Chicken Supply Chain Research Articles

Analisis Rantai Pasok Ayam Pedaging Pada Peternakan di Desa Kemiri Kecamatan Jenangan Kabupaten Ponorogo

The farmer's chicken supply chain is a complex system that involves various stages starting from selecting chicken seeds, rearing, feeding, health management, to distribution of the final product to the market. Distribution Channels are closely related to the Supply Chain process, both of which are important in a business, both large and small businesses. The aim of this research is to determine the Broiler Chicken Supply Chain at Kemiri Village Broiler Farms, Jenangan District, Ponorogo Regency. The research method used is observation, interviews and documentation. This broiler farm is under contract with PT. Bintang Tama to supply feed, vitamin medicine, chicken seeds, and also chicken brokers/collectors. Chicken seeds come from PT.Bintang Tama Sentosa after which the chickens are bred for 28 days to 35 days according to the contract with the broker/collector, in 1 harvest/livestock from 3000 seedlings to harvest, the estimated death is 200 deaths, this process cannot be separated from the control carried out by the livestock manager. Chicken farming here is managed well, starting with providing different feeds. Meat chicken seeds are fed with the types of feed, namely pre starter, starter, and finisher, this feed is given at 3 different/not the same age periods for the chickens in 1 harvest. Pak Endra's Farm – Agent – Broiler Chicken Entrepreneur – Market/Restaurant – Final Consumer.

Integrating meta-analysis with a quantitative microbial risk assessment model to investigate Campylobacter contamination of broiler carcasses

This study investigated the prevalence and associated risk factors of Campylobacter in South Korean broilers using a random-effects meta-analysis. Subsequently, to facilitate the design of preventive measures, the prevalence estimate from the meta-analysis was incorporated into a stochastic risk assessment model to quantify the Campylobacter contamination levels on broiler carcasses. The baseline model was developed based on the most common practices along the South Korean broiler processing line, with no interventions. Meta-analysis results revealed Campylobacter prevalence across the chicken supply chain in the following order: farms (60.6 % [57.3–63.4]), retail markets (43.90 % [24.81–64.99]), slaughterhouses (27.71 % [18.56–39.21]), and processing plants (14.50 % [3.96–41.09]). The model estimated a 52 % (36.1–70.8) Campylobacter prevalence at the end of chilling, with an average contamination level of 4.62 (2.50–6.74) log CFU/carcass. Sensitivity analysis indicated that Campylobacter fecal shedding (r = 0.95) and the amount of feces on bird exteriors (r = 0.17) at pre-harvest were the main factors for carcass contamination, while soft scalding (r = -0.22) and air chilling (r = -0.12) can serve as critical control points (CCPs) at harvest. Scenario analysis indicated that a combination of hard scalding, inside-outside bird washing, spray washing, and chlorinated water immersion chilling can offer a 30.9 % reduction in prevalence and a reduction of 2.23 log CFU/carcass in contamination levels compared to the baseline model. Apart from disinfection and sanitation interventions carried out during meat processing, the implementation of robust control measures is indispensable to mitigate Campylobacter prevalence and concentration at broiler farms, thereby enhancing meat safety and public health. Furthermore, given the high Campylobacter prevalence in the retail markets, future studies should explore the potential risk of cross-contamination at post-harvest stage.

Is relaxing broiler breeder growth restriction cost-effective?

Broiler breeders are subjected to feed restriction programs to control excessive growth. However, current levels of feed restriction and concomitant growth restriction are becoming severe, raising welfare and suboptimal reproductive performance concerns in underfed breeders. To circumvent the issue, our previous studies investigated the effects of new strategic growth curves, with various degrees of relaxed growth restrictions, on broiler breeders and their progeny's performance. The broiler breeder study was conducted with 40 Ross 708 broiler breeder pullets reared on 1 of 10 target growth trajectories using a precision feeding (PF) system. The growth trajectories were designed with 2 levels of the amount of prepubertal BW gain and 5 levels of pubertal growth timing. The prepubertal BW gain (g1) was estimated from the breeder-recommended standard BW gain (Standard g1) target, or 10% higher (High g1). The pubertal growth timing (I2) was advanced such that it happened at I2-0%=22.29 wk, I2-5%=21.16 wk, I2-10%=20.05 wk, I2-15%=18.94 wk, I2-20%=17.82 wk of age. Two broiler experiments with different maternal ages (35 and 42 wk) were conducted as the extension of the breeder experiment to evaluate the intergenerational effects of a reduced degree of maternal prepubertal phase growth restriction and earlier maternal pubertal phase growth on offspring growth and development. The current paper investigated the economic aspects of implementing the growth curves using the partial budget analysis. Increasing prepubertal BW gain by 10% and advancing the pubertal growth phase by 20% (scenario 10) could increase margin over feed and chick cost for the hatching egg producers by CDN$1.97/hen. For broiler chicken supply chain as a whole, the highest differential margin over feed and chick cost was for maternal growth scenario 10 from 42-wk-old hens. The latter margin over feed and chick cost was greater than that of breeder-recommended maternal growth (from 35-wk-old hens) by $0.1053/kg live chicken under the current economic situation.

Strategy to Improve Communication Between Farmers and Companies in The Boiler Chicken Supply Chain

Communication problems are still the main thing in carrying out the company's strategy. This is a challenge for farmers to build good relationships and relationships with partners who are partners in cooperation in the livestock sector. There is no research related to the relationship between companies and companies in Central Java and qualitative research, so it is necessary to conduct this research So this study also analyzes what is carried out where companies must have character, trust (with mutual trust), open communication, be fair and dare to take risks. Therefore, this study aims to fill the gap / gap of previous research related to the topics previously described. The research method used is qualitative research method. This research approach uses phenomenological methods. The study was conducted in the close farm area of broiler chickens spread across Central Java and samples of 7 chicken coops to represent the Central Java area. Based on the experience of 7 Saorce Person, the majority of decisions to cooperate with companies are due to direct interaction communication from the company (Interactive Communication). Communication is carried out formally at the cooperation agreement stage at the beginning before joining the partnership. When there is a problem during the cooperation period, the majority of farmers understand and seek solutions together with the company. The beliefs of each resource person vary based on each individual's experience. There are resource persons who believe in the company because of the company's image, trust the company because of closeness or Personal Bound with Area managers / Supervisors / Staff.

Microbial trace investigation throughout the entire chicken supply chain based on metagenomic high-throughput sequencing

As poultry possesses a high risk of contamination by various pathogens and has repeatedly been linked to foodborne outbreaks, ensuring microbiological safety throughout the chicken production chain is essential. In this study, bacterial communities in chickens and associated environments (n = 72), including feces, floors, gloves, and worktables, were trace investigated from the broiler farm, slaughterhouse, meat processing plant, and the market by amplicon sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA. The bacterial composition in live chickens along the production chain significantly changed across the stages, with distinct microbiota noted at each step. Pseudomonas, Shewanella, Acinetobacter, and Psychrobacter were dominant in the final products. Staphylococcus was abundant in live birds originally (36.83 %) but dramatically decreased after slaughter (3.07 %, 0.06 %, and 0.42 % in slaughtered, processed, and market carcasses, respectively), which may be attributed to defeathering. The proportion of Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter, and Pseudomonas increased from 0.95 %, 0.03 %, and 0.04 % before slaughter to 13.57 %, 34.19 %, and 21.90 %, respectively, after slaughter, highlighting the importance of hygiene management in the succeeding steps. Diversity analysis revealed the possibility of bacterial transmission between samples from the processing plant and the market. Source tracking was performed to identify microbial contamination routes in the chicken microbiome; the major bacterial sources in the final products were the samples from the processing plant (such as processed carcasses, gloves, and worktables), accounting for 93.53 % of the total microbial sources. These results suggest that in-depth knowledge of microbial transmission between chickens and their surroundings can facilitate a precise understanding of microbiological concerns across the poultry production system and help establish safety management measures for the poultry industry.

Hyperspectral imaging combined with fluorescence for the prediction of microbial growth in chicken breasts under different packaging conditions

The crucial feature of chicken is real-time microbial growth detection along the supply chain. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is an online and nondestructive technique that is well suited to microorganism analysis applications. In this study, visible and near-infrared (Vis/NIR, 400–1000 nm) HSI were utilized to establish prediction models of the total viable count (TVC) of chicken breasts stored in vacuum, pallet, and combined packaging using partial least squares regression (PLSR) and support vector machine (SVM) after spectral pretreatments and optimal wavelength selection. The SVM algorithm was used to develop the best TVC prediction models for storage, with the following outcome: vacuum (R2p = 0.91, RMSEp = 0.47, RPD = 2.44), pallet (R2p = 0.90, RMSEp = 0.54, RPD = 2.32), and combined (R2p = 0.89, RMSEp = 0.58, RPD = 2.21) packs. Successively, HSI combined with fluorescence (F–HSI) was used to predict the TVC and coliforms of chicken breasts in combined packaging. Compared to HSI, F–HSI achieved the best-predicted results for TVC (R2p = 0.93, RMSEp = 0.44, RPD = 2.74) and coliforms (R2p = 0.92, RMSEp = 0.46, RPD = 2.57). These results indicated that fluorescence, as a complementary technique for HSI, will be widely used in the chicken supply chain to predict microbial growth.

Endogenous price fluctuations: Evidence from the chicken supply chain in Pakistan

AbstractPersistent agricultural price fluctuations in developing countries have revived interest in the theory of endogenous price instability. We examine the underlying cause of price instability in Pakistan's broiler and chick markets. To this end, we utilize findings from our fieldwork and estimates from unobserved component‐models to formulate a theoretical model of endogenous price fluctuations in the chicken supply chain of Pakistan. Under standard assumptions, we derive hypotheses from our theoretical model that can be tested by using vector autoregressions and weekly data on broiler and chick (farm‐gate) prices in Pakistan. Our empirical estimates conform to the predictions of our theoretical model, and evidence of endogenous dynamics in observed prices is robust to alternative specifications and estimation methods. We use numerical simulations to illustrate that empirically grounded parameterizations of our theoretical model can emulate the salient features of broiler and chick price fluctuations in Pakistan. The accumulation of evidence from our descriptive, empirical, and numerical analysis builds a compelling case for the endogenous nature of price instability in Pakistan's chicken supply chain.

Production planning decisions in the broiler chicken supply chain with growth uncertainty

Broiler chickens are specially raised for meat production and their supply chain is composed of breeders, hatcheries, feed mills, farms, slaughterhouses, wholesalers, and retailers. The coordination between supply chain players has great potential to streamline production and increase competitiveness in the market. A critical element in the decision-making process of this agri-system is the weight gain of broiler chickens. Variability in chicken growth patterns can affect production plans in practice. The most efficient weight estimation models require sensors in real-time, which are not available in many companies. Thus, some small farms require a simpler approach to adjust production planning based on the uncertainty of chickens’ weight while they transition to new technologies. This research proposes an optimization-based methodology for the integration of farms and slaughterhouses to plan production under chicken growth uncertainty. The methodology includes two models: (i) a two-stage stochastic model that supports lot-sizing and inventory management decisions while considering scenarios of chicken growth uncertainty; and (ii) a mixed-integer linear programming model that supports lot allocation. We present the results of implementing the methodology in a poultry company in Santa Marta (Colombia), where we improved costs by 8.6% while meeting tactical, biological, and biosecurity constraints.

Analisis Rantai Pasok (Supply Chain) Komoditas Ayam Cemani (Studi Kasus Di Pakis, Kota Malang, Jawa Timur)

ABSTRACT Chicken Cemani is a local Indonesian chicken that has been worldwide. The potential of Cemani chicken is very good, apart from being a chicken used for traditional ceremonies, Cemani chicken has good production potential and has very large export prospects. However, the population is still limited causing many requests that cannot be fulfilled. Maintenance that has not implemented an integrated and traditional supply chain system causes the development of Cemani chicken agribusiness to be slow. The supply chain management system (SCM) is an integrated marketing system that includes the integration of products and actors to provide satisfaction to customers. In the Cemani chicken commodity, the actors and those involved are not clearly known. This study aims to determine the actors involved in the Cemani chicken supply chain and to find out the product flow, as well as the finances contained in the supply chain in Pakis, Malang, East Java. The study was conducted at the Cemani chicken farm in Pakis, Malang, East Java. The location selection was done purposively based on the consideration that the center of the Cemani chicken farm in Indonesia was in Pakis, Malang City, East Java. The research was conducted in November 2020. The research method used is a descriptive survey method. The method of determining respondents is purposive sampling which is based on the supply chain of a farm owned by Mr. Ihsan and Mr. Sigit. Determination of the respondents of traders and consumers in this study was carried out by snowball sampling, namely tracing the supply chain channels of the livestock owned by Mr. Ihsan and Mr. Sigit from traders to consumers in the Java area. Respondents in this study were 2 breeders. The data for product flow obtained were analyzed descriptively while for financial flows were analyzed using margin and efficiency analysis. Based on the results of the study, it is known that the actors in the supply chain of grade I and grade I Cemani chickens are breeders, traders in the city, traders outside the city and consumers. There are three marketing channels in the marketing supply chain for Cemani chicken in Pakis Malang City, namely channel I consisting of Breeders → Traders Outside Malang City → Traders in the City → Consumers. Channel II consists of Farmers → Traders in the City → Consumers and channel III consists of Farmers → Consumers. Sales use online and offline systems. The flow of finance where the selling price is the highest is the out-of-town traders belonging to Mr. Sigit at a price of Rp. 350,000 – Rp. 531,250 / head with the age of 2-5 months. The most efficient marketing channel is that farmers distribute directly to consumers. Keyword : Products flow, financial flow, local chicken

Consortium blockchains based traceability system for chicken product supply chain

In recent years, people pay increasing attention to food safety. Chicken, as the second largest meat consumer goods in China, requires high level quality traceability. However, due to the small monomer and large quantity of live poultry, it is difficult to duplicate the whole chain tracing mode of pig industry. In this paper we use HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) to analyze the key control points in the chicken supply chain, and design the traceability code for each chicken product. The traceability system applies the consortium blockchains technology to realize the secure and trusted up-chaining of traceability data, which ensures the quality and safety of chicken in the market.

Exploiting Discrete Event Simulation to Improve a Chicken Supply Chain

This article focuses on improving supply chain management (SCM) at a poultry processing plant. The strategies applied in SCM are dependent on understanding customers’ demand, the ability to forecast accurately, and maintaining smart inventory management to achieve the full advantages of SCM. This study exploits the integration of SCM concepts with business simulation, along with exploring strategies to improve the whole operation of a chicken supply chain. Witness Horizon software is utilized to model the supply chain of Company X, and information gathered on the demand and sales of poultry (chicken) is applied and computed in the simulation. The study investigates several ordering strategies, which are based on the previous week’s demand (PWD), weighted (forward) 3-point average demand (WAFD), weighted (backward) 3-point average demand (WABD), and moving average demand (MAD). Each simulation result obtained from different ordering strategies indicates the effectiveness and potential of the proposed methodology. These strategies are successfully developed and simulated, in which the results obtained demonstrate a desirable level of inventory, and profitability can be achieved by implementing these strategies in real time. The study concludes with MAD as being a suitable forecasting method for the given scenario.

Exploiting Discrete Event Simulation to Improve a Chicken Supply Chain

This article focuses on improving supply chain management (SCM) at a poultry processing plant. The strategies applied in SCM are dependent on understanding customers’ demand, the ability to forecast accurately, and maintaining smart inventory management to achieve the full advantages of SCM. This study exploits the integration of SCM concepts with business simulation, along with exploring strategies to improve the whole operation of a chicken supply chain. Witness Horizon software is utilized to model the supply chain of Company X, and information gathered on the demand and sales of poultry (chicken) is applied and computed in the simulation. The study investigates several ordering strategies, which are based on the previous week’s demand (PWD), weighted (forward) 3-point average demand (WAFD), weighted (backward) 3-point average demand (WABD), and moving average demand (MAD). Each simulation result obtained from different ordering strategies indicates the effectiveness and potential of the proposed methodology. These strategies are successfully developed and simulated, in which the results obtained demonstrate a desirable level of inventory, and profitability can be achieved by implementing these strategies in real time. The study concludes with MAD as being a suitable forecasting method for the given scenario.

STOCK AND FLOW DIAGRAM OF SUPPLY-PRICES STABILIZATION MODEL OF THE CHICKEN MEAT INDUSTRY SUPPLY NETWORK: A CASE STUDY IN DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA (DIY)

During the Covid-19 Pandemic, the Government issued a policy through large-scale social restrictions and the impact was felt on the unsustainable availability of various food commodities, one of which was broiler chicken meat. Broiler chicken is one of the animal protein food products that is favored by people from various circles because it has a relatively cheaper price compared to other meat commodities that provide animal protein, is easy to obtain, and has good organoleptic quality. The purchasing power of the people of the special region of Yogyakarta (DIY) is also increasing due to increased nutritional awareness related to the fulfillment of animal protein. The broiler production process contains uncertainty because it is seasonal. This causes a fluctuating price change. Fluctuations in broiler prices are not a new phenomenon in the DIY. Price fluctuations usually occur at certain times such as during religious holidays and this phenomenon occurs repeatedly every year. So we need a broiler supply chain research to maintain price stability using a dynamic simulation system model of the broiler chicken supply chain in DIY. This study develops a causal loop diagram (CID) and stock and flow diagram (SFD) of system dynamic model of the broiler supply chain in the DIY and simulates the model using powersim studio 10 software. The simulation is confirmed verified and valid, therefore for the next research model can be used to solve the problem by generating policy scenario.

Stock And Flow Diagram of Supply-Prices Stabilization Model of The Chicken Meat Industry Supply Network: A Case Study In Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY)

During the Covid-19 pandemic, the government issued a policy through Large-Scale Social Restrictions and the impact was felt on the unsustainable availability of various food commodities, one of which was broiler chicken meat. Broiler chicken is one of the animal protein food products that is favored by people from various circles because it has a relatively cheaper price compared to other meat commodities that provide animal protein, is easy to obtain, and has good organoleptic quality. The purchasing power of the people of the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) is also increasing due to increased nutritional awareness related to the fulfillment of animal protein. The broiler production process contains uncertainty because it is seasonal. This causes a fluctuating price change. Fluctuations in broiler prices are not a new phenomenon in the DIY. Price fluctuations usually occur at certain times such as during religious holidays and this phenomenon occurs repeatedly every year. So we need a broiler supply chain research to maintain price stability using a dynamic simulation system model of the broiler chicken supply chain in DIY. This study develops a Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) and Stock and Flow Diagram (SFD) of system dynamic model of the broiler supply chain in the DIY and simulates the model using Powersim Studio 10 software. The simulation is confirmed verified and valid, therefore for the next research model can be used to solve the problem by generating policy scenario.

Analysis of Halal and Marketing Strategy for Broiler Chickens' Supply Chain during Covid-19 : A Case Study in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Corona virus has a destructive impact on the world's economy, especially in Indonesia, making a large-scale social restriction policy (SRL). Many restaurants, hotels, schools, and colleges in Yogyakarta are closed. Consumers, mostly students from outside Yogyakarta, have to return to their hometowns. This case impacts the decline in chicken prices to cover losses due to excess supply and decreasing demand. This research aims to analyze the decline in chicken prices, halal products' and the concept of marketing strategies impact on the chicken supply chain during the Covid-19 outbreak in Yogyakarta. This research used SEM to obtain accurate analysis and descriptive results to overview phenomena from society under study. The analysis using SEM shows that halal factors do not significantly affect consumer decisions in buying chicken. However, it was found that there was an increase in consumers in online shopping, which could create new strategies in marketing strategies. The application of online marketing strategies will improve consumers' services so that it is expected to be a novel value that can increase consumer buying interest during the Covid-19 outbreak in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Longitudinal Study of the Distribution of Antimicrobial-Resistant Campylobacter Isolates from an Integrated Broiler Chicken Operation.

Simple SummaryInvestigation of Campylobacter prevalence throughout the entire chicken production process from farms to retail meat is still limited. In this study, we examined the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter in 10 production lines from one of the largest integrated poultry production companies in Korea. The prevalence of Campylobacter in breeder farm, hatchery, broiler farm, slaughterhouse, and retail meat products was 50.0%, 0%, 3.3%, 13.4%, and 68.4%, respectively. Resistance to fluoroquinolones was the most frequently observed, and 16 isolates from breeder farm were resistant to both azithromycin and ciprofloxacin. Diverse pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotypes were presented with discontinuous patterns along the whole production chain. Thirty percent of Campylobacter-free flocks became positive after slaughtering. An identical genotype was simultaneously detected from both breeder farm and retail meat, even from different production lines. This study reveals that antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter contamination can occur at all stages of the chicken supply chain. In particular, the breeder farm and slaughterhouse should be the main control points, as they are the potential stages at which antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter could spread to retail meat products by horizontal transmission.The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and genetic diversity of Campylobacter isolates that were obtained from whole chicken production stages in Korea. A total of 1348 samples were collected from 10 production lines. The prevalence of Campylobacter in breeder farm, broiler farm, slaughterhouse, and retail meat products was 50.0%, 3.3%, 13.4%, and 68.4%, respectively, and Campylobacter was not detected at the hatchery stage. Resistance to quinolones/fluoroquinolones was the most prevalent at all stages. Among the multidrug-resistant isolates, 16 isolates (19.8%) from breeder farm were resistant to both azithromycin and ciprofloxacin. A total of 182 isolates were subdivided into 82 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotypes with 100% similarity. Diverse genotypes were presented with discontinuous patterns along the whole production chain. Thirty percent of Campylobacter-free flocks became positive after slaughtering. An identical genotype was simultaneously detected from both breeder farm and retail meat, even from different production lines. This study reveals that antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter contamination can occur at all stages of the chicken supply chain. In particular, the breeder farm and slaughterhouse should be the main control points, as they are the potential stages at which antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter could spread to retail meat products by horizontal transmission.

The Occurrence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Salmonella enterica in Hatcheries and Dissemination in an Integrated Broiler Chicken Operation in Korea.

Simple SummaryThe present study investigated the emergence, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, serotypes, and genotypes of Salmonella enterica from hatcheries and their upstream breeder farms to determine the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) Salmonella enterica contamination in hatcheries and its dissemination in an integrated broiler chicken operation. The hatcheries showed a high prevalence of Salmonella isolates with high antimicrobial resistance and no susceptible isolate. The AMR isolates from hatcheries originating from breeder farms could disseminate to the final retail market along the broiler chicken supply chain. Hatcheries play a more important role than breeder farms in the occurrence and spread of Salmonella in the broiler production chain. The emergence of AMR Salmonella in hatcheries may be due to the horizontal spread of resistant isolates rather than the first contamination of susceptible Salmonella and acquisition of resistance. Therefore, Salmonella control in hatcheries, particularly its horizontal transmission, is important.Positive identification rates of Salmonella enterica in hatcheries and upstream breeder farms were 16.4% (36/220) and 3.0% (6/200), respectively. Among the Salmonella serovars identified in the hatcheries, S. enterica ser. Albany (17/36, 47.2%) was the most prevalent, followed by the serovars S. enterica ser. Montevideo (11/36, 30.6%) and S. enterica ser. Senftenberg (5/36, 13.9%), which were also predominant. Thirty-six isolates showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial tested, of which 52.8% (n = 19) were multidrug resistant (MDR). Thirty-three isolates (enrofloxacin, MIC ≥ 0.25) showed point mutations in the gyrA and parC genes. One isolate, S. enterica ser. Virchow, carrying the blaCTX-M-15 gene from the breeder farm was ceftiofur resistant. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) showed that 52.0% S. enterica ser. Montevideo and 29.6% S. enterica ser. Albany isolates sourced from the downstream of hatcheries along the broiler chicken supply chain carried the same PFGE types as those of the hatcheries. Thus, the hatcheries showed a high prevalence of Salmonella isolates with high antimicrobial resistance and no susceptible isolate. The AMR isolates from hatcheries originating from breeder farms could disseminate to the final retail market along the broiler chicken supply chain. The emergence of AMR Salmonella in hatcheries may be due to the horizontal spread of resistant isolates. Therefore, Salmonella control in hatcheries, particularly its horizontal transmission, is important.

Impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on the supply chain of broiler chicken in Indonesia

The poultry sector in Indonesia faces complex challenges in the time of the Covid 19 pandemic. This pandemic disrupted the supply chain of broiler chickens. This study aims to identify impacts of Covid-19 on the broiler chicken supply chain. Data were collected using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with actors in the broiler chicken business, breeders’ associations, academics, experts, and the government. Also, secondary data was collected, including production data, demand data, and balance data. The data were analysed using the rich picture approach, supply chain analysis, and descriptive analysis. The results showed that accessibility and supply of production factors were hampered due to activity limitation policies and production control policies resulting in decreased production. Disruption in the distribution process also affects supply and demand. The decrease in demand for broiler chickens is very high. These factors might affect the fluctuation in the price of production factors and the selling price of the live birds at the farmer level. Issues due to a pandemic must be appropriately addressed and thoroughly as a mitigation effort in facing crises in the future. The right strategies need to be carried out comprehensively from the upstream, supply chain, and downstream levels. For instance, the partnership with the processing industries (or integrator), investments in the cold chain, and promotion would play an important role.

Recommended Practices to Eliminate Campylobacter from Live Birds and Chicken Meat in Japan.

Campylobacter food poisoning is one of the major bacterial foodborne diseases resulting in numerous outbreaks worldwide. Particularly in Japan, one-fourth of the total food poisoning is caused by Campylobacter jejuni/coli. Raw and/or undercooked poultry meat and meat products are known as the main cause of campylobacteriosis. Consequently, effective and immediate actions are needed to eliminate or at least reduce campylobacteriosis. This study aimed at examining the Japanese food regulation system, comparing it with those in the USA and Australia, and making necessary recommendations for a better control of campylobacteriosis in Japan. The study was conducted by a thorough investigation of published literatures, governmental documents, statistical and epidemiological data and public information. The results led to recommendations that the Japanese food regulation authority should consider the following suggestions in order to control campylobacteriosis: 1) assess the Campylobacter safety at the end of processing stage of chicken supply chain based on risk assessment using quantitative/qualitative baseline data collected over Japan, 2) establish a national Campylobacter strategy, including specific campylobacteriosis reduction goals and criteria, and 3) provide the small food business operators with sufficient training and support to implement a Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) as an obligatory food safety requirement. It is acknowledged that it would be difficult to apply foreign regulations directly to Japanese food regulation system due to differences in food culture, regulation, industry structure, and data collection systems. Thus, flexible application is required. Finding and conducting effective Campylobacter control measures can decrease contaminated live birds and chicken meat in Japan, home to a unique food culture of eating raw and/or undercooked chicken meat called Torisashi such as sashimi, tataki and yubiki chicken. Consequently, potentially available research data may be instrumental in finding solutions for reducing campylobacteriosis. Eliminating Campylobacter food poisoning cases in Japan will be a significant achievement in ensuring Japanese and global food safety.

Measuring the sustainability of the broiler chicken supply chain

This research identifies suitable indicators and their scale for measuring the sustainability performance of the broiler chicken supply chain, applies the developed measurement system in a specific broiler chicken supply chain, and offers recommendations for improving the sustainability of the broiler chicken supply chain. A total of 15 and 9 indicators were analysed to improve the sustainability performance of the broiler chicken supply chain at the farm and chicken slaughterhouse chain levels, respectively. Analytic hierarchy process was applied to determine the level of importance for the sustainability of each chain (level 1), each dimension (level 2), and each indicator (level 3). The Delphi method was utilised to collect and explain experts' judgements regarding the policies that should be implemented. Measurement results indicate that the total score of the sustainability performance of the broiler chicken supply chain at all levels (small, medium, and large) belongs to the good category.