia, 2023: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Childbirth self-efficacy is a pregnant women's perception of their ability to cope with labor stress. Low childbirth self-efficacy is linked to pain intolerance and poor labor progression, which increase the possibility of operative delivery. However, Ethiopia has limited data. So, the aim of this study was to assess childbirth self-efficacy and its factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care in public health facilities in Arba Minch town, Southern Ethiopia, in 2023. To assess childbirth self-efficacy and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care in public health facilities in Arba Minch town, Southern Ethiopia, in 2023. An institution-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 416 women from January 1 to January 30, 2023. A systematic random sampling technique was employed. Data were collected by KoboToolbox through face-to-face interviews using a structured and pretested questionnaire. Modified short-form childbirth self-efficacy inventory was used to score self-efficacy. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 27, was used for data management and analysis. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each variable, and a logistic model was used. Statistical significance was determined at a p value of less than 0.05 and 95% confidence level. A total of 416 pregnant women participated in the study. Two hundred twenty-eight (54.8%) of the pregnant women had low childbirth self-efficacy. Age group in ≤24 years (AOR = 3.80, 95% CI: 1.82-8), primigravida (AOR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.10-2.86), unplanned pregnancy (AOR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.02-2.70), poor social support (AOR = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.09-4.30), having anxiety (AOR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.10-3.64), having poor knowledge of childbirth (AOR = 2.21, 95% CI: 2.09-5.39), and severe fear of childbirth (AOR = 6.40, 95% CI: 2.60-9.80) were statistically significant with low childbirth self-efficacy. The magnitude of low childbirth self-efficacy was high in the study area. Being primigravida, unplanned pregnancy, age ≤ 24 years, severe fear of childbirth, anxiety, poor social support, and poor knowledge were significantly associated with low childbirth self-efficacy. Therefore, giving special attention to these factors during antenatal care would be important.

Childbirth self-efficacy and fear of childbirth and their predictors in adolescent and adult pregnant women referring to health centres of Urmia-Iran: a cross-sectional study

ObjectiveAdolescent pregnancy as a growing phenomenon in the world has been investigated from different aspects. However, the examination of childbirth fear and self-efficacy has received less attention. Therefore, this study...

Effect of Intolerance of Uncertainty on Fear of Childbirth in Primiparas : A Moderated Mediating Model

To explore the mediating effect of childbirth self-efficacy on the impact pathway of intolerance of uncertainty on the fear of childbirth in primiparas in the second and third trimesters and the potential moderating effect of perceived partner responsiveness. A total of 429 primiparas in their second and third trimesters completed the survey, which included general information questionnaire, Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale, Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory, Perceived Partner Responsiveness Scale, and Childbirth Attitudes Questionnaire. Rank sum test was used to compare the scores for the fear of childbirth among different groups and Spearman's correlation was used to analyze the scores for all the scales. In addition, the data were centrally processed by using PROCESS V3.4.1 Model 4 (a simple mediation model), Model 5 (the direct path of the mediation model was regulated), and non-parametric Bootstrap method to test the mediation effect and moderation effect. The study showed that 54.31% of the participants experienced fear of childbirth. Their scores for intolerance of uncertainty, childbirth self-efficacy, and perceived partner responsiveness were 15.00 (8.00), 240.00 (75.00), and 72.00 (19.00), respectively. There were significant differences in the scores for the fear of childbirth scale among pregnant women of different age groups, gestational weeks, employment statuses, and average per capita monthly income of the family ( P<0.05). According to our findings, intolerance of uncertainty directly and positively impacted on fear of childbirth ( β=0.76, P<0.001), with childbirth self-efficacy playing partial mediation role between them, its indirect effect being 0.05 and the contribution rate being 6.17%. In addition, after the scores of Perceived Partner Responsiveness Scale were added to the model, perceived partner responsiveness had no significant predictive effect for fear of childbirth, but the product term of the scores for Perceived Partner Responsiveness Scale and Intolerability Uncertainty Scale had significant predictive effect for fear of childbirth ( β=0.01, P<0.05), which suggested that perceived partner responsiveness also played a moderating role between intolerance of uncertainty and fear of childbirth. Health care providers can help primiparas reduce fear of childbirth and improve their childbirth experience by reducing perceived intolerance of uncertainty, improving family support, and teaching coping strategies.

The Effect of Structured Antenatal Education on Childbirth Self-Efficacy.

Antenatal (prenatal) education is a vital role of midwives when giving antenatal care to pregnant women. Particularly in the late stages of pregnancy, antenatal education regarding the natural-labor process, the introduction of labor rooms, coping strategies, and labor-pain management may enhance maternal self-efficacy and perceptions of childbirth. However, educational programs that include birth plans, pain-relief measures, and birth preparation are not a structured part of the Saudi healthcare system. This is the first study to investigate the effect of antenatal education on maternal self-efficacy in Saudi Arabia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an antenatal education program on maternal self-efficacy in primiparous pregnant women and to determine the relationship between maternal self-efficacy and their sociodemographic characteristics in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. A randomized control trial (pretest/posttest) design was conducted with 94 primiparous pregnant women. Two groups were compared: an intervention group, which received a structured antenatal educational program (n = 46), and a control group, which received routine antenatal care (n = 48). The childbirth self-efficacy inventory (CBSEI) was used to assess maternal self-efficacy. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24 (Released 2016; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States). The mean score on the CBSEI pretest was 238.5 ± 237.4 compared to 242.9 ± 276.2 in the posttest mean score, with significant differences (p < .05)in maternal self-efficacy between the pretest and posttest scores for both groups. The findings of this study suggest that an antenatal educational program could serve as an essential tool, providing access to high-quality information and skills during the antenatal period and significantly enhancing maternal self-efficacy. It is crucial to invest resources to empower and equip pregnant women in ways that promote positive perceptions andboost their confidence regarding childbirth.

The Effect of CAM Methods Plan to Apply by Pregnant Women in Order to Cope with Birth Pain on Fear of Childbirth and Childbirth Self-Efficacy

Objective: In the study, it was aimed to determine the effect of CAM methods planned to be used by pregnant women in order to cope with birth pain on fear of childbirth and childbirth self-efficacy &#x0D; Material-Method: &#x0D; The cross-sectional study was completed with 455 pregnant women. The study data were collected through Identifying Information Form, which also aimed to determine CAM methods planned to be used, The Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ) Version A, and Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory (CBSEI). &#x0D; Results: &#x0D; In the study, it was determined that the pregnant women planned to use mind-body based CAM methods by 31.4%, manipulative and body-based methods by 25, biologically based methods by 1.1%, energy therapy methods by 0.9%, and alternative medicine methods by 0.7%. In addition, it was determined that there was a significant difference between CBSEI efficacy and outcome expectancy subscales mean scores and CBSEI total scale mean score of the pregnant women who did not plan to apply CAM methods to reduce their labor pain compared to those who planned to use these methods. &#x0D; Conclusion: &#x0D; It was found in the study that the pregnant women planned to use mind-body based methods the most in order to cope with labor pain in childbirth. It was also determined that there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of fear of childbirth according to their planning to use CAM methods to cope with labor pain in childbirth, and that childbirth self-efficacy levels of those who planned to use CAM methods were significantly low.

Mothers’ Self-Control and Self-Efficacy and Childbirth Complications: A Study at an Indonesian General Hospital

Childbirth complications are still a big problem in developing countries, especially in Indonesia and are one of the causes of high maternal mortality. This study aims to identify the relationship between self-control and self-efficacy as an indirect cause of maternal death with the incidence of childbirth complications. An analytical descriptive design with a cross sectional method was used. 175 mothers in their maternity phase were selected using the consecutive sampling technique. Self-control was measured using the Labour Agentry Scale (LAS), while self-efficacy was measured using the Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory (CBSEI) which had been tested for validity and reliability, and data on the incidence of childbirth complications were obtained from hospital medical records. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis with the help of computer software. The results showed that the variables of self-control and self-efficacy had a very significant relationship with the incidence of childbirth complications (p value 0.000, ?: 0.05). Mothers with poor self-control are at risk of developing complications of childbirth by 9,014 (CI 95%: 0.929 – 87,487) times greater than those with good self-control. Poor self-efficacy is at risk of developing childbirth complications 3,815 (CI 95%: 1,851 – 7,862) times greater than those with good self-efficacy. This study proves that self-control and self-efficacy are variables that influence the existence of labor complications. Antenatal care staff need to prepare mothers from pregnancy and childbirth to have the ability to control themselves and have good self-efficacy in undergoing the delivery process.

Evaluation of childbirth self-efficacy and associated factors among pregnant women.

Increasing the rate of Normal Vaginal Delivery (NVD) and reducing elective cesarean section is one of the important concerns, especially in Iran. Childbirth self-efficacy can play an important role in managing the fear of childbirth and increasing the rate of NVD. The aim of this study was to determine demographic, fertility, and social factors related to childbirth self-efficacy. The present study was a single-group, single-stage, multivariate, cross-sectional study that assessed childbirth self-efficacy and associated factors in 358 eligible pregnant women with gestational age of 37 weeks and over in Guilan (North Iranian province) from November 2018 to July 2019. Data collection was performed based on consecutive sampling method from the pregnant women referring to the prenatal clinic. Data collection tools included a demographic and reproductive characteristics questionnaire; Lowe's childbirth self-efficacy Inventory and Zimet's perceived social support multidimensional questionnaire. There was a significant relationship between the educational level of pregnant women and Outcome Expectancy (OE) and Self-efficacy Expectancy (EE) and also between the spousal level of education and OE (P < 0.05). Parity, previous experience of birth, participation in pregnancy preparation classes, access to information sources about childbirth, and birth preference were significantly related to OE and EE (P < 0.05). There was a significant relationship between the two domains of perceived social support, spouse and friends, and the OE and EE (P < 0.05). The multivariate logistic regression model revealed that birth preference was a predictor for OE and EE, while a pregnant woman's education level and perceived social support in the domain of significant others were predictors for OE. Spousal age, mean family income, and participation in the prenatal preparation classes were predictors for EE. Regarding the importance of self-efficacy in childbirth in encouraging pregnant women to perform NVD, pregnancy and childbirth preparation classes with an emphasis on concepts including self-efficacy of childbirth should be focused by midwives and other health-care workers in order to improve pregnant women's knowledge regarding the benefits of NVD and to strengthen their belief in the benefits of pain-compatible actions.

Effectiveness of a Nurse-led Program to Enhance Self-efficacy of Pregnant Adolescents and Reduce their Fear of Childbirth: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Fear of childbirth is a common feeling experienced by pregnant women, and it can occur before, during, or after childbirth. Intense fear has a detrimental effect on physical and psychological statuses of the pregnant women. The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to examine the effectiveness of a nurse-led program together with the mobile phone application to enhance pregnant adolescents’ childbirth self-efficacy and reduce their fear of childbirth. The sample was pregnant adolescents receiving antenatal care in a regional hospital in Southern Thailand. Using the minimization procedure, pregnant adolescents were assigned to either an experimental group receiving the program (n = 64) or a control group receiving routine care (n = 64). The instruments used for data collection consisted of a demographic characteristics form, the Fear of Childbirth in the Third Trimester Questionnaire, and the Thai Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, paired t-test, and independent t-test. The results showed that after completion of the intervention program, the participants in the experimental group had a significantly higher mean score on childbirth self-efficacy and lower fear of childbirth than before the intervention. When comparing the two groups after completion of the program, results showed a significantly higher childbirth self-efficacy mean score, and lower fear of childbirth mean score in the experimental group than those in the control group. The results indicate that application of childbirth self-efficacy enhancement program can increase self-efficacy and reduce fear of childbirth in pregnant adolescents. Therefore, it is a promising program for caring pregnant adolescents but needs to be tested with other samples before implementation in practice.

Patient perceptions of virtual reality for pain relief in labor: A qualitative study.

Labor represents the most common reason for hospitalization, and most patients will use some form of pain management during their labor. While some studies have suggested that virtual reality (VR) may be an effective option for managing pain, more study is necessary to understand the patient experience of VR. The aim of this study is to characterize the effect of VR on patient perceptions of coping in labor and their descriptions of the VR experience. A nested prospective, descriptive study within a randomized controlled trial of VR in laboring patients. We included nulliparous, term patients, having contractions at least every 5 min, a pain score on the Wong-Baker pain scale of 4-7, and who had been randomized to receive the 30 min virtual reality intervention in the trial. Subjects completed a childbirth self-efficacy inventory prior to the intervention. After the intervention, they completed a modified childbirth self-efficacy inventory related to VR and underwent a structured interview. Self-efficacy scores were compared using t-tests and qualitative, thematic analysis was performed using Dedoose. Twenty-one subjects received the VR intervention. Twenty subjects completed the post-intervention survey and structured interview; one declined due to discomfort. Subjects noted a significant increase in perceived degree to which VR could improve their self-efficacy in managing pain during labor. Thematic analysis revealed that subjects described the VR experience as allowing them to connect with their breathing, feeling more relaxed, and being distracted from pain. In total, 70% believed VR reduced their pain, 60% felt it reduced their anxiety, and 100% would recommend VR availability for laboring patients. VR can improve patient self-efficacy for managing pain in labor. Future studies should focus on the content of the visualizations, optimized user experience and design, and effectiveness with ongoing exposure to VR content in labor.

Correlation between Fear of Childbirth and Childbirth Self-Efficacy during Labor

Background: The research on fear of childbirth and childbirth self-efficacy of pregnant women in China mainly concentrates on the late pregnancy, and there is a lack of research on the psychology of women during labor. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between fear of childbirth and childbirth self-efficacy during labor. Methods: 378 pregnant women in labor were selected by convenience sampling. They were investigated using a self-designed questionnaire, the Chinese version of Childbirth Attitudes Questionnaire, and the Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory. Results: The total score of fear of childbirth during labor was 31.95 ± 9.01, and the total score of childbirth self-efficacy was 212.03 ± 59.64. The total score of fear of childbirth and the score of each dimension were significantly negatively correlated with those of childbirth self-efficacy (R2 = –0.354 to –0.155, p &lt; 0.01). Conclusions: Fear of childbirth during labor should arouse attention of medical staffs. It is necessary to enhance psychological support and childbirth self-efficacy during labor to reduce the fear of childbirth.

Effects of motivational interviews on childbirth perceptions and childbirthself-efficacy in nulliparous pregnant women: a randomised-controlled trial

ABSTRACT Background Motivational interviews (MI) may change the perspective of birth in pregnant women by changing their negative thoughts and increasing their self-efficacy. Objective This study was conducted to identify the effects of MI on childbirth perceptions and childbirth self-efficacy in nulliparous pregnant women who had traumatic childbirth perceptions. Methodology The research was carried out as a randomised-controlled trial wıth 166 pregnant women, including 83 experimental group and 83 control group. In the collection of data, the Traumatic Childbirth Perception Scale (TCPS) and the Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory (CSEI-C32) were utilised. Four sessions of MI were held with the pregnant women in the experimental group at weekly intervals whereas no initiative was applied to the pregnant women in the control group. Results As per the measurements performed after the MI held with the experimental group, it was found that the experimental group had a significantly lower mean TCPS score than the control group (p < 0.001). The experimental group also had a significantly higher mean CSEI-C32 score than the control group (p < 0.001). Conclusion MI can be effective in reducing the traumatic childbirth perceptions and increasing childbirth self-efficacy. However, further research is required to assess the effectiveness MI on traumatic birth perception and self-efficacy.

The Effect of Childbirth Education and Birth Plan on Childbirth Self-Efficacy: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of birth education given to pregnant women and the birth plan applied together with the education on birth self-efficacy. Methods: The study was conducted as a randomised controlled trial at seven Family Health Centers in Turkey. The pregnant women in the sample were divided into three groups. Group 1 received only childbirth education (Group Education-Group-ED), Group 2 received childbirth education and a birth plan (Group Education &amp;amp; Plan-Group-ED&amp;amp;P), and Group 3 was the control group, all of which included 51 pregnant women. The childbirth education was divided into two sessions of 40-50 minutes each. The Personal Information Form and the Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory were used to collect the data between April and September 2017. Results: When the pregnant women's intragroup self-efficacy mean scores were compared after the intervention, it was determined that the pregnant women's birth self-efficacy levels in Group ED and Group ED&amp;amp;P increased significantly (P&amp;lt;0.05), whereas there was no statistically significant increase in the pregnant women's self-efficacy levels in the control group (P&amp;gt;0.05). When the pregnant women's intergroup self-efficacy mean scores were compared after the intervention, it was discovered that Group ED's childbirth self-efficacy level was higher than that of the control group (P&amp;lt;0.05). It was also determined that the pregnant women in Group ED&amp;amp;P had similar levels of childbirth self-efficacy to those in the control and Group ED (P&amp;gt;0.05). Conclusion: The findings show that providing only childbirth education during pregnancy is the most effective method for increasing the childbirth self-efficacy of pregnant women. (Clinical trials number: NCT04525430)

Translation and Validation of Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory into Indonesia

Background. Childbirth self-efficacy is an essential component of mothers in dealing with childbirth. Various studies have supported evidence that mothers who believe in their ability to go through labor are commonly associated with anxiety levels and affect labor outcomes. However, in Indonesia, research on mothers' efficacy in facing childbirth or what is known as Childbirth Self-Efficacy has not been well documented due to the absence of instruments available to measure the concept. &#x0D; Purpose. This study aimed to produce a Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory instrument in the Indonesian version using guidelines from Brislin in the form of translation and back-translation techniques. &#x0D; Method. Face validity to test the validity of the surface by determining inclusion criteria including mothers with gestational age in the third trimester, maternal age range between 20-35 years, and primiparous mothers. While the reliability test measures internal consistency using Cronbach Alpha. A total of 12 mothers met the predetermined criteria and were willing to be respondents. This study produced A-62 Indonesian versions of the Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory through a translation process based on the theoretical framework. There are several sentence revisions to the items described but do not add and remove items—the resulting Alpha coefficient of .98 for all subscales. The results of the study have several limitations and recommendations for further research.&#x0D; Implication for practice. Finding study assist midwives as the primary health care provider for the expectant mother to understand the concept of mother's efficacy of childbirth using the instrument.

Development and validation of a tool for advising primiparous women during early labour: study protocol for the GebStart Study

IntroductionPregnant women experience early labour with different physical and emotional symptoms. Early admission to hospital has been found to be associated with increased intervention and caesarean section rates. However, primiparous...

Fear of childbirth and its predictors in re-pregnant women after cesarean section: a cross-sectional multicenter study in China

BackgroundSince the implementation of China’s two-child policy in 2016, the number of re-pregnant women after cesarean section has increased significantly. These women are more prone to fear of childbirth compared with primiparas due to their history of scarred uterus leading to a more complicated delivery process, which poses a great threat to their physical and mental health. However, there is currently limited research on the problem in China. The aim of this study was to assess fear of childbirth and its predictors in re-pregnant women after cesarean section in China.MethodsA cross-sectional multicenter study was conducted in three hospitals from June 7 to December 7, 2020, in Changsha, China. Study hospitals were selected using a random sampling technique. Participants were selected using a convenience sampling technique. Three hundred fifty-eight women during the third trimester of pregnancy who were older than 18 years, having a history of CS(s), and not having major physical or mental health problems were included. Fear of childbirth and its predictors were evaluated using the Childbirth Attitude Questionnaire, the short form of the 32-item Chinese Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory, the Social Support Rating Scale, and the demographic-obstetric data sheet. After checking for completeness, data were exported to statistical software for analysis. Both univariate analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were computed to assess fear of childbirth and its predictors. Statistical significance was declared at a P-value of < 0.05.ResultsThe average score of fear of childbirth was 43.76 (standard deviation = 5.27, range 17–58). Number of cesarean sections, experience with previous cesarean section, childbirth self-efficacy and social support were significantly associated with fear of childbirth (P < 0.05).ConclusionsIn this study, re-pregnant women after cesarean section in China had moderate fear of childbirth, and the number of cesarean sections, experience with previous cesarean section, childbirth self-efficacy and social support were predictors of fear of childbirth. It is important for healthcare professionals to find re-pregnant women after cesarean section at high risk of fear of childbirth and provide appropriate services during pregnancy.

Factors associated with low childbirth self-efficacy for normal birth amongst women attending an urban prenatal clinic in Eastern Uganda

ObjectiveWhile childbirth self-efficacy is a very important feature for normal birth, this concept has received limited scholarly attention, particularly in developing countries. This study explored childbirth self-efficacy and the associated factors amongst pregnant women. DesignA descriptive cross-sectional study. We used the Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory to assess childbirth self-efficacy for normal birth. and determined the associated factors. SettingJinja regional referral hospital, Uganda. Participants425 pregnant women at ≥ 28 weeks of gestation were included. MeasurementsParticipants with summated self-efficacy scores ≥ median were considered to have high childbirth self-efficacy, and those with less than the median summated score were considered to have low childbirth self-efficacy. Bivariate and multivariate binary logistic regressions were used to determine the factors associated with low childbirth self-efficacy. FindingsThe Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory items consistently measured childbirth self-efficacy with a Cronbach's α 0.934. Childbirth self-efficacy scores ranged from 84 to 303 with a median score of 233 and a mean score of 228.7 (SD: 40.9). Dissatisfaction with prenatal care (aOR = 2.687; 95% CI: 1.124–6.427; P = 0.026), perception of community social support for women during childbirth as lacking (aOR = 2.274; 95% CI: 1.159–4.458; P = 0.017) and use and/or intention to use herbal medicines in the current pregnancy (aOR = 2.850; 95% CI: 1.553–5.232; P = 0.001) were associated with low childbirth self-efficacy for normal birth. Conclusion and implications for practiceLow childbirth self-efficacy for normal birth was associated with dissatisfaction with prenatal care, lack of community social support for women during childbirth and use or intention to use herbal medicines in the current pregnancy. Identifying the associated characteristics and developing interventions for low childbirth self-efficacy is of clinical importance to promote normal birth.

Factors Affecting Primiparous Pregnant Women's Prenatal Attachment Levels, Childbirth Self-Efficacy Beliefs, and Labor Worry Levels.

This study aimed to identify the factors affecting primiparous pregnant women's prenatal attachment levels, childbirth self-efficacy beliefs, and labor worry levels. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 351 pregnant women. The data were collected by using a Personal Information Form, the Prenatal Attachment Inventory, the Oxford Worries about Labour Scale, and the Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory. The mean Prenatal Attachment Inventory, Oxford Worries About Labour Scale and Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory scores of the participants were 40.53 ± 10.32, 21.82 ± 6.8, and 201.35 ± 23.21, respectively. The data obtained in the study showed that the care offered in the preconception period affected the participating pregnant women's prenatal attachment, labor worry, and childbirth self-efficacy levels. With individualized preconception care provided by health personnel, not only will awareness be increased but also women will be able to have a more positive pregnancy and labor experience.

Relationship between Religious Coping, Pain Severity, and Childbirth Self-Efficacy in Iranian Primipara Women.

Background One of the important goals of midwifery support and care is to control labor pain and increase the ability to cope with pain. The use of religious coping may be effective in counteracting the stressors of labor, especially labor pain, as well as increasing the self-efficacy of labor. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between religious coping, pain severity, and childbirth self-efficacy in Iranian primipara women. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study was performed on 200 Iranian primiparous women referred to eight health centers in the capital of Hormozgan Province who were intending to have a normal vaginal delivery (NVD) in the Persian Gulf and Sharifi Hospitals. The sampling was multistage. Data were collected by demographic and fertility questionnaires, the Iranian Religious Coping Scale, the Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory, and the Visual Analog Scale for pain measurement. Results Among the dimensions of religious coping, benevolent reappraisal had a significant direct relationship with pain severity, and negative religious coping had a significant inverse relationship with pain severity. In the case of childbirth self-efficacy subscales, the results showed dimensions of religious practices, benevolent reappraisal, and active religious coping had a significant direct relationship with outcome expectancy, and negative religious coping had a significant indirect relationship with outcome expectancy. Also, there was a significant direct relationship between religious practices and efficacy expectancy and a significant inverse relationship between negative and passive religious coping and efficacy expectancy. Conclusion With increasing some dimensions of positive religious coping, the severity of labor pain and childbirth self-efficacy increases, and with increasing dimensions of negative and passive religious coping, childbirth self-efficacy decreases. These correlations were weak in all the mentioned results.