Chickens In Indonesia Research Articles

Morphometric comparison of linear body size of IPB D1 chickens and native chickens through discriminant analysis

Animal protein production from chickens predominantly comes from purebred chicken farms rather than local ones. Improving the genetic quality of local chickens in Indonesia can be achieved through developing IPB D1 chickens. This study aims to identify distinguishing variables between IPB D1 chickens and native chickens using linear body measurements through discriminant analysis. The research involved IPB D1 chickens and native chickens in the layer phase, employing descriptive statistical analysis, T2-Hotelling, Fisher linear discriminant analysis, and Wald-Anderson classification. Results showed that IPB D1 roosters and native roosters differ in femur length (X1), tarsometatarsus circumference (X4), maxilla length (X7), and comb height (X8) with a morphometric dissimilarity of 2.06. IPB D1 hens and native hens differ in tarsometatarsus circumference (X4) and wing length (X6), with a morphometric dissimilarity of 1.41. The Wald-Anderson classification, based on natural selection, suggests removing particular chickens that are not classified as IPB D1 and native chickens from their respective groups to produce chickens that match their characteristics.

Partial sequence analysis of mitochondrial D-loop gene in tukong chicken

Abstract Tukong chicken is called the rumples (no tailbone) chicken in Indonesia. This research was done to determine whether the D-loop in mitochondrial DNA might be used to distinguish between the Tukong chicken and other local chickens. The D-loop region’s first 630 base pairs were amplified and successfully sequenced. Our research displayed 34 nucleotide variants based on the alignment between the Tukong and GenBank of Gallus (25 accession number) sequences of Indonesian local chicken and several exotic chicken breeds. However, there were no specific mutations for Tukong chicken. The Tajima’s neutrality test showed that from 31 sequences and 34 total sites, the nucleotide diversity (π) was 0.013. The phylogenetic analysis by the maximum-likelihood method revealed that the Tukong chicken was in a different clade from the Araucana, Nunukan, and Piao chickens, which have similar rumples phenotypes. Meanwhile, the local chicken of Indonesia (Kampung Sumatera, Pelung, Cemani, and Bekikuk) and the Tukong chicken are closely related. It can be concluded that based on the partial D-loop sequences, the Tukong chicken is more closely related to Indonesian local chicken despite its different morphological appearance.

KORELASI INTENSITAS CAHAYA DENGAN KARAKTERISTIK SUARA AYAM PELUNG

Pelung chicken is one of the singing chickens in Indonesia. Genetic factors and environmental factors such as light intensity influence the crowing characteristics of Pelung chickens. This research aimed to determine the correlation between light intensity at different times and the characteristics of the crowing sound of Pelung chickens. The study used a survey method with purposive sampling techniques in Cianjur and Sukabumi Regencies. A total of 26 Pelung chickens were sampled to measure the duration, frequency, and volume of crowing. The data obtained were analyzed using Pearson and Spearman rho correlation tests. The research results show that light intensity has a significantly low correlation with duration (0,0249). At the same time, the frequency and volume of crowing do not correlate with light intensity with the respective correlation values being 0,016 and 0,124. Further research with a larger sample is needed to strengthen the research results. Another study needs to be carried out regarding the training aspect and its influence on the characteristics of the crowing sound of Pelung chickens.

Kajian Histokimia Sebaran Karbohidrat Netral Pada Usus Halus Ayam Hutan Hijau (Gallus Varius) Asal Pulau Alor

Green jungle fowl (Gallus varius) is a type of local chicken in Indonesia. Green jungle fowl are only found in Indonesia, which are spread from Java, Madura, Bali, Lombok, Sumba, Sumbawa, Flores and Alor. The small intestine consists of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum which function in the absorption of nutrients. Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) is a special staining method that aims to see the characteristics of neutral carbohydrates in cells or body tissues. A positive PAS staining reaction is indicated by the presence of a magenta-red color in the examined tissue. This study aims to determine the distribution of neutral carbohydrates in the small intestine of the green jungle fowl (Gallus varius) from Alor Island. Small intestine samples were taken from 3 green jungle fowl collected in Alor District. Microscopic observation of small intestine tissue that has been stained with PAS stain. The results showed that the small intestine of the green jungle fowl consists of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Neutral carbohydrates are distributed throughout the tunica duodenum, jejunum and ileum with varying intensity. Moderate intensity (++) was seen in goblet cells and liberkuhn's crypts. Weak intensity (+) is seen on the surface of the epithelium, lamina propria, lamina muscularis mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis, and tunica serosa.

PREVALENCE OF ECTOPARASITE TICK AND MITE INFESTATION ON DOMESTIC CHICKEN IN BALI

The raising of free-range chickens is generally intended as laying hens, broilers, and pets by the people of Indonesia. One of the common diseases affecting free-range chickens is the infestation of ectoparasites ticks and mites that can interfere with the health of chickens and even cause economic losses on a farm. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of ectoparasite infestation of ticks and mites and to identify the types of ticks and mites that infest free-range chickens in Bali. The objects in this study were tick and mite ectoparasites that infested 5-6 month-old of 60 free-range chickens. Ticks ectoparasites were taken directly one by one using tweezers and for non-scabies mites were observed using a magnifying glass and taken using cotton wool soaked in 70% alcohol. Each ectoparasite taken from one individual chicken was put into an eppendorf tube filled with 70% alcohol. Identification was done by examining the preparations using a light microscope based on the CDC identification key (1966). The results of this study showed that the prevalence of ectoparasites in free-range chickens in Bali was 78% with a prevalence of ticks at 32% and a prevalence of mites at 78%. The types of ticks found were Haemaphysalis spp. and Megninia ginglymura mites. Further research is needed to identify the types of ectoparasites ticks and mites that infest chickens in Indonesia.

ANATOMICAL PATHOLOGY AND HISTOLOGICAL OF SMALL INTESTINAL ORGANS IN BROILER INFECTED WITH ASCARIDIA GALLI

Infection with Ascaridia galli still attacks poultry farms, especially chickens in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the causes of changes in anatomy pathological and histology in small intestine of broiler. The study was taken from Alif which had clinical symptoms of weakness and anorexia on July 5, 2022 in Gresik Jawa Timur. The results of anatomical pathology and histological examination showed changes in the duodenum and jejunum organs showing hemorrhagic and inflammatory cell infiltration. The results of parasite examination found A.galli worms in the lumen of the small intestine and A.galli worm eggs from feces. In this study, clinical symptoms and anatomy pathological and histology changes of the small intestine in the broiler were caused by infection with A. galli worms.

The Influence of Perceived Price, Product Quality and Service Quality towards KFC Consumer Satisfaction in Indonesia

Competition in the world of fast-food fried chicken in Indonesia is quite fierce. One of the popular players in the competition is Kentucky Fried Chicken. This research was conducted to find out how the choices of consumers in knowing their satisfaction when consuming products from KFC. The research was conducted in 5 major cities in Indonesia: Jakarta, Surabaya, Medan, Bandung dan Makassar by spreading questioner with a total sample of 113 respondents. The results of this study are price and product quality affect customer satisfaction, but service quality does not affect customer satisfaction.

Prospects for Free-Range Chicken Development in Meeting Market Demand in South Sulawesi

Free-range chicken farming has promising prospects for development, whether we admit it or not, consumer appetite for free-range chicken is still very high, this can be seen from population growth and demand for free-range chicken which increases from year to year. So it is not surprising that the culinary business using free-range chicken as its raw material is mushrooming and increasing rapidly, especially in tourist destinations in Indonesia. It seems to be a breath of fresh air for beginner breeders and for those who want to try free-range chicken farming. This research aims to analyze the prospects, potential, and demand for free-range chickens in Indonesia. The increase in the free-range chicken population in the last 4 years, namely in 2019 as many as 30 038 625 birds, until in 2022 it will be 30 996 054 chickens, means that products in the form of free-range chicken meat and eggs also increase. The increase in the amount of production every year has not been able to meet the consumption needs of the population in South Sulawesi. Production of free-range chicken meat in 2022 will be 5,590,90 tons, while the amount of consumption required will be 63,697,438 tons. Likewise, free-range chicken egg products in 2022 will amount to 20 069.95 tons, while the need for eggs will reach 175 033 tons. The high demand for consumption shows potential business prospects in developing free-range chicken businesses in South Sulawesi Province.

The long-crowing chickens in Indonesia: A review

Abstract All birds produce vocalizations as a form of tcommunication with other individuals. Different from songbirds, crowing is a singing vocalization produced by chickens that cannot be learned through imitation. Some genes are assumed to be responsible for this activity. The long-crowing chickens have a melodious and long sound, so they are categorized as singing chickens. They are part of the biodiversity in Indonesia, which has high economic and socio-cultural value. Reviews about long-crowing chickens, especially in Indonesia, are still very rare. This article aims to identify the uniqueness and the existence of long-crowing chickens, together with the conservation efforts needed to manage them. Information was collected from journal articles and other relevant documents. There are four local chickens in Indonesia classified as long-crowing chickens. They are developed in different areas of the community with different socio-cultural characteristics. The fundamental differences among the breeds that can be quantified are in crowing duration and the number of syllables. The government has acknowledged that long-crowing chickens are important genetic resources; however, the association and individual keepers or enthusiasts are vital actors in conservation efforts. The information about long-crowing chickens in Indonesia is incomplete. The research activities that need to be conducted include exploring the population number and distribution, as well as documentation of the local knowledge of chicken breeders and enthusiasts.

Gomperzt non-linear model for predicting growth performance of commercial broiler chickens

An experiment was conducted to estimate growth parameters for commercial broiler chickens in Indonesia. The data was collected from July 2021 to June 2022. A total of 1,570 samples consisting of four strains of broiler chickens were collected from 74 houses. The samples were daily weighed from 0 to 7 days of age, and they were weekly weighed from 1 to 5 weeks of age. A nonlinear Gompertz growth model was fitted to the observed body weights (BW). The results for five growth parameters were as follows: the asymptotic value (A) of the mature live weight ranged from 3.733 to 5.044 kg; the turning point of growth (B) ranged from 4.499 to 4.561; the value growth rate constant (K) ranged from 0.049 to 0.059 kg/week; Inflection points in ranged from 25.292 – 30.970 days, and 1.373 – 1.855 kg for inflection age (IA) and inflection weight (IW), respectively. The model was an excellent fit for the growth data in the commercial broiler with a low Akaike information criterion (AIC), and high coeffi-cient determination (R2).

Understanding Halal Chicken Consumers: Extended Theory of Planned Behavior and Clustering Approach

This study aimed to segment consumers and explored the factors that affect consumer awareness of halal chicken in Indonesia. The extended theory of planned behavior was adopted to determine the clustering variables, such as demographics, consumption patterns, knowledge, attitude, intention, and actual action. 1185 respondents in Yogyakarta province, Indonesia, participated in the stratified random sampling. The K-means algorithm classified halal chicken consumers into three groups: “credence consumers” who have halal integrity (44%), “moderate consumers” who are rational in their purchasing (21%), and “apathetic consumers” who seem to lack knowledge and enthusiasm for implementing halal principles (35%). An indepth profiling evaluation of the consumers’ characteristics revealed that in all clusters, religious belief showed to influence willingness to pay (WTP) for halal chicken. The result also revealed that higher consumer income levels do not necessarily lead to a commensurate increase in WTP.

Prevalence of the blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes among extended-spectrum beta lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from broiler chickens in Indonesia.

Infections of humans and animals by multidrug resistant bacteria are increasing because of the inappropriate use of antibiotics. Disease management may be more challenging if Escherichia coli produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), which could cause resistance to aztreonam and third-generation cephalosporins. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of the blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes among ESBL-producing E. coli isolated from broiler chickens in Indonesia. A total of 115 broiler cloacal swab samples were obtained from 22 farms and studied for the presence of E. coli. The isolates were identified using approved standard methods and were purified on eosin methylene blue agar media. The E. coli isolates were subjected to sensitivity testing using beta-lactam antibiotics, and ESBL production was confirmed by a double-disc synergy test. The presence of the blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes was identified using a PCR. It was found that 99/115 (86.1%) of the isolated E. coli were resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics and 34/115 (29.6%) of them were phenotypically detected to be ESBL producers. Of the 34 isolates that were confirmed ESBL producers, 32/34 (94.1%) of them harboured the blaCTX-M and 13/34 (38.2%) the blaTEM genes. The blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes were detected together in 12/34 (35.3%) isolates. This study discovered that broiler chickens are possible reservoirs of ESBL-producing E. coli that may infect humans. Thus, a committed public health education campaign is recommended in order to mitigate the potential threat to human health.

Performance and Growth Curve Prediction of Crossbred Chickens from Crossing between Local Roosters and Layer Hens

Demand for crossbred chicken (Indonesian native chicken x laying hens) continues to increase. This study aimed to find the best-crossbred chicken resulting from crossing between local/native roosters and laying hens which produce the highest body weight up to eight weeks of age, and its growth prediction using the Gompertz function. Eighteen (18) native roosters (9 Bangkok roosters, 9 Pelung roosters) and 36 laying hens of strains Isa brown, Lohman brown, and Hyline brown (12 each) were used in this study to produce 360 crossbred chickens. Factorial 2x3 (two male local roosters versus three strains of laying hens) using a completely randomized design with 3 replications was applied in this study. The results showed an interaction between native roosters and layer hens on the body weight of crossbred chickens at eight weeks of age. Crossbred chicken from crossing between Pelung rooster and Isa brown layer hen was the best in body weight at eight weeks of age. This crossbred chicken would reach a mature weight of 3026.89 g with an inflection weight of 1113.53 g and an inflection age of 7.40 weeks. In conclusion, crossbred chicken from crossing between Pelung roosters and layer hens of Isa brown strain was the best crossbred with the highest body weight at eight weeks of age. This crossbred chicken could be an alternative for fulfilling the demand for local chicken in Indonesia because the slaughter age could be shortened from 8 months to 8 weeks.

Genetic characterization and distribution of the virus in chicken embryo tissues infected with Newcastle disease virus isolated from commercial and native chickens in Indonesia.

Background and Aim:Newcastle disease (ND) is a viral infectious disease that affects commercial and native chickens, resulting in economic losses to the poultry industry. This study aimed to examine the viral strains circulating in commercial and native chickens by genetic characterization and observe the distribution of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in chicken embryonic tissue.Materials and Methods:ND was detected using a quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Genetic characterization of the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) genes from the eight NDVs was performed using specific primers. The sequence was compared with that of other NDVs from GenBank and analyzed using the MEGA-X software. The distribution of NDV in chicken embryos was analyzed based on lesions and the immunopositivity in immunohistochemistry staining.Results:Based on F gene characterization, velogenic NDV strains circulating in commercial and native chickens that showed varying clinical symptoms belonged to genotype VII.2. Lentogenic strains found in chickens without clinical symptoms were grouped into genotype II (unvaccinated native chickens) and genotype I (vaccinated commercial chickens). Amino acid variations in the HN gene, namely, the neutralization epitope and antigenic sites at positions 263 and 494, respectively, occurred in lentogenic strains. The NDV reaches the digestive and respiratory organs, but in lentogenic NDV does not cause significant damage, and hence embryo death does not occur.Conclusion:This study showed that velogenic and lentogenic NDV strains circulated in both commercial and native chickens with varying genotypes. The virus was distributed in almost all organs, especially digestive and respiratory. Organ damage in lentogenic infection is not as severe as in velogenic NDV. Further research is needed to observe the distribution of NDV with varying pathogenicity in chickens.

Thirty Years Development Observation of Braekel Chicken (Gallus turnicus) into Arabic Chicken in Indonesia

Thirty Years Development Observation of Braekel Chicken (Gallus turnicus) into Arabic Chicken in Indonesia

Study of Co1 and BIK BCL2 Gene Analysis in Gorontalo Local Chicken

Analysis studies of Co1 and BIK BCL2 genes in local Gorontalo chickens were carried out using real-time PCR. This study aims to detect the presence of Co1 and BIK BCL2 genes in local Gorontalo chickens so that they can be used as information on gene diversity that can be used as genetic markers to study the diversity of local chicken species in Indonesia. The method used in this study is the SYBR green real-time PCR method. The research conducted found that the concentration values of the extracted samples were in the range of 68.15-68.30 ng/µL. Meanwhile, the purity values measured at wavelength A260/A280 were obtained with purity ranges between 1.867-1.923. The amplification results of the Co1 target gene show that the Ct value is in the range of 20.90-21.20, while for Tm, it is 84.10-84.20. In the BIK BCL2 target gene analysis, the Ct value was in the range of 16.15-16.20, while for Tm, it was 91.10-91.20. From these results, it can be concluded that all research samples were sampled from six different regions detected with CT and Tm values from the real-time analysis carried out obtained homogeneous values and no more than 2 degrees of difference between samples. The research novelty was using Nisi chicken as the native, one of the local chickens in Indonesia as the object of study. Besides, we used a BIK BCL 2 gene as the marker to determine the genetic diversity of the local chicken. A suggestion for further research is to explore more diverse genes to obtain more data on genetic diversity.

Performances of Debu and Kelabu Sentul Hens in the Different Rearing System at Poultry Breeding Development Center Jatiwangi Majalengka

The pattern of raising domestic chickens in Indonesia is still maintained traditionally, used as a side business and savings. Besides that, Domestic chickens still have high broodiness, slow growth, and reproduction rates, so changes are needed in the rearing system. Observations and data collection were carried out at Poultry Breeding Development Center Jatiwangi. Debu and Kelabu Sentul hens have reached the age of 29 weeks in the deep litter system, and colony cages were observed for three months by observing egg production, FCR, and Depletion. Debu Sentul hens reared in the deep litter systems had lower egg production, higher FCR, and Depletion (28.34%, 9.34, 21.05%, respectively) than those reared in colony cages (36.08%, 7.04, 4.76%, respectively). Kelabu Sentul hens reared in the deep litter systems had lower egg production, higher FCR, and Depletion (24.64%, 12.01, 15.51%, respectively) than those reared in colony cages (41.64%, 6.06, 10.86%, respectively). In conclusion, the performance of Kelabu and Debu Sentul hens reared in colony cages was better than in deep litter system cages. The performance of Kelabu Sentul hens reared in colony cages was better than Debu Sentul hens.

Live weight performance of three different breed of indonesian local chickens in starter phase

The production of local chickens in Indonesia is determined by the availability of high-quality local chicken stocks. However, information on local chicken performance is limited, therefore, this study aims to determine the live weight performance of three local Indonesian chicken namely Merawang, Murung Panggang, and KUB in the starter phase. The study was conducted at chicken farm located in Semanu Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta. Meanwhile, the live weight data were collected at the starter phase (0, 2, and 4 weeks. The samples consisted of 196 Merawang, 157 Murung Panggang, and 416 KUB chickens reared in a battery cage in a closed house under similar conditions. Furthermore, the live weight performance data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). As a result, the Merawang chicken had the highest live weight (P<0.05) at the day-old chick (DOC) age. At the same age, no significant difference was detected between the KUB and Murung Panggang chicken (P>0.05). However, the live weight of Murung Panggang was significantly higher at 2 and 4 weeks compared to others (P< 0.05). Therefore, it was concluded that there are variations in the live weight of the three local chickens during the starter phase.

Phenotypic characterization and principal component analyses of indigenous chicken breeds in Indonesia.

Background and Aim:Understanding the phenotypic characteristics of indigenous livestock breeds is essential for their utilization and conservation. This study aimed to characterize indigenous chicken breeds in Indonesia based on phenotypic traits.Materials and Methods:Data on eight qualitative and 12 quantitative traits were recorded for 250 chickens from six breeds: Black Kedu, Gaga, Merawang, Nunukan, Pelung, and Sentul. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and one-way analysis of variance to test the effect of breed on observed traits. Moreover, principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted separately for each chicken breed. Data on quantitative traits were subjected to Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin, which was computed to test the sampling adequacy and the pattern of correlation among the traits, and Bathlett’s tests were used to assess the validity of the factor analysis of each of the datasets and determine whether the partial correlations among traits were small.Results:We found considerable phenotypic variation in both qualitative and quantitative traits among indigenous chicken breeds. Multicolored plumage (96.40%), wild plumage (39.20%), gold feather flick (51.20%), yellow shank (36.80%), single comb (80.80%), red comb (94.80%), red earlobe (77.60%), and orange eyes (61.60%) were the most common features in the indigenous chickens. In addition, breed had a significant effect on all the quantitative traits that were analyzed (p<0.05). There were higher mean values for all quantitative traits for Pelung chickens than other chickens. In addition, the overall mean values for all quantitative traits in Merawang chicken were intermediate between Pelung chickens and Black Kedu, Gaga, and Nunukan chickens. The PCA showed two principal factors extracted that accounted for 77.80% and 78.38% of the total variance in the original variables for males and females, respectively.Conclusion:In general, body weight and body measurements, except wattle length, were loaded in PC1 as the primary factors responsible for the variation. The phenotypic variation observed in indigenous chickens in Indonesia could provide valuable basic information for the design of selection and genetic improvement programs.

Probiotic Lactobacillus sp. Improved Performance of Broiler Chicken: A Review

Probiotic Lactobacillus sp. is considered a potential resource for improving the performance of broiler chicken in Indonesia. Administration of Lactobacillus sp. Probiotics could increase the Average Daily Gain (ADG) and body weight of broiler chickens by increasing intestinal villi permeability, so that nutrient absorption could be optimal. Use of Lactobacillus sp. in the ration is often combined with other probiotics, prebiotics, phytoadditives, and organic acids to support the feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Lactobacillus sp. also able to produce various bioactive compounds such as the enzyme manase which could be in symbiosis with mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) to increase the bodyweight of broiler chickens and bacteriocins that against pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus. Probiotic metabolic activity of Lactobacillus sp. could suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria by creating an acid digestive environment. In addition, immunity and hematological conditions such as erythrocytes, hematocrit, leukocytes, MCV, MCH, and MCHC were maintained well by Lactobacillus sp. supplementation in the ration. This review aims to highlight the potential of probiotic Lactobacillus sp to modulate broiler microbiome and metabolic status to enhance performance and health.