Child-rearing Values Research Articles

Monkey King’s Golden Headband: Domestic Surveillance Technology as a Moral Journey in Chinese Urban Families

ABSTRACT This research investigates domestic surveillance technology (DST) in Chinese urban families, engaging with anthropological studies on morality/ethics and technology. In contemporary China, ambivalent child-rearing values make parental surveillance a subject of ethical reflections and negotiations. Interrogating the result-oriented perspective that prevails in studies on surveillance technologies, I demonstrate the complicated relevance between DST and two reconfiguring virtues: guan (to control/care) and zijue (self-consciousness). With a focus on two devices – the smart home camera and the brain–machine-interface headband monitoring the concentration level – my ethnography conducted alongside middle-class families in Shanghai reveals that living with DST constitutes a moral journey towards becoming a good parent and child, albeit unknown and possibly arduous. This research illustrates one possibility of ethical-technological assemblage under the condition of moral friction that it can become one material embodiment of endeavours to meet moral expectations or surpass dilemmas.

Nordic authoritarianism: Child‐rearing values and political behavior in a multiparty context

AbstractThis article explores how authoritarianism as a factor in child‐rearing values (CRV) is associated with political orientation, party support, and policy preferences among voters and societal elites in the Nordic context, which is characterized by social trust and solidarity, feelings of affinity, and a modest degree of ideological polarization. Based on a representative citizen survey conducted in 2018 (n = 4,076) and an elite survey conducted in 2020 (n = 948) among Finnish political, administrative, advocacy, business, and influence elites, our findings suggest that authoritarianism in Finland mostly relates to culturally conservative, and less to economically conservative, political orientations. While authoritarianism is connected to policy preferences and political orientations on both cultural and economic dimensions, it has more relevance for preferences regarding cultural issues than economic ones. Our findings support the notion that authoritarianism plays a role in political orientation mainly in the cultural realm. Overall, our study indicates that authoritarianism as captured by the CRV scale might be a politically important underpinning among both citizens and societal elites also outside the U.S.

Effects of social economic status and parenting values on adolescents\u2019 expected field of study

Field of study decisions are important for children’s future life chances, as significant differences exist in terms of financial and status benefits across fields of study. We examine whether the economic or the cultural status of the parents is more influential in shaping their children’s expectations about their future field of study. We also test whether children’s expectations about field of study choices are mediated by the child-rearing values that parents hold. Results show that parental economic status increased the likelihood of adolescents expecting to opt for extrinsic rewarding fields of study. Adolescent girls, not boys, with high cultural status parents were more likely to expect to opt for intrinsically rewarding fields of study. An upbringing that is characterized by conformity increased the expectations of boys to choose an extrinsically rewarding study, while self-direction increased the expectations of girls to opt for an extrinsic field of study

Treatment Acceptability for Interventions Addressing Challenging Behavior Among Chinese Caregivers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

The present study evaluated treatment acceptability for behavioral interventions addressing challenging behaviors with Chinese caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Factors influencing treatment acceptability (i.e., severity of challenging behavior and Chinese child-rearing values) were investigated. Caregivers of children aged 2-12years (N = 216) participated in this survey study. Results suggest that caregivers found positive strategies including noncontingent reinforcement and positive reinforcement the most acceptable; punishment-based strategies were rated as the least acceptable. Furthermore, positive punishment was perceived as more acceptable for severe challenging behavior. Caregivers who endorsed training were more likely to find positive strategies acceptable, whereas those who endorsed shaming were more likely to rate punishment-based strategies as more acceptable. Implications for future research and culturally competent behavioral treatments in Chinese context are provided.

Religious Authority in a Democratic Society: Clergy and Citizen Evidence from a New Measure

AbstractA persistent concern for democratic theorists is the degree to which religious authority trumps democratic authority. This is often assessed using generic measures of religiosity or religious beliefs ill-suited to the task. Moreover, while religion is linked to dogmatism and authoritarianism, this begs the question how much influence religion has independent of psychological dispositions. We attempt to add to these debates with a new measure of religious authority. We draw on data gathered from three samples—a sample of Christian clergy from 2014, a national sample of 1,000 Americans from Spring 2016, and a national sample of 1,010 Protestants from 2019. We examine the distribution of the religious authority measure and then compare its effects of the measure in the context of authoritarian child-rearing values, deliberative values, and democratic norms. The results indicate religious authority values represent a distinct measurement of how people connect to religion in politically salient ways.

Collectivism and individualism: Jordanian mothers’ child-rearing values

ABSTRACT Values have complex constructions and are influenced by the larger cultural ideologies of the society. The child-rearing values parents embrace for their children exert telling influences on their development. This study explores the values mothers wish to instil in their children in Jordan. Semi-structured interviews with 71 mothers were conducted. The findings revealed mothers’ emphasis on values associated with Proper Demeanor, Decency, Lovingness, and Self-Maximisation, respectively. Jordanian mothers were found to emphasise values associated with collectivism and values associated with individualism. The study concludes that unitary conceptualisation of child-rearing values as purely collectivist or purely individualist is an inaccurate simplistic classification.

How Elite Politicization of Terror Impacts Sympathies for Partisans: Radical Right versus Social Democrats

The populist radical right is frequently engaged in intense political and normative conflict with their political opponents. Does this have a spillover effect on citizens’ sympathies for populist radical right voters and the voters of their political antagonists, and if so, why? This is a study of citizens’ affective evaluation of radical right and social democratic voters when exposed to intense conflict between the two parties at the elite level. It zooms in on the conflict between the Norwegian Progress Party and the Labour Party that revolves around the trauma of the 22 July 2011 terror attacks, in which a former Progress Party member committed two devastating attacks against the Labour government and Labour Youth summer camp. This is studied using a survey experimental approach, relying on panel data from the Norwegian Citizen Panel. Drawing on the authoritarian dynamics’ literature, it incorporates the four-item child-rearing values index measure of authoritarian predispositions which offers a personality-based explanation for why people react differently to threat. In contrast to the authoritarian dynamics’ literature, which has found that it is either authoritarians or non-authoritarians who react, this study finds that both authoritarians and non-authoritarians simultaneously respond to high-intensity political conflict. Whereas non-authoritarians rally in support of social democratic voters, authoritarians rally in support of radical right voters. Further differentiating between those with low and high authoritarianism scores, we see that low-authoritarians also become more hostile to social democratic voters. This indicates that conflict involving populist radical right parties is a driver of personality-based, affective sorting of citizens. Since personality is relatively stable, the resulting state of polarization is also likely to be quite durable.

Rural–urban migration and childrearing values of rural migrants in contemporary China

In this study, we investigate the correlation between migrant-related factors and migrants’ childrearing values concerning community-oriented versus individual-based dimensions, with a particular interest in the effects of rural household registration ( hukou) status and settlement intention. Using data from the 2009 Longitudinal Survey on Rural–Urban Migration in China, we find that rural migrants stress individual-based qualities the most, such as independence, diligence, and responsibility, while they also emphasize certain community-oriented qualities, such as tolerance/respect, and obedience. Local or non-local rural hukou status at the city level is not an important factor in people’s migrant lives when it comes to shaping childrearing values. Instead, settlement intention is found to be more important than hukou status in affecting rural migrants’ childrearing values, particularly in non-local rural migrants, in that rural migrants with settlement intention tend to favor community-oriented values as opposed to individual-based values for their children.

Braiding sweetgrass families: a transmedia project on parenting in Blackfoot Territory

This photo-essay shares images from a collaborative project between a local university and an agency devoted to Indigenous children and their families in southern Alberta, Canada. The original project used photo-elicitation to identify local childrearing values, but the project ultimately became a transmedia one. Here, we use images to elaborate on the sweetgrass braid as a metaphor for the braided character of parenting across the many divides, historic and contemporary, that cross Blackfoot Territory.

일본인의 자녀양육관 연구 -한국인의 자녀양육관 비교 관점에서-

일본인의 자녀양육관 연구 -한국인의 자녀양육관 비교 관점에서-

The atheistic factor? Explaining the link between atheistic beliefs and child-rearing values in 30 countries in Europe

ABSTRACTIn this study, the link between atheistic beliefs and two child-rearing values (obedience and autonomy) is explored. Atheists would be more likely to show preferences for autonomy and less likely for obedience. Two individual-level explanations, namely educational attainment and expressive individualism, are tested. Moreover, the contextual effects of both religious climate and collectivistic-individualistic culture in a country are investigated. Using data from 30 countries from the European Values Study [(2011) 4th wave, Integrated Dataset ZA4800. Data File Version 3.0.0. (November 2011). Cologne: GESIS Data Archive. doi:10.4232/1.11004], it was found that both educational attainment and expressive individualism are explanations of why individuals with atheistic beliefs prefer autonomy more compared to other individuals. However, for obedience, expressive individualism could only explain the difference in preferences between religious individuals and atheists, but not the difference between atheists and those who are unsure about their religious belief. In addition, contrary to our expectations, no moderating effect of the religious context and collectivistic-individualistic culture on the relationship between atheistic beliefs and child-rearing values was found.

The Myth of Universal Sensitive Responsiveness: Comment on Mesman etal.(2017).

This article considers claims of Mesman etal. (2017) that sensitive responsiveness as defined by Ainsworth, while not uniformly expressed across cultural contexts, is universal. Evidence presented demonstrates that none of the components of sensitive responsiveness (i.e., which partner takes the lead, whose point of view is primary, and the turn-taking structure of interactions) or warmth are universal. Mesman and colleagues' proposal that sensitive responsiveness is "providing for infant needs" is critiqued. Constructs concerning caregiver quality must be embedded within a nexus of cultural logic, including caregiving practices, based on ecologically valid childrearing values and beliefs. Sensitive responsiveness, as defined by Mesman and attachment theorists, is not universal. Attachment theory and cultural or cross-cultural psychology are not built on common ground.

Authority, disciplinary intimacy & parenting in middle-class America

Children learn about authority first from their parents. A shift in orientation to authority occurred during middle-class formation in the mid-nineteenth century U.S., a style of parenting described as ‘disciplinary intimacy.’ A century later disciplinary intimacy, or ‘child-centered’ parenting characterized childrearing advice across American society. Simultaneously, distrust of all institutions in the liberal democratic state accelerated, causing questioning and confusion at every level of society. In family life, disciplinary practices once considered necessary, such as corporal punishment, came to be regarded as harsh and responsible for authoritarianism. Child-centered parenting, while discouraging ‘restrictive’ childrearing practices, gave little direction about constructive correctives, which fueled parental anxiety even as developmentalists temporarily resolved the decades-long controversy about restrictive vs. ‘permissive’ parenting. By the 1990s a debate formerly contrasting working- and middle-class childrearing values was overshadowed by a second shift focused on children’s school success as earlier considerations of authority and discipline faded from view. As concern spreads about the rise of authoritarianism across the West, the politics of parenting may once again preoccupy social scientists who worry about the nascence of sectarianism, xenophobia, and bellicose nationalism.

Child-rearing values: The impact of intergenerational class mobility.

This study contrasts two theoretical perspectives on the relationship between intergenerational class mobility and child-rearing values. According to the dissociative thesis, which describes social mobility as a disruptive experience leading to insecurity, social isolation, stress and frustration, socially mobile individuals less often prefer community-oriented qualities such as tolerance and respect for other people, unselfishness, good manners and obedience. The beneficiary thesis, on the other hand, predicts that socially mobile individuals have a stronger preference for individual-based values such as hard work, determination, responsibility, independence and thrift. In both cases, these mobility effects are thought to be stronger for more extremely mobile individuals and for downwardly mobile compared with upwardly mobile individuals. However, using Dutch data from the European Values Study 2008, hardly any significant intergenerational mobility effects are found. Maybe intergenerational mobility is not such an extraordinary experience as mobility theory would lead us to believe, or mobile individuals adjust themselves very quickly to their new situation.

The Impact of Islam on Child-Rearing Values in Turkey

The Impact of Islam on Child-Rearing Values in Turkey Ramazan Aydogdu, MA; Muhammed Yildiz, MA Abstract The connection between child rearing values and religion is examined by using data from the World Values Survey (WVS) Wave 6, Turkey 2011 (n = 1605). This relationship has been studied in the United States and other western Christian societies with regard to the importance given to autonomy (thinking independently) versus heteronomy (being obedient to authority) in children. Previous studies have found evidence that high level of religiosity is associated with a stronger level of heteronomy values whereas low level of religiosity is associated with a stronger level of autonomy values. As for Turkey, where Islam is massively dominant, results indicate that this association is no different than other Western and non-Muslim society. Self-reported religiosity, importance given to religion, and high level of mosque attendance are inversely correlated with autonomy values, namely independence and imagination. On the other hand, religious people are more likely to consider heteronomy values like obedience and respect as important child qualities in their children. Moreover, the relationships between religious predictors and child-rearing traits are robust across education levels and household income. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/jisc.v4n2a4

Authoritarian parenting attitudes and social origin: The multigenerational relationship of socioeconomic position to childrearing values

Support for authoritarian approaches to parenting, including corporal punishment, is known to be elevated among individuals with low current levels of socioeconomic attainment. The objectives of this study are: (1) to determine whether authoritarian parenting dispositions are related to disadvantages in one's social background, in addition to one's present socioeconomic standing; and (2) to distinguish, in this regard, between support for spanking and other authoritarian parenting dispositions. Ordered logit models, applied to General Social Survey data concerning a nationally representative sample of US adults, are used to examine relationships of authoritarian parenting dispositions to the socioeconomic positions that respondents currently occupy and in which they were raised. It is found that support for spanking (N=10,725) and valuing of obedience (N=10,043) are inversely related to the socioeconomic status (SES) of one's family of origin, and that these associations are robust to controls for one's current SES. A disadvantaged family background is found to increase support for spanking most among those with high current SES. Strong associations (robust to controls for SES indicators) are additionally found between African-American racial identity and support for authoritarian parenting. Prior research indicates that authoritarian parenting practices such as spanking may be harmful to children. Thus, if the parenting attitudes analyzed here translate into parenting practices, then this study's findings may point to a mechanism for the intergenerational transmission of disadvantages.

Social Class, Workplace Experience, and Child-Rearing Values of Mothers and Fathers in Southern Brazil

We investigated associations among social class, parents’ work experiences, and their child-rearing values in a sample of mothers and fathers drawn from southern Brazil, testing Kohn’s hypothesis that parents who experience greater decision-making autonomy at work and who perceive their jobs to be more complex will be more likely to value self-direction and less likely to value conformity in their children. We also tested the hypothesis that the relation between social class and values would be mediated by workplace experiences. Participants included 68 parents (38 mothers, 30 fathers; 46 working class, 22 middle class) of 36-month-old children who were part of a longitudinal study. Correlation analyses revealed few associations among social class, workplace experiences, and child-rearing values among the mothers, but among the fathers these variables associated in the expected direction. The results also indicated that workplace experience mediates the relation between social class and values, although only for fathers. Our findings supported Kohn’s hypothesis regarding differences between social-class groups and highlighted that the relation between work experience and parental values varied by parents’ gender. Social and cultural issues regarding work context and parental values between women and men in southern Brazil are discussed.

Cultivating the Difference: Social Class, Parental Values, Cultural Capital and Children’s After-School Activities in Taiwan

Inspired by Melvin Kohn and Annette Lareau’s works, this paper aims to uncover the mechanisms of social reproduction practiced via after-school activities. The world’s lowest fertility rate, patriarchal family system, and burgeoning cram institutes make Taiwan a solid case to explore. Drawing on data from the Youth Project from 2000 and 2001 (N=2,126), we examine, step-by-step, the associations between parents’ social class, parents’ child-rearing values, and children’s after-school activity participation. By comparing maternal and paternal models, this paper demonstrates how Taiwanese parents carefully arranged the fabric of after-school time as an Asian version of concerted cultivation, and illustrates how cultural capital in Taiwan is practiced in the local context of parenting. Separate models on seven activities, including music, calligraphy, arts, dance, computer, sports and chess lessons, are investigated as well. By identifying the dynamic embedded within after-school activities, this paper contributes a fundamental understanding of after-school learning, a popular form of childhood socialization in East Asia.

The Country'S Crime Rate Moderates the Relation between Authoritarian Predispositions and the Manifestations of Authoritarianism: A Multilevel, Multinational Study

We performed a multilevel, multinational test of Stenner's model on authoritarianism using the 2008 European Values Survey dataset (N = 55 199, nested in 38 nations). We focussed on the effects exerted on four authoritarian manifestations (racial intolerance, political intolerance, negative attitudes towards immigrants, and moral intolerance) by the cross–level interaction between participants’ authoritarian predispositions (assessed in terms of childrearing values) and their country's crime rate. Associations between authoritarian predispositions and racial intolerance, political intolerance, negative attitudes towards immigrants, and moral intolerance were significantly stronger among participants living in countries characterised by high crime rates than those among participants living in countries with low crime rates. Limitations, implications, and future directions of this study are discussed. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology.

近現代日本における育児行為と育児用品にみられる子育ての変化に関する一考察

近現代日本における育児行為と育児用品にみられる子育ての変化に関する一考察