Chewing Gum Tablets Research Articles

Ação mecânica de goma de mascar na remoção de placa dental

this investigation was carried out to verify the mechanical efficiency of a sugar-free chewing gum on dental plaque removal. Fifty (6.12 yr old) children were used. Firstly they receveid a dental prophylaxis and were instructed to not clean their teeth for 4 days. Following this period, they were examined for the IHOS (The simplified oral higiene index) recording and received 5 chewing gum tablets to chew during 15 minutes at one hour intervals, After chewing the IHOS was again obtained. Statistical analysis of the difference of data obtained before and after chewing showed the sugar-free gum as effective for plaque removal, at a 5% significant level.

Affordable oral health care: dental biofilm disruption using chloroplast made enzymes with chewing gum delivery.

SummaryCurrent approaches for oral health care rely on procedures that are unaffordable to impoverished populations, whereas aerosolized droplets in the dental clinic and poor oral hygiene may contribute to spread of several infectious diseases including COVID‐19, requiring new solutions for dental biofilm/plaque treatment at home. Plant cells have been used to produce monoclonal antibodies or antimicrobial peptides for topical applications to decrease colonization of pathogenic microbes on dental surface. Therefore, we investigated an affordable method for dental biofilm disruption by expressing lipase, dextranase or mutanase in plant cells via the chloroplast genome. Antibiotic resistance gene used to engineer foreign genes into the chloroplast genome were subsequently removed using direct repeats flanking the aadA gene and enzymes were successfully expressed in marker‐free lettuce transplastomic lines. Equivalent enzyme units of plant‐derived lipase performed better than purified commercial enzymes against biofilms, specifically targeting fungal hyphae formation. Combination of lipase with dextranase and mutanase suppressed biofilm development by degrading the biofilm matrix, with concomitant reduction of bacterial and fungal accumulation. In chewing gum tablets formulated with freeze‐dried plant cells, expressed protein was stable up to 3 years at ambient temperature and was efficiently released in a time‐dependent manner using a mechanical chewing simulator device. Development of edible plant cells expressing enzymes eliminates the need for purification and cold‐chain transportation, providing a potential translatable therapeutic approach. Biofilm disruption through plant enzymes and chewing gum‐based delivery offers an effective and affordable dental biofilm control at home particularly for populations with minimal oral care access.

A full factorial experimental design to study the effect of flavoring agents on the mechanical properties of curcumin chewing gum tablets with high solids content

Objective: Developing chewing gum tablets (CGTs) with high drug loads is a challenge due to the loss of mastication properties. We postulated that poor mastication properties of such gums could be improved by adjusting the concentration of liquid flavors to serve as plasticizers and consequently increase the flexibility of the elastomer in the gum base. To test this hypothesis, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of flavor type and concentration, and storage conditions on the textural properties of CGTs loaded with 20% curcumin (CUR) by weight.Methods: CGTs were made by directly compressing Health in Gum® base with CUR. The resultant CGTs were characterized by single and two bites textural tests to measure their yield strength, post-bite failure rate, and compressibility.Results: Flavor concentration (X2) had a significant impact on the masticatory properties of the chewing gums, which could be ascribed to the plasticizing effect of peppermint oil. Addition of liquid flavors and storage at low temperature (X4) produced CGTs with the desirable properties of low yield strength (Y1) and post-bite structural failure rate (Y2), and high compressibility (Y3). The effect of flavors however was negated at high temperatures, especially when flavored gums were stored for extended time at 50 °C. Flavor type (X1) on the other hand had no effect on the masticatory properties of the chewing gums.Conclusions: This study concluded that it is feasible to formulate CGTs with high solids content without negatively impacting their mechanical properties by controlling the concentration of liquid flavors.

Formulation development of medicated chewing gum tablets by direct compression using the SeDeM-Diagram-Expert-System

Medicated chewing gums represent an orally administered dosage form with promising potential for local and systemic drug delivery. However, compared to other solid oral dosage forms, formulation development and release mechanism of medicated chewing gums are extremely complex, and thus only few products reached the approval for the market so far. Therefore, Quality by Design (QbD) approaches for rational formulation development of medicated chewing gums are needed to utilize their full potential. For chewing gum tablets, which are manufactured by direct compression, QbD approaches derived from tableting processes might be exerted. In this context, the SeDeM-Diagram-Expert-System implements the QbD approach while indicating whether a blend is suitable for direct compression and comprises powder properties, which need to be improved to facilitate the formulation development. Here, we present the successful application of the SeDeM-Diagram-Expert-System to the formulation development of medicated chewing gum tablets manufactured by direct compression. Furthermore, limitations of the SeDeM-System for medicated chewing gum tablets are evaluated and potential modifications of the system are suggested and discussed for future use.

Mechanical Characterization and Dissolution of Chewing Gum Tablets (CGTs) Containing Co-compressed Health in Gum® and Curcumin/Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex.

Curcumin chewing gums could be therapeutically beneficial if used by the head and neck cancer patients. High curcumin loading in chewing gums however is needed to achieve desired therapeutic effect. Preparing gums with high drug load is nonetheless challenging because of the negative impact of solids on their masticatory properties. The use of liquid flavors was found to partially solve this problem. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the maximum amount of curcumin that can be loaded into co-compressed chewing gums made from Health in Gum® as the base and flavored with 1.5% peppermint oil, (2) determine if addition of sweeteners can improve the yield strength and compressibility of the gums when examined by a texture analyzer, (3) examine the effect of temperature over a storage period of one month on the physical stability of the chewing gums, and (4) study the impact of substituting curcumin with its inclusion complex with SBE-β-CD on drug release. It was found that when flavored, Health in Gum® could load up to 25% curcumin by weight without compromising its masticatory properties. When tested for drug release, SBE-β-CD was found to significantly increase the amount of curcumin dissolved within 30min. Despite poor drug release from gums loaded with insoluble curcumin, the fragmentation of the gums during mastication by the Erweka tester is nonetheless expected to produce a suspension for absorption in the lower GIT. This study demonstrated how modulating gum composition and storage conditions can impact the mechanical properties of chewing gums with high solids content.

Development of postcompressional textural tests to evaluate the mechanical properties of medicated chewing gum tablets with high drug loadings

There is a growing interest in utilizing medicated chewing gums for drug delivery, especially those made using directly compressible gum bases, such as Health in gum. Directly compressing a gum base with high amounts of solid drug powder, however, poses a challenge as it may result in compressed compacts with hybrid properties between a chewing gum and a hard tablet. Currently, official Pharmacopeias do not specify a testing procedure for the estimation of the mechanical and textural properties of chewing gum tablets. To fill in the knowledge gap, we demonstrated in the present study how complementing a single-bite (knife) test with a modified two-bite test could be used to discriminate between chewing gums and hard tablets that were prepared by directly compressing Health in gum base with increasing concentration of curcumin powder in the blend. By utilizing these two tests, it was possible to identify clear demarcations between conventional tablets and chewing gums. In this study, we found that a 10% load by weight is the upper limit for curcumin loading in a binary blend with Health in gum to maintain the mastication properties of the compacts, which become brittle tablets at 30% load.

Study of the compressibility of chewing gum and its applicability as an oral drug delivery system

Medicated chewing gum tablets were prepared and evaluated as an oral drug delivery system. The morphology and surface free energy of the components were characterized, and the tablets were prepared by direct compression with an instrumented eccentric tableting machine. The compressibility, the porosity and the texture of the tablets were investigated and the dissolution of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (caffeine) from them was tested with a specially-developed method. Cafosa gum base is a co-processed product which is compressible. Because of the sticking of the tablets to the punches and the high friction that arises during ejection from the die, the use of lubricants and suitable (e.g. Teflon-coated) punches is necessary on a production scale. For this purpose, magnesium stearate with high specific surface area was applied. The release of caffeine in response to the mechanical effect applied proved to be rapid and quantitative and the profile closely obeyed the Korsmeyer–Peppas equation, which is valid in the case of matrix systems. Medicated chewing gum tablets can be used as matrix tablets for oral pharmaceutical administration.

Tracking of the post-compressional behaviour of chewing gum tablets

The elasticity and elastic recovery of chewing gum powder were tested in this work. Powder rheological tests (flowability and compressibility) showed that direct compression is a suitable method for the preparation of chewing gum tablets. The advantages of this method relative to preparation by extrusion are economic: a reduced processing time, fewer manufacturing steps, less equipment, less process validation and reduced labour costs.A very important property of a chewing gum tablet is the chewability, which depends on the elasticity of the product. This was tested by breaking strength measurements and study of the deformation process. For a good chewable tablet, the authors suggest application of a compression force of 5kN.

Formulation study of directly compressible chewable polymers containing ascorbic acid

The topic of this article is the compression physics of different gum bases which can be used to prepare chewing gum tablets by direct compression. Three different gum bases, Pharmagum® C, M and S, were tested alone and in different combinations. The preparations were compressed with a Korsch EK0 eccentric tableting machine at compression forces of 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15 kN. The compression and breaking processes and the physical parameters of the tablets were investigated. The results revealed that increase of the compression force did not significantly change the studied parameters of the tablets.

Immediate release three-layered chewing gum tablets of fenoprofen calcium: preparation, optimization and bioavailability studies in healthy human volunteers

A three-layered gum tablet (1800 mg), containing 200 mg of Fenoprofen Calcium (Fn) with an inner core containing the drug, and two external layers containing antiadherent lubricant, has been prepared using direct compression. A 23 factorial plan has been designed to evaluate the effect of formulation variables namely, Pharmagum® M concentration, Maltodextrin type, and Co-adjuvant type on the release characteristics of Fn from the prepared tablets. The formula consisting of 65% Pharmagum® M, 75% Maltodextrin DE 39 and 5% Talc comparatively exhibited the highest release (66.59% ± 2.39) in the mouth after 5 min of chewing. Binary and ternary β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) complexation was adopted to enhance the release of Fn from the selected gum tablet. The highest significant release (p < 0.05) was achieved from the lyophilized ternary complex containing 100 mg of Fn in presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K25), exhibiting a release of 88.25% ± 0.93 after 5 min of chewing. The relative bioavailability of the selected gum tablet was found to be 166.06% compared to Nalfon® 200 mg capsules. Reduction of the dose to 100 mg exhibited faster absorption rate than Nalfon® capsules. The obtained results suggest the possibility of reducing the dose of Fn in chewing gum.

Preparation and evaluation of release characteristics of 3TabGum, a novel chewing device

A new chewing gum device in the form of a three layers tablet ( 3TabGum) has been developed. The new drug delivery system is obtained, at room temperature, by direct compression using conventional pharmaceutical equipment. Basically, the resulting chewing gum tablets comprise a gum core combined with two protective antiadherent external layers, which prevent gum adhesion to the punches of the tableting machine. Drug release from a dosage form is the critical step in drug absorption and bioavailability, thus an experimental protocol has been designed to evaluate the efficiency of this kind of therapeutic system by verifying its capability to release the drug dose and by assessing the delivery rate. Simple diffusion into the medium causes the release of only a small percentage of the drug contained in the medicated chewing gum, while the delivery of the major part of the dose occurs during mastication. The results obtained in this study suggest that water soluble drugs are freely and easily released by chewing gums, while for actives characterized by reduced water solubility the release rate depends on the chewing time although all the drugs tested are completely released after a reasonable mastication time.

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID AND BLEEDING FROM THE TONSILLAR WOUND

<i>To the Editor</i>:—The article by Livingston and Neary in the January 1948 issue of theArchives of Otolaryngologyentitled "The Question of Prothrobinopenic Hemorrhage from Post-Tonsillectomy Use of Chewing Gum Containing Acetylsalicylic Acid" prompts the following comments: On the basis of a study of 45 children undergoing tonsillectomy, 29 of whom received chewing gum tablets containing acetylsalicylic acid for several postoperative days, and 16 of whom were given such tablets containing menadione in addition to the analgesic, these investigators concluded that "there is no indication that the routine post-tonsillectomy use of chewing gum containing acetylsalicylic acid may give rise to prothrombinopenic hemorrhage or that such use of this gum has any adverse effect on blood prothrombin." Livingston and Neary make reference to my finding that salicylateinduced hypoprothrombinemia is an important factor in the causation of late tonsillar bleeding (Neivert, H.: Late Secondary Tonsillar Hemorrhage: I. Studies of Prothrombin and Vitamin