Chi-square Test Of Homogeneity Research Articles

An Online Survey on the Current Trends in Root Canal Treatment.

Root canal treatment in several regions of Saudi Arabia is commonly administered by general dental practitioners (GDPs) rather than specialized endodontists. The study aimed to compare the endodontic practices and preferences of general dental practitioners with those of endodontists and restorative specialists. A structured questionnaire including 23 questions focussing on fundamental principles and techniques used in contemporary root canal treatment was distributed online to 600 dentists who perform root canal treatments and are registered with the Saudi Dental Society (SDS). Data were gathered for basic demographic and professional details, practices, and preferences in endodontic materials and methods. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). For selected variables, frequency distributions and 95% confidence interval for sample proportions were measured. Associations between categorical variables were examined using cross-tabulation, with statistical significance assessed by the chi-square test of homogeneity or Fisher's exact test when necessary. The survey, with a 59% response rate primarily from participants aged 24-34 years (94.1%) with one to five years of experience (90.4%), revealed that most GDPs referred root canal treatment (RCT)cases due to lack of skills (82.8%), performed restorability assessments (90.9%), preferred Cavit for tooth buildup (87%), consistently used rubber dam isolation (91.5%), treated mainly anterior teeth (91.2%) without magnification (87.9%), used electronic apex locators for working length determination (63.3%), favored stainless steel K files and single cone obturation, while specialists exhibited wider clinical experience, more frequent use of advanced techniques, and higher usage of intracanal medicaments (91.7%) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as irrigant (70.8%). The study provides valuable insights into the endodontic preferences and practices of dentists in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, revealing significant differences between general dental practitioners and specialists. The findings highlight critical areas for improvement, such as the need for enhanced training in endodontic skills and better access to modern materials and equipment.

Influence of Remote and Flipped Blended Classroom Learning Approaches on the Academic Performance of Senior High School Biology Students in Muscat, Oman

This study focused on determining the influences of the Remote and Flipped Blended Classroom Learning approaches on the academic performance of Grade 11 senior high school students in Biology in one of the private schools in Muscat, Oman, the first semester of the school year 2019-2020. The study relied on the use of content analysis of the qualitative approach and the evaluation, causal-comparative, and quasi-experimental designs of the quantitative approach. The homogeneity of the treatment group and control group was established. The data collected were statistically treated with the use of percentage, frequency distribution, mean, weighted mean, Chi-Square test for homogeneity, and t-test for two independent samples. The study concluded that the pedagogical approaches of Remote Blended Learning and Flipped Blended Classroom Learning are both effective or extremely effective in terms of course material, learner interaction and interactivity, graphic competencies, technological aspects, motivation to learn, and learning outcomes. Both Remote Blended Learning and Flipped Blended Classroom Learning students perform very well on post-tests in Biology. Both the Remote Blended Learning and the Flipped Blended Classroom students’ academic performance in Biology (as measured by assessment tools and post-test scores/final examination) is deemed to be very good; therefore, they profess comparable academic performance, and the Teacher’s Guide demonstrates how remote and flipped blended learning pedagogical methods can be used to improve senior high school biology student learning.

Vitamin D knowledge, awareness and practices of female students in the Southwest of Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study.

Vitamin D deficiency is a common health problem among adults in Saudi Arabia, particularly females. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with many diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, autoimmune diseases, neurological disorders, and cognitive decline. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, awareness and practice of vitamin D deficiency among female students in Jazan University as well as to determine the sociodemographic related factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 204 female undergraduate and postgraduate students (18 years of age and older) in March 2022 from Saudi Arabia. Students completed a web-based survey about vitamin D and their demographic characteristics. Statistical analyses were conducted using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software. Descriptive statistics, the Chi-squared test of homogeneity, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used. The results revealed that the participants had limited knowledge related to vitamin D normal level (49.5%), and the recommended daily amount of vitamin D (26.5%). Most of the participants were unaware of its benefits for vision, muscle integrity, weakness, and fatigue. Most of them recognized the importance of sunlight for maintaining suitable levels of vitamin D (94.1%). However, only 43.1% identified that decreased intake of foods rich in vitamin D is a cause of vitamin D deficiency. Participants (33.7%) preferred exposure to sunlight to improve their vita-min D levels, and 32.4% used vitamin D supplements. However, only 39.2% had ever examined their vitamin D status. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models demonstrated a significant association between knowledge, and residence, and source of information (odds ratios = 3.48 and 2.79, respectively, P < .05). Most respondents had a basic understanding of vitamin D, vitamin D insufficiency, and the environmental and dietary factors contributing to it. Given the findings obtained, cognitive interventions need to be carried out.

Restaurant Perspectives on the Effects of Point-of-Sale Tip Recommendations on Consumer Patronage

This research examines the effectiveness of point-of-sale gratuity recommendations in raising tips within the restaurant industry. Prior field experiments have yielded positive results regarding the impact of point-of-sale gratuity recommendations. However, these studies did not consider the restaurant industry, which is reliant on tips. To address this gap, I conducted a survey of restaurant managers to gauge their perceptions of this technology and compared their responses with prior field study results. Employing a survey approach mitigated resource constraints associated with field experiments. Building on the aforementioned studies, I hypothesized restaurant managers would exhibit positive attitudes toward the utilization of this technology. Survey data underwent chi-square tests of homogeneity to identify variations in responses across restaurant categories. However, limited response rates rendered the chi-square test results inconclusive and thus, not included in the final analysis. Nevertheless, the survey results strongly supported my hypotheses, suggesting that the adoption of point-of-sale gratuity recommendations effectively increases tips received in the restaurant industry. These findings offer insights for future researchers investigating tipping behavior in restaurants. Furthermore, restaurant owners can leverage these results to advocate for implementing point-of-sale tip recommendations, considering the backing from their managerial peers. As the hospitality sector continues to evolve, incorporating this technology can facilitate positive changes in tipping culture, benefiting both businesses and service staff. Future studies should build upon these findings to gain deeper insights into the dynamics of this technology in restaurant settings.

Relationships between total adiponectin concentrations and obesity in native-breed ponies in England.

Equine metabolic syndrome is a collection of risk factors associated with an increased risk of endocrinopathic laminitis. All affected animals display insulin dysregulation and some may show adiponectin dysregulation and/or excessive adiposity. However, the relationship between obesity and hypoadiponectinaemia in equids remains unclear. To investigate the relationship between obesity and circulating plasma total adiponectin (TA) concentrations in native-breed ponies in England. Secondary data analysis. Data collected for three previous studies were retrospectively analysed and cohorts were pooled where possible (maximum sample size: n = 734 ponies). Correlations between [TA], age, and morphometric measures were assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficient. [TA] was compared between animals of different body condition score (BCS) classification (ideal-weight, overweight, and obese), breed, and body shape using Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn's post hoc tests, and sex using Mann-Whitney U test. The proportions of obese and ideal-weight ponies with basal hyperinsulinaemia and/or hypoadiponectinaemia were compared using a Chi-square test of homogeneity and post hoc z-test. Logistic regression was used to identify factors that may discriminate ponies with hypoadiponectinaemia. [TA] was weakly positively correlated with BCS, height, weight, and weight:height ratio (Spearman's ρ = 0.14-0.29, p < 0.05). There were significant differences in [TA] in ponies with different BCS group classification, body shape, and breed. A greater percentage of obese (54.6%) than ideal-weight ponies (33.1%, p < 0.001) had both normal [TA] and [basal insulin], and a greater percentage of ideal-weight (38.6%) than obese ponies (16.5%, p < 0.001) showed hypoadiponectinaemia. Weight:height and BCS group were significant variables in a logistic regression of hypoadiponectinaemia but model fit and predictive accuracy were poor. Retrospective study design, only native-breed ponies included. Morphometric measures such as BCS do not closely reflect [TA]. Circulating [TA] and [basal insulin] should be determined in all animals with predisposing factors, regardless of obesity status.

The Footprint of Mortality: Outcome Analysis in Charcot Neuroarthropathy Patients Who Underwent Multiple Surgical Procedures

Category: Midfoot/Forefoot; Diabetes Introduction/Purpose: Charcot neuroarthropathy (CN) is a progressive degenerative disease that most commonly manifests in the foot and ankle as a result of peripheral neuroarthropathy. Primary treatment is typically management of disease progression, however, surgical procedures including arthrodesis, exostectomy, and amputation may be indicated for more refractory cases. Our prior research analyzed a subset of the current sample to evaluate patients who underwent multiple surgical procedures to manage their CN, identifying amputation to be associated with the highest all-cause mortality rate. The purpose of this study is to analyze demographic data and mortality rates from a larger sample of patients with an emphasis on the mortality associated with procedure order and type in patients who underwent multiple procedures in the management of their CN. Methods: Following IRB approval, a database of all patients at a single institution from 1/1/2000 to 1/31/2022 with CPT and ICD codes indicating a diagnosis of Charcot foot of the lower extremity who underwent amputation, exostectomy, and/or arthrodesis was created from the electronic health record. Only patients who underwent multiple procedures in the treatment of their CN were included in the study. Amputation was further classified as major (transmetatarsal amputation or above) or minor (below the metatarsal level or a single toe at the metatarsal level). Demographics including age, sex, race, and insurance status were recorded in addition to all-cause mortality rates for each procedure type and all-cause mortality rates relative to procedure order. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests for homogeneity were conducted for analysis. One patient, identified as an outlier, had 13 procedures, and was excluded so as to not distort the statistical analysis. Results: A total of 700 individual patients who underwent at least 2 procedures were included in this study, with a total of 1902 procedures performed of which 363, 651, 459, and 429 were completed for major amputation, minor amputation, exostectomy, and arthrodesis respectively. Figure 1A describes the baseline characteristics of patients who underwent each procedure. The all- cause mortality rate remained the lowest in arthrodesis patients, regardless of the order in which it was performed. Furthermore, patients who underwent either arthrodesis or exostectomy at any point in their procedure sequence had an absolute risk reduction in all-cause mortality of 42.5% and 21.1% respectively, while both amputation groups had an absolute risk increase in all- cause mortality of 46.0% (minor) and 48.3% (major). Conclusion: For patients who underwent multiple procedures to manage their CN, those who underwent arthrodesis at any point during their procedure sequence showed the trend of having the lowest all-cause mortality rates (Figure 1D). This may indicate that early anatomic correction through arthrodesis could lead to improved mortality in Charcot patients. Figure 1E describes the significantly increased (p &lt; 0.001) mortality rates associated with both amputation groups, which further highlights the importance of early intervention and management of disease progression. Future research should aim to develop surgical treatment guidelines based on disease progression to continue to minimize mortality rates.

Investigation of Antibiotic Prescription Related Factors in Sakarya Province

Aim: Because consumption of antibiotics is very critical for public health, it was aimed to analyze and evaluate the data of number of antibiotic packages prescribed by Family Physician (FP) and other doctors than family physicians (ODTFPs) serving in the province of Sakarya and Turkey in terms of cost and prescription related factors for 2019. &#x0D; Methods: This study was based on the measurement of antibiotic consumption relied on retrospective data. The number of antibiotic packages prescribed for the year 2019 belonging to Turkey and Sakarya province was analyzed and compared based on cost and expertise of physicians. Chi-square test of homogeneity and two-sample Poisson tests were used in the analysis. p value less than 0.05 was accepted as significant.&#x0D; Results: Consultation per capita for FPs (z = 307.57, p-value &lt; 0.0001) and ODTFPs (z = 278.27, p-value &lt; 0.0001) in Sakarya were significantly higher than that of those in Turkey. However, both FPs (Chi-Sq =17231.434, df = 1, p-value

Exploring the levodopa-paradox of freezing of gait in dopaminergic medication-naïve Parkinson’s disease populations

The relationship between dopaminergic treatment and freezing of gait (FOG) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is complex: levodopa is the most effective symptomatic treatment for FOG, but long-term pulsatile levodopa treatment has also been linked to an increase in the occurrence of FOG. This concept, however, continues to be debated. Here, we compared the occurrence of FOG between a levodopa-naive PD cohort and a levodopa-treated cohort. Forty-nine treatment-naive patients and 150 levodopa-treated patients were included. The time since first motor symptoms was at least 5 years. Disease severity was assessed using the MDS-UPDRS part III. Occurrence of FOG was assessed subjectively (new freezing-of-gait-questionnaire) and objectively (rapid turns test and Timed Up-and-Go test). The presence of FOG was compared between the levodopa-treated and levodopa-naive groups using a chi-square test of homogeneity. We also performed a binomial Firth logistic regression with disease duration, disease severity, country of inclusion, location of measurement, and executive function as covariates. Subjective FOG was more common in the levodopa-treated cohort (n = 41, 27%) compared to the levodopa-naive cohort (n = 2, 4%, p < 0.001). The association between FOG and levodopa treatment remained after adjustment for covariates (OR = 6.04, 95%Cl [1.60, 33.44], p = 0.006). Objectively verified FOG was more common in the levodopa-treated cohort (n = 21, 14%) compared to the levodopa-naive cohort (n = 1, 2%, p = 0.02). We found an association between long-term pulsatile levodopa treatment and an increased occurrence of FOG. Future studies should further explore the role of nonphysiological stimulation of dopamine receptors in generating FOG, as a basis for possible prevention studies.

The use of infographics for impression management in the non-financial reports of listed companies in Poland

Purpose: The article aims to identify the factors that influence the use of infographics in non-financial reports and determine whether this form of information communication is exploited for impression management purposes. Methodology/approach: The study employed the following research methods: analysis of the subject literature and quantitative and qualitative content analysis. The chi-square test of homogeneity and Spearman rank correlation analysis were used to verify the research hypotheses. Findings: A relationship was noted between the number of infographics in such reports and the form of the report, as well as a given entitys environmental nuisance. The hypothesis verification also confirmed an average positive relationship between the number of info-graphics and the number of GRI indicators. The qualitative content analysis of non-financial reports indicated that the use of infographics is aimed at highlighting positive information about a companys activities. Research limitations/implications: The research makes a valuable contribution by allowing stakeholders to understand how infographics are used to convey information on a companys operations, including its embellishment potential. Since the study was limited to selected industries and one reporting period, there is a need for further work to determine whether other listed companies include infographics in their non-financial reports and whether these techniques are used for impression management. Originality/value: The article is the first to present the use of infographics by Polish listed companies in their non-financial reporting. It expands the knowledge of information visualization aimed at creating a favorable image of business operations in the eyes of stakeholders.

Trends in mandibular fractures in the USA: A 20-year retrospective analysis.

The mandible is one of the most fractured bones in the maxillofacial region. This study analyzes trends in mandibular fracture patterns, demographics, and mechanisms since the early 2000s. Mandibular fractures were reviewed from the 2007, 2011, and 2017 National Trauma Data Bank including 13,142, 17,057, and 20,391 patients by year, respectively. This database contains hundreds of thousands of patients annually and represents the largest trauma registry in the United States. Variables included number of fractures, sex, age, injury mechanism, and fracture location. Mechanism of injury included assault, motor vehicle crash, fall, motorcycle, bicycle, pedestrian, and firearm. Anatomic locations based on ICD-9/10 codes included symphysis, ramus, condyle, condylar process, body, angle, and coronoid process. Frequencies were compared using Chi-square tests of homogeneity with effect sizes estimated using Cramer's V. Mandibular fractures represent 2%-2.5% of all traumas reported in the database from 2001 to 2017. The proportion of patients sustaining a single reported mandibular fracture decreased from 82% in 2007 to 63% in 2017. Males consistently experienced 78%-80% of fractures. Eighteen to 54-year-olds experienced the largest percentages of fractures throughout the 21st century, while median age of fracture shifted from 28 to 32 between 2007 and 2017. The most common fracture mechanisms were assault (42% [2001-2005]-37% [2017]), motor vehicle crash (31%-22%) followed by falls (15%-20%). From 2001-2005 to 2017, a decrease was observed in assaults (-5%) and motor vehicle crash (-9%) and an increase in falls (+5%), particularly among elderly females. The mandibular body, condyle, angle, and symphysis represent approximately two-thirds of all fractures without a consistent temporal trend among them. The temporal trends observed can be linked to shifting age demographics nationally that may aid clinicians in diagnosis and inform public safety policies aimed at reducing these injuries, particularly among the growing elderly population.

Under-screened: COVID-19 lockout measures and the reduction of early-stage cancer patients’ consultations in Argentina.

e18801 Background: The COVID-19 pandemic caused a disruption in health services, specifically in cancer prevention, during quarantine. Argentina had one of the most extensive social isolation policies, which began on March 20, 2020. We analyzed the pandemic’s impact on the number of new patients and tumor stage distribution for those seen between March 20, 2020 and March 18, 2021 (Group B = Pandemic) and compared it with: i) those seen in the previous five years (Group A = Pre-pandemic); and ii) those seen between March 20, 2021 and December 31, 2022 (Group C = Post-pandemic). Methods: Our database comprised all new patients admitted to Henry Moore Cancer Institute (IOHM) in Buenos Aires, Argentina between March 20, 2015 and December 31, 2022. It included population characteristics at the time of first consultation, diagnosis and tumor stage according to TNM AJCC (8th Edition). The comparisons were made through Statistical t-Test and Chi-square homogeneity test. Results: Between March 20, 2020 and December 31, 2022, 17833 new patients were admitted to IOHM. The distribution of diagnoses was similar for all three groups: Breast (23%), Colorectal (11%), Prostate (10%), Gynecological (9%), Lung (7%), Renal (5%), Lymphomas (5%), Cervix (4%), Head and neck (3%), Pancreas (2%), Melanoma (2%), Sarcomas (2%), others (17%). Table 1 summarizes our main findings. The incidence of in situ tumors (stage 0) showed a significant reduction during the first year of COVID-19 in five tumors, despite strong evidence for screening benefits in all of them: Breast, Colorectal, Prostate, Melanoma and Cervix. The decrease in stage I new patients was observed in virtually all tumors, as well as the relative increase in stage IV (most notable in lung cancer, colorectal cancer and melanoma). Conclusions: A) During the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an expected quantitative decrease in new patients compared to the previous five years. B) However, we have also found qualitative changes in the characteristics of patients seeking a first consultation: younger patients, with worse ECOG, less early stages (0 and I) and more advanced stages (III and IV) in practically all tumors. C) These figures have improved in the 22 months following the lockdowns, but have not yet recovered to the values of pre-pandemic years. D) Given the strong evidence available for screening benefits in all of the five tumors that have seen a reduction in early stages consultation, preventative actions and campaigns must be reinforced. [Table: see text]

Morphologic, Syntactic, and Phonologic Distance Between Japanese and Altaic, Dravidian, Austronesian, and Korean Languages

The present study measures the resemblances of Japanese with Altaic languages (Turkic; Tungstic; Mongolic; Nivkh); the Dravidian language Tamil; Austronesian languages (Western Malayo-Polynesian; Malayo-Sumbawan; Central Luzon; Central Malayo-Polynesian), and Korean, in an effort to pin down the genealogy of Japanese. Morphologic, syntactic, and phonologic distance are calculated using data from corpora. The chi-square homogeneity test and Euclidean distances are used for statistical analysis. The finding brings to light, morphologically, in the light of preferences of causative/inchoative verb alternation patterning and morphemes that convey the alternation, that Japanese and Korean are close for the most part. Syntactically, Altaics and Tamil convey case via suffixes; case in Austronesian languages is marked by prefixes. Japanese and Korean share a similarity in rendering case with particles. Phonologically, the Tamil and Austronesian languages share a resemblance in the harmony of vowel height. The Korean, Altaic languages, and Austronesian languages show similarities in the harmony of vowel backness. Japanese, the Altaic languages, and the Austronesian language Madurese display vowel-consonant harmony. Pulling these strands together, a conclusion is thus drawn that Japanese is most closely related to Korean.

User’s perceptions of electric, hybrid, and fuel-powered vehicles in Iraq and Jordan

The shift towards the use of electric vehicles or hybrids has become one of the methods used to reduce the sources of pollution in many countries around the world. This study aims to understand drivers’ perceptions and concerns with regard to electric, hybrid, and fuel-powered vehicles in Iraq and Jordan. An online survey was conducted through emails, social media, and connections to Iraq and Jordan. The study included 1352 participants, 662 (49%) from Iraq and 690 (51%) from Jordan. The chi-square homogeneity test was used to analyze the data. The majority of participants from Iraq reported that they do not have electric or hybrid vehicles because of the lack of charging stations. Participants from Jordan reported that they do not have electric or hybrid vehicles because they feel that electric or hybrid vehicles are unreliable. An additional logistic regression analysis was carried out to determine significant predictors that influence the person’s choice of having friendly environmental fuel sources (electric or hybrid). Significant variables were found, such as country of region (Jordan and Iraq), gender, age group, car ownership, vehicle emissions, and climate change-related issues. The study identified regional, cost, performance, reliability, and environmental issues that affect people’s perceptions and concerns about diversifying fuel sources used for vehicles. Raising public awareness of the benefits and actively changing society’s perception, in the long run, requires an initiative that can be sustained constantly in society.

327 Identification of Clinically Relevant Patient Endotypes in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Using Latent Class Analysis

INTRODUCTION: Despite advances in medical knowledge, TBI still has a significant burden of disease. Better prognostic factors would allow for earlier identification of patients at risk for poor outcomes and enable targeted interventions to improve outcomes and reduce costs. METHODS: We obtained clinical information from a subset of TBI patients from the MIMIC-III dataset and codified each patient's comorbidities based on the Elixhauser comorbidity groups. Latent class analysis was performed on the patients based on their codified comorbidities to identify distinct patient endotypes. The characteristics (comorbidity distribution, mortality rate) of these patient endotypes were then visualized using Matplotlib. A Chi-squared test of homogeneity was performed to determine if mortality rates differed across patient endotypes. Relationships between the codified comorbidities were visualized using a network graph across all TBI patients and within each patient endotype. RESULTS: 2981 patients qualified under our TBI query. Average age was 58 ± 21. The network graph shows that there is only one major connected component composed of the most common comorbidities. An elbow plot was constructed to help identify 8 as the optimal number of classes to model patient endotypes. The distribution of comorbidities differs between patient endotypes. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in survival rates between the patient endotypes (p &lt; 0.0001) with Endotype 1 having the lowest survival and Endotype 6 having the highest. Intra-endotype network analysis and comorbidity distributions suggest that Endotype 1 is a cancer-related endotype whereas Endotype 6 is a relatively "healthy" endotype with some degree of alcohol and drug abuse. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we use LCA to demonstrate the existence of patient endotypes in a TBI population that differ in their comorbidity profiles and clinical outcomes.

Immediate contact between mother and newborn in the first hour of life: a cross-sectional study

Objective: to compare population and care characteristics of adherence to immediate contact between mother and newborn in the first hour of life in two public maternity hospitals at usual risk. Methods: cross-sectional study with 105 mothers after normal delivery and their respective newborns in the first hour of life in two maternity hospitals with Prepartum, Labor, and Puerperium units. We used an instrument with 36 questions based on the National Guidelines of Assistance to Normal Birth. Analysis was based on the chi-square test for homogeneity and Fisher's exact test to compare the assistance provided in maternity hospitals. Results: both maternity hospitals attended the usual risk binomials. Regarding the assistance provided, only the federal maternity promoted encouragement of immediate contact between mother and newborn in the first hour of life, besides favouring 7.1% (n=3) of the binomials with the golden hour in a correct and significant way (p=0.037). Conclusion: despite the similarity of the assistance profile, only one maternity hospital performed the golden hour, being necessary the insertion of good practices in maternity hospitals. Contributions to practice: direct observation of the assistance provided to binomial identified gaps in the format and and durability of the immediate contact in maternity hospitals.

Knowledge and Attitudes towards Epidural Analgesia among Women of Childbearing Age in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study to Identify Predictors through Multivariate Modeling.

Epidural analgesia (EA) is a central nerve blockade technique. It is linked to a significant reduction of labor pain and side effects. This study was designed to investigate the knowledge and attitudes towards EA among women of childbearing age (18-45 years) in Jazan, Saudi Arabia, and identify predictors through multivariate modeling. A random sampling technique (n = 680) was used for this cross-sectional, self-administered survey. A previously validated online questionnaire was distributed. After establishing a P value of less than 0.05 to denote statistical significance, SPSS was used to examine the data using descriptive analysis, the chi-square test of homogeneity, and multivariate logistic regression. Six hundred and eighty women were studied. Over 75% of the participants were university educated; less than half (46.3%) were 21-30 years old, students (42.2%), and had never been pregnant (49%). The previous mothers who had never had EA labor accounted for 64.6% (n = 347, 51.0%). "Family/friends" (39%), followed by "internet" (32%), were the most common sources of EA information. Those who correctly defined the EA accounted for 61.8%. Those who reported weak or no contractions after EA accounted for 32.2%. Those who said EA insertion hurt more than labor did accounted for 56.3%. Those women who said one should give consent to EA accounted for 83.1%. Those who believe EA is safe for the baby accounted for 50.1%. Those who knew about EA complications accounted for 24.34%. According to multivariate modeling, attitude score plays a significant role in determining the participant's knowledge level. This study found that childbearing women know a little about EA. Attitudes affected this knowledge level, and demographics did not. Cognitive intervention is needed to change these attitudes and spread EA-related knowledge.

15-year regional emergency department study of youth sport and recreational injuries

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine frequency and distribution of sports- and recreation-related injuries (SRIs) affecting children and adolescents who visited a northern tier regional medical center emergency department during a 15-year period.Material and methods: A descriptive epidemiologic design was employed to retrospectively examine age, gender, month and year of injury, location of injury, sport/recreational activity, mechanism of injury, type and severity of injury, hospital admission and length of stay. Frequency of reported injuries were compared in categories of single factors using Chi-square tests of homogeneity. The impact of risk factors – gender, age class, and sport/activity – on incidence ratios were analyzed via Poisson regression. All statistical analyses were run in R.Results: Findings heretofore unreported or inconsistent with previous emergency department (ED) studies include a peak injury occurrence of SRIs during September; a preponderance of head/neck injuries and fractures and a higher percent of admitted patients; frequent occurrence of ice hockey injuries; increased severity of injury during ages 10-14; and a trend during 2000-2014 showing increased injury rate of various types of recreational injuries. Findings consistent with previous ED studies included variable distribution of injuries by age, gender and sport/activity; increased frequency of SRIs during ages 12-15 years and during the warmer months of the year; and trends of increased frequency of SRIs affecting females, increased injury rate of closed head injuries, and decreased occurrence of bicycle injuries during the study period. Further to these findings, several suggestions are made to inform and guide local injury prevention efforts and further research. Conclusions: Our study results provide information on a region-specific occurrence and distribution of SRIs in a northern tier hospital catchment area that can be valuable to guide regional injury prevention efforts and further research to evaluate specific patterns identified and success of prevention efforts.

COVID-19 Precautionary Measures and Practices for Delivering Modular Distance Learning

The purpose of this descriptive study is to investigate the safety precautions and delivery methods for the modular distance learning modality during the COVID-19 pandemic. This empirical study employed a quantitative approach and descriptive research design to address the research problem and questions. The respondents for primary data collection were the junior high school teachers who were identified through a referral sampling technique. The frequency count, percentage, ranking, and Chi-square test for homogeneity and independence were the statistical tools employed in the study. The alpha threshold for all inferential statistics was set at 0.05. The outcomes showed that the safety precautions in the modular distance learning delivery provided equitable and inclusive access to favorable learning environments. Teachers' evaluations of the methods employed in the modular distance learning program revealed that parents were urged to play a significant role as home facilitators. The data analysis revealed that there were significant differences in how the modular distance learning was carried out. According to the findings, there is no conclusive link between the prevention measures and the delivery of the distance learning mode. To strengthen this investigation, additional research is required with a larger focus and new factors.

ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION AMONG GRADUATES OF THE HIGHER INSTITUTE OF SPORT AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF GAFSA

: Tunisia is among the third world countries which suffer from an acute economic crisis, characterized mainly by saturation at the level of the public service. In spite of this, the four Higher Institutes of Sport and Physical Education in Tunisia continue to produce unemployed graduates. On the other hand, entrepreneurship in the field of sport can be a solution to this economic quagmire. Indeed, the objective of this article is to evaluate the entrepreneurial intention among graduates of the Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Gafsa and understand the facilitating conditions for business creation. This paper constitutes a quantitative study through a questionnaire administered face to face to 100 graduates in question. This questionnaire is composed of multiple choice closed-ended questions on a five-point Likert scale. It has three main axes: the profile, the entrepreneurial intention, and the issues related to entrepreneurship. The statistical analysis is verified using SPSS 16 software using several tests such as: the adjustment or adequacy test, the independence test and the chi-square homogeneity test. The results of our study show that there is an intention towards landing private careers, fuelled by a positive attitude, an ambitious perception, and an influence from the entourage. On the other hand, several obstacles can also be found in the process of business creation, most notably red tape. Thus, teaching of entrepreneurship at the university takes on a whole new meaning and constitutes a strategic desire to mobilize higher education for sustainable economic solutions.

A Quantitative Analysis of Rural and Urban Student Outcomes Based on Location of Institution of Attendance

This quantitative research study sought to examine the differences in retention and degree attainment for college students depending on their home locale and the location of their institution of attendance. Students were divided into four groups: rural students who attended a rural institution, rural students who attended an urban institution, urban students who attended a rural institution, and urban students who attended an urban institution. The study utilized a chi-square test of homogeneity to determine if there was a statistically significant difference between the four groups. Analysis found statistically significant differences in retention and degree attainment based on the student's home locale and the location of their institution of attendance. Urban students who attended an urban institution were statistically significantly more likely to be retained. Rural students who attended a rural institution were statistically significantly more likely to attain their degree. Students who attended institutions that were in locations similar to their home locale had the highest retention and degree attainment.