Child Visitors Research Articles

An investigation of Art, Science and Technology Museum Websites for Child Visitors

Amaç: Araştırmanın amacını, beş farklı kıtadan sanat, bilim ve teknoloji müzelerinin web sitelerinin çocuk ziyaretçilere uygunluğunun tasarım özellikleri, dijital uygulamalar, müze ziyaretini düzenlemeye yönelik içerik bilgisi (duyulara yönelik uygulamalar, atölye ve etkinlik bilgisi) ve müze erişilebilirlik bilgisi (müze haritası ve ödünç alma hizmetleri) açısından incelenmesi oluşturmuştur. Yöntem ve Araçlar: Çalışma nitel araştırma olarak tasarlanmıştır. Verilerin toplanmasında doküman inceleme tekniğinden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu beş farklı kıtadan 8 sanat müzesi, 10 bilim ve teknoloji müzesi olmak üzere toplam 18 müzenin web siteleri oluşturmuştur. Veri toplama aracı olarak araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan “Müze Web Sitesi İnceleme Formu” kullanılmıştır. Çalışma grubunda yer alan müze web siteleri bağımsız dört değerlendirici tarafından form maddeleri doğrultusunda incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular tablolar halinde sunulmuştur. Sonuçlar: Araştırma sonucunda incelenen beş farklı kıtadan sanat, bilim ve teknoloji müzelerinin web sitelerinin çocuklar için öğrenme ve eğlenme amaçlı kullanıma uygun şekilde tasarlandığı; tasarım ve yazılımının çocuklar için uygun, kolay anlaşılabilir ve kullanıcı dostu olduğu görülmüştür. Aynı zamanda web sitesi bilgilendirme sayfalarındaki içeriklerini görsel ve işitsel olarak destekleyen on üç müze olduğu dikkati çekmektedir. Müzelerin çocuk ziyaretçilerinin bireysel farklılıklarına dikkat etmenin yanı sıra özel gereksinimli çocukları dikkate alarak içeriklerini görsel-işitsel olarak da desteklemesi, eğitimde “fırsat eşitliği” sunması, “kapsayıcı” ve “erişilebilir” olması açısından da son derece önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir. İncelenen müze web sitelerinin sanal müze gezisine ve çocuklara uygun kısa videolara yer verdiği, buna karşın web sitelerinde çocukların yaptıkları ürünleri yükleyebilecekleri ve sergileyebilecekleri uygun etkileşimli bir ortam bulunmadığı, ayrıca çocuklara uygun dijital oyunlara yeterince yer verilmediği görülmüştür. Müzelerin web sitelerinde yer alan bilgilendirme sayfalarındaki içeriklerin çocuklara uygun ve bilgi verici olması büyük bir oranda sağlanmışken, web sitelerinin güncelliğinin sağlanmasının önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir. Müzelerin web sitelerinde çocuk ziyaretçiler için uygun bir müze haritasına yer verildiği görülmüştür. Ödünç alma hizmetleri açısından incelendiğinde ise, bebek taşıma çantası (kanguru) ve bebek arabası ödünç alma bilgisinin çoğu müzenin web sitesinde yer almadığı görülmüştür.

L’enfant visiteur en réanimation adulte : vécu psychologique de la visite et dispositifs d’accompagnement

IntroductionWhile ICUs encourage visits from patients’ loved ones, visits from children and adolescents have remained a rather sensitive issue. In an attempt to protect children from a potentially traumatic environment, certain services refuse or restrict their visits. ObjectiveIn this context, the question arises as to whether the visit in intensive care constitutes a psychological risk for the child and adolescents. Based on the literature, this article discusses the experience of the visit on the child, the research methodology implemented with child visitors, and finally the existing support systems. ResultsThe analyzed studies do not consider the psychological disorders associated with ICU visits. Moreover, there are many studies on this field and the methodologies have yet to be developed. Support measures exist but are at the initiative of the intensive care teams. ConclusionThere is now an urgent need to build on the studies focused on this field in order to propose a genuine policy with regard to the reception and support of children visiting ICU patients.

Clinical Pearls

Although the Institute of Medicine asserts that a palliative approach to care is needed to improve health care challenges, palliative principles have been difficult to incorporate in the intensive care unit (ICU). Critically ill patients often have unmet physical, psychological, emotional, and spiritual needs that could be identified with a palliative approach screening tool; however, no such tool has been designed for the ICU.Using interdisciplinary focus groups and surveys, Venis and Dodek developed and tested a screening tool specific for ICU use. They found thatBefore the tool was developed, members of the health care team showed a need for improved communication, collaboration, and a clearer understanding of what palliative care means for patients with poorer outcomes.The newly developed tool was considered easy to use and prompted a more timely and comprehensive approach to meeting palliative needs of patients and their families.To integrate the palliative approach and increase comfort with the tool, the authors recommend communication skills training and education about end-of-life care for clinicians.See Article, pp 214-220Family visitation in adult intensive care units (ICUs) has long been recognized as beneficial to patients and their families, including children. The American Association of Critical- Care Nurses (AACN) has published standards that enforce the positive outcomes of child visitation. However, the topic remains controversial, with some nurses feeling ill-prepared to manage children’s needs during visits.Desai et al surveyed adult ICU nurses to assess their perceptions and practices of child visitation. They foundThe authors express concern about the apparent lack of resources in adult ICUs for routine child visitation. They recommend education on the AACN standards and on existing research as well as enhancing resources for child visitors, including collaboration with child life specialists, to improve practice.See Article, pp 195-203Open visitation with unrestricted access to the patient can improve both family and patient outcomes. Although the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN) and the Society of Critical Care Medicine consider open visitation best practice, many adult intensive care units (ICUs) in the United States continue to have restrictive visiting.Milner and colleagues examined the visitation practices of 536 Magnet and Pathways to Excellence Programs (MPE) hospitals. They found the following:Although the number of hospitals with open visitation in the adult ICU has improved from 10.4% of hospitals surveyed in 2008-2009, the change has been very slow. The authors recommend further study with hospitals that have the most flexible open policies to understand and identify successful methods for implementing and sustaining best practice.See Article, pp 221-225Delayed or poor cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in children may cause adverse outcomes such as neurological sequelae and death. Staff working in less acute care areas have expressed discomfort with initiating and performing CPR because of limited exposure to code events.Wise and colleagues developed a “First-Five” simulation-based training program to improve early response of bedside personnel during a code. After 3 phases of program improvement, they found thatThe authors state that First Five programs are better than mock codes because of the focus on the individual during initial resuscitation rather than on system issues. They recommend that hospitals commit to the education and training of all nurses to improve pediatric code outcomes.See Article, pp 233-236

Children as curators: how to incorporate young visitors' voices into the elaboration and evaluation of a microbiology exhibition.

Studies of museum publics are relatively recent, and studies of child visitors are even more recent. In this paper we summarize the types of exhibition evaluations mentioned in the literature and present an evaluation process for an exhibition about microbiology developed for and with input from 4-to-6-year-old children. As a case study we analyzed an exhibition entitled "The Giant World of Microbes." Audio and video interviews were recorded with child visitors, and the stimulated recall technique was also employed. The data indicate the importance of interactive activities in enhancing child motivation and providing pertinent routes to follow when preparing an exhibition geared toward children.

Practices and Perceptions of Nurses Regarding Child Visitation in Adult Intensive Care Units.

Provision of developmentally appropriate support for child visitors in adult intensive care units (ICUs) would benefit patients and young visitors. Research on best practices for child visitation in adult ICUs is limited. To explore the perceptions and practices of nurses working in adult ICUs in the United States regarding child visitation and the role of child life specialists in this setting. Data were collected from 446 adult ICU nurses via a cross-sectional survey. The survey explored perceptions and practices regarding child visitation, access to child-friendly resources, and the feasibility of having a child life specialist in adult ICUs. Several participants (303, 67.9%) felt that children were at risk for psychological trauma from visiting an adult ICU. Some participants (122, 27.4%) reported that their ICUs did not have policies for child visitation. Logistic regression showed that nurses with a master's degree were 1.8 times (P < .05) more likely to believe that young children (0-5 years) should visit. Nurses (105 of 197, 53.3%) were more likely to allow young children to visit if the patient was the child's parent or if the patient was dying. Child-friendly resources were not routinely available. Nurses expressed that adult ICUs could benefit from child life specialists facilitating child visitation. Nurses were inconsistently open to child visitation. Exceptions for older children (> 6 years), children whose parent was the patient, patients' illness severity, and end of life allowed more child visitation. Ways to facilitate child-friendly visitation in adult ICUs are discussed.

Snapshots of Museum Experience: Understanding child visitors through photography

Snapshots of Museum Experience: Understanding child visitors through photography

Parent perceptions of the quality of life of pet dogs living with neuro-typically developing and neuro-atypically developing children: An exploratory study.

There is growing scientific and societal recognition of the role that pet dogs can play in healthy development of children; both those who are neuro-typically developing and those who live with a neuro-developmental disorder, such as autism or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, little attention has been paid to how living with children positively and negatively affects quality of life of a pet dog. In this exploratory study we conducted semi-structured interviews with parents of neuro-typically developing children (n = 18) and those with a neuro-developmental disorder (n = 18) who owned a pet dog, until no new factors were identified. Living with children brought potentially positive benefits to the dog’s life including: imposition of a routine, participation in recreational activities and the development of a strong bond between the child and the dog. The importance of maintaining a routine was particularly prevalent in families with children with neuro-developmental disorders. Potential negative factors included having to cope with child meltdowns and tantrums, over stimulation from child visitors, harsh contact and rough and tumble play with the child. The regularity and intensity of meltdowns and tantrums was particularly evident in responses from parents with children with a neuro-developmental disorder. However, child visitors and rough play and contact were mentioned similarly across the groups. Protective factors included having a safe haven for the dog to escape to, parent’s awareness of stress signs and child education in dog-interaction. Parents were also asked to complete a stress response scale to provide an initial quantitative comparison of stress responses between dogs living with the two family-types. Parents with neuro-typically developing children more frequently observed their dog rapidly running away from a situation and less frequently observed their dog widening their eyes, than parents with children with a neuro-developmental disorder. We propose the development of a stress audit based on the findings reported here, to prevent potential dangerous situations, which may lead to dog bites and dog relinquishment and allow owners to maximise the benefits of dog ownership.

Natural History Dioramas: An opportunity for children to observe physical Science in action in a moment of time

Τhe natureofscientificresearch goes beyond the learning of concepts and basic manipulation to the key factors of engaging students in identifying relevant evidence and reflecting on its interpretation. It is argued that young children have the ability to acquire viable realistic concepts of the living world when involved in relevant activities (Tunnicliffe, 2000). Visiting a museum of natural history is an educational experience, which offers, children experiences that cannot be obtained within the classroom and research found that museums are excellent sources of cognitive experiences that complement and / or enrich the curriculum of formal education (Dillon et al., 2016). Dioramas have specific context, which give visitors the opportunity to be creative and have more learning opportunities when they engage with them (Achiam et al., 2014). This paper draws upon data that were gathered at a natural history museum. These data were the spontaneous conversations of child visitors and a workshop with structured educational activities with a pre- and post-test research design, which provided the opportunity for children to observe Science in action in a moment of time. These data focused on aspects of historical and experimental aspects of Science in action shown in the positions and environments of the animals featured which may be identified in natural history dioramas.

The existence of policies, practices and perceptions regarding children as visitors to public hospitals in uMgungundlovu, KwaZulu-Natal Province

Background. Current policies and practices regarding child visitors in hospitals in uMgungundlovu, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, are unknown. Existing literature focuses on provision for child visitors in specialised units in well-resourced countries. Objective. To identify policies, describe current practices and determine the perceptions of healthcare workers to child visitors. Methods. Interviews were conducted with 7 nursing managers regarding the existence and content of a hospital visitors’ policy, 12 operational managers (OMs) to describe ward practices regarding child visitors, and 12 professional nurses and 11 doctors to determine their attitudes towards children as visitors in all four general state hospitals in uMgungundlovu between October 2013 and July 2015. Results. Five out of seven nursing managers were aware of a visitors’ policy in their hospital. These policies allowed children to visit family or parents in adult wards, but only 2 would allow children to visit a family member and only 1 would allow visits to a friend in the children’s wards. According to the nursing managers, policy was that the visitor must be over 5 years of age to visit in an adult ward while 2 out of 3 nursing managers allowed only children over 12 years of age to visit in children’s wards. Visits must occur during prescribed visiting times and the visitor must be accompanied by an adult. In practice, 7 out of 12 OMs allow child visitors in their wards. Only 2 out of 7 OMs allow unrestricted visitation by children and only to non-infectious patients in children’s wards – this is subject to variable age restrictions in adult wards and an age limit of 12 years in children’s wards. In all wards, visits by children are restricted to prescribed visiting times and conditional on an adult escort. Three out of seven OMs allow 2 visitors only, although most (5 out of 7) allow visits of unlimited duration. Staff who favoured child visitors were more likely to be younger, male and employed as health professionals for <5 years. More doctors than nurses believed that children should be allowed to visit family and/or friends in hospital. Justifications for not allowing children to visit centred on infection risks and the emotional trauma of visiting a sick loved one. The child, patient and health professional were seen to benefit socially from child visitors, although there are positive and negative emotional consequences for the patient and the child. Conclusion. Hospitals do make provisions for visitors, but most exclude young children, particularly those who are most vulnerable to the negative consequences of separation from a parent or family member. While policies do exist to guide child visitation in uMgungundlovu, such policies are restrictive, inconsistent and do not necessarily reflect day-to-day practices.

Characteristics of food advergames that reach children and the nutrient quality of the foods they advertise

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the content of food advergames and the nutritional quality of foods promoted in those advergames with the presence of child visitors. Design/methodology/approach – This study integrates three different sources of data, first, characteristics of the audience from internet audience measurement metrics; second, an analysis of food advergame content; and third, an analysis of the dietary quality of the foods in advergames. Findings – The results show that 83.2 percent of the total 143 advergames are sponsored by CFBAI participating companies and 79.5 percent of the total 44 advergames reaching children are sponsored by those companies. About 87 percent of the advergames reaching children do not include age limit specification. By contrast, about 71 percent of the advergames reaching children include ad breaks and about half of the advergames reaching children include healthy lifestyle information. Compared to the total, advergames reaching children seem to have a higher level of brand integration. Moreover, most foods that the advergames promote are classified as unhealthy. Finally, the results show that ad breaks and number of brand identifiers are the two significant predictors of food advergames with child unique visitors. Originality/value – Despite the increased attention to and scrutiny of innovative and interactive food marketing targeting children, little is known about the extent to which such techniques actually reach children, nor about the content and nutritional quality of foods they promote. This study attempts to fill in the gap by focussing on food advergames.

Variations in Children's and Adults’ Engagement With Museum Artifacts

ABSTRACT Adult and child visitors (N = 33 groups) participated in a study of interactions with one another and with artifacts at a children's museum. The study focused on differences in types of engagement based on the exhibits in which the artifacts were embedded (a grocery store exhibit vs. a water table exhibit). Results from a series of partial correlations demonstrated that some types of engagement varied significantly by exhibit, age of child participants, and child-to-adult ratio. Also, from the start to the end of an interaction, social interactions declined among 14 groups whereas child–artifact interactions increased (following a pattern of Vygotskian internalization). These results contribute to understanding the physical and social ecology of children's use of artifacts and may inform museum exhibit design.

406: Clinical practice review: Utilizing evidenced-based practice to develop standards of care for the immune-suppressed blood and marrow transplant (BMT) patient across care settings

Ensuring that care is consistent throughout the healthcare continuum can be challenging in a large cancer center. At one large comprehensive cancer center, inconsistencies in care of immune-suppressed patients existed among care settings. Each care setting had variable practices for issues that patients daily encounter such as, which patients can leave the nursing unit, who needs to wear a mask at discharge, child visitors, what should be done with flowers, what prep if any should take place in the patient’s home, drinking water, child visiting and supplements such as activated cultures.

Children visiting members of their family receiving treatment in ICUs: a literature review

Occasionally people ask if children can visit members of their family who are patients in our intensive care unit (ICU). To allow us to devise a unit policy based on research, the author felt it necessary to review literature concerning child visitors to ICUs, more specifically the reasons why they should or should not be allowed to visit. Unfortunately very little has been written about the effects of visits to ICU on children; so it was felt that it would be beneficial to review the literature concerning child visitors to wards other than ICUs, as well, and also review the reasons behind hospital visiting policies for adults. The literature reviewed suggested that no reasons have been found not to allow children to visit but that advice should be given to the parents allowing them to come to the final decision. If the parents then decide to allow the child to visit, further support for all the family should be given.

Child visitors and creative hospital administration.

Child visitors and creative hospital administration.

Why not child visitors?

Why not child visitors?

Why Not Allow Child Visitors?

Why Not Allow Child Visitors?