not only to those who have an interest in Irish social history before, during and after the Great Famine but to any serious reader who wants to look through a window into the governance and life of a country which had been conquered and settled with a foreign population two hundred years previously, some of the legacy of which still remains. Áilín Doyle has practised as a solicitor and lectured in moral theology at the Milltown Institute in Dublin. Notes 1 Byrne, Preacher and the Prelate, p. 19. 2 Byrne, Preacher and the Prelate, p. 7. 3 Byrne, Preacher and the Prelate, p. 18. 4 Byrne, Preacher and the Prelate, p. 78. 5 Byrne, Preacher and the Prelate, p. 118. 6 Byrne, Preacher and the Prelate, p. 121. The Life and Career of Archbishop Richard Whately: Ireland, Religion and Reform, Ciara Boylan (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2018), 216 pages. Richard Whately was Anglican Archbishop of Dublin. In 1831 the Liberals came to power in England after a gap of fifty years. Many things were wrong but, as their name implies, the Conservatives were reluctant to move. One of the first things the new prime minister did was to appoint Whately, an Oxford don aged forty-three, as archbishop. At the same time his chief secretary for Ireland, Edward Stanley (later to be himself prime minister) initiated his scheme of education for the poor. This was fifty years before universal education was introduced in England. Whately and Daniel Murray, the Catholic Archbishop of Dublin, sat on the Board of Education. Both archbishops had to deal with much opposition from their own clergy. They are largely forgotten now but their influence has been enormous. The present book could be helpfully read alongside the biography of Archbishop Murray written by Thomas J Morrissey SJ (Messenger Publications, 2019), which was published almost simultaneously. Whately, for the Board of Education, wrote Lessons on the Truth of Christianity. Murray, who was bound by the magisterium, objected to the first two chapters. Carlisle, the Presbyterian member (not James Carlisle, as Studies • volume 109 • number 433 95 Spring 2020: Book Reviews Studies_layout_SPRING-2020.indd 95 Studies_layout_SPRING-2020.indd 95 27/02/2020 13:59 27/02/2020 13:59 the author states, but William Carlisle, who joined the Fr Crotty schism in Birr and is buried there), took it in hand and produced a new edition that won the approbation of Murray. The book reflected almost complete agreement on the whole of Christian doctrine and was taught to Catholic and Protestant children even in ‘Protestant Ulster’. Ciara Boylan tells us that school books were removed once Cardinal Cullen, Daniel Murray’s successor, attacked them, but this is not so: they remained in use at least until independence in 1922. When Cardinal Cullen succeeded Murray he was able to break down the system and effect the establishment of the completely Catholic school. Only ten per cent of the Irish population was Protestant and for Whately this was more anomalous than ever after Catholic Emancipation in 1829. He rightly forecast that the north would eventually secede, while he criticised Orangemen for playing ‘the tunes of insulting songs under the noses of the vanquished till they are goaded to madness’. Whately was appointed to the Irish Poor Law Commission. He was adamant that one could not have an English solution for an Irish problem. Yet this is what the government did in 1838 by establishing the workhouses. When the Irish began to emigrate in large numbers they brought with them the idea of the school they had known at home. In America there are even a number of Catholic universities. This is in some sense part of the heritage of Cardinal Cullen. As noted, Catholics and Protestants had been successfully educated together in Ireland even before his time. (On mainland Europe there is no effort to have separate schools. So shouldn’t we now dispense with our Catholic schools, however painful the process may be?) Ciara Boylan regards Desmond Bowen’s The Protestant Crusade in Ireland, 1800–70: A Study in Protestant-Catholic Relations between the Act of Union and Disestablishment (1978) as his seminal work. Arguably, more important, however...