Chewing Device Research Articles

Lab-on-a-lollipop (LoL) platform for preventing food-induced toxicity: all-in-one system for saliva sampling and electrochemical detection of vanillin.

Saliva has emerged as a primary biofluid for non-invasive disease diagnostics. Saliva collection involves using kits where individuals stimulate saliva production via a chewing device like a straw, then deposit the saliva into a designated collection tube. This process may pose discomfort to patients due to the necessity of producing large volumes of saliva and transferring it to the collection vessel. This work has developed a saliva collection and analysis device where the patient operates it like a lollipop, stimulating saliva production. The lollipop-mimic device contains yarn-based microfluidic channels that sample saliva and transfer it to the sensing zone embedded in the stem of the device. We have embedded electrochemical sensors in the lollipop platform to measure vanillin levels in saliva. Vanillin is the most common food flavoring additive and is added to most desserts such as ice cream, cakes, and cookies. Overconsumption of vanillin can cause side effects such as muscle weakness, and damage to the liver, kidneys, stomach, and lungs. We detected vanillin using direct oxidation at a laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrode. We showed a dynamic range of 2.5 μM to 30 μM, covering the physiologically relevant concentration of vanillin in saliva. The lab-on-a-lollipop platform requires only 200 μL of saliva and less than 2 minutes to fill the channels and complete the measurement. This work introduces the first sensor-embedded lollipop-mimic saliva collection and measurement system.

The Ability of Two Chewing Simulation Devices in Emulating the Clinical Deterioration of Anterior Composite Restorations in Severely Worn Teeth.

This study investigated the ability of two chewing simulation devices to emulate in vitro the clinical deterioration observed in anterior composite restorations in severe tooth-wear patients. Advanced tooth wear was simulated in bovine incisors, which were restored with palatal and buccal direct composite veneer restorations. The incisal edges of restorations were subjected to 960K cycles of either compressive loading (Biocycle-V2; 125 N at 2 Hz) or wear and mechanical loading (Rub and Roll; 30 N at 20 rpm). Surface degradation was rated using FDI scores to compare the chewing devices (Fisher's test, a = 0.05). Topography and deterioration of restorations was analyzed using SEM. The ability to emulate the deterioration was investigated by comparing the surface degradation observed in vitro with the clinical degradation observed in restorations placed in severe tooth-wear patients after 3.5 years. Distinct degradation patterns were observed between the simulation devices: Biocycle-V2 generated deterioration that was not comparable to the clinical situation, including contact damage, minor wear, and localized roughening. The degradation caused by Rub and Roll was more similar to the in vivo situation, including wear facets, chipping, delamination, staining, and marginal ditching. The FDI scores were different between the chewing devices for surface/marginal staining, material/retention, and marginal adaptation (p = 0.003). SEM analysis showed microcracking at the interface between composite layers at the incisal edges. The Rub and Roll chewing device was able to emulate the clinical deterioration observed in anterior restorations in severe tooth-wear patients and thus may be used as an oral-cavity simulation method, contributing to translational research.

P6 - Deterioration of composite restorations in tooth wear patients: translational approach

This study investigated the clinical deterioration of anterior resin composite restorations placed in tooth wear patients after 36 months and later compared the ability of two chewing simulation devices in emulating in vitro the clinical deterioration observed in those restorations. For the clinical observation, 270 anterior maxillary resin composite restorations in 47 patients were evaluated after 36 months of clinical service by using intraoral photographs and 3D scans to rate modified FDI scores and investigate the presence of degradation features. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to analyze the clinical data (p<0.05). For the in vitro approach, tooth wear was simulated in bovine incisors, which were restored with materials and techniques similar to those in the clinical observation. Incisal edges of the restorations were subjected to 960,000 cycles of either compressive loading (Biocycle-V2; 125 N; 2 Hz) or wear and mechanical loading (Rub&Roll; 30 N; 20 rpm). Surface degradation was rated using the modified FDI scores to compare the chewing devices (Fisher’s test, ?=0.05). In the clinical observation, early degradation signs were present at 1 month: irregularities (41.5%) and ditching (7.4%) were observed at the surface and adhesive interfaces. The frequency of irregularities decreased in the 36-month follow up (37%), but ditching (12.2%) and fractures (10.7%) were more common. After 36 months, the most frequent esthetic deterioration was noticeable for staining (44%) and loss of luster (31%). For functional deterioration, in the 3D scans, wear (25%), marginal adaptation (24%), and surface irregularities (19%) were the most frequent forms. The simulation devices produced distinct degradation patterns: Biocycle-V2 generated deterioration not comparable to the clinical situation, including contact damage, minor wear, and localized roughening. The degradation caused by Rub&Roll was more similar to the in vivo situation, including wear facets, chipping, delamination, staining, and marginal ditching. The FDI scores differed between the chewing devices for staining, material/retention, and marginal adaptation (p?0.003). The clinical observation revealed a continuous deterioration process in tooth wear patients with a progression of the deterioration until 36 months. The laboratory simulation of the deterioration showed that the Rub&Roll chewing device could emulate the clinical deterioration observed in anterior restorations in tooth wear patients and could be used as a mouth simulation method, contributing to translational research.

Results determination of need patients to implantology dentistry help in depending of extent’s occlusion defects in different territorial-administrative zone of Tajikistan

Aim. To define the needs of patient in implantology dentistry help in depending of extent defect teeth rows beside populations living in different region of the Republic of Tajikistan.Material and methods. In the article are presents the results determination of needs patients to implantology dentistry help in depending of extent defect teeth rows beside populations living in different region of the Republic of Tajikistan. In examined group entered dentistry patients both sexual difference with defect of the teeth rows which were divided into 3 groups: 1st group formed the 372 patients with small defect of the teeth rows (absence 1–3 teeth); in 2nd group entered 783 examined patients with average extent (absence 4–6 teeth) of the defect of teeth row; 3rd group formed 109 patients with greater defect of the teeth rows (absence more than 6 teeth). For the reason studies of extent defect teeth rows organized clinical and epidemiological examination of the orthopedic status in different territorial-administrative zone.Results. Amongst examined persons in respect of defect of the teeth rows by small extent exists reliable reduction their prevalence on measure of the increase the age, then comparatively occlusion defects with average and big extent noted reliable increase of the factor of prevalence.Conclusions. Got material allow to improve rendering of implant’s prosthesis in depending of extent occlusion defects and hereinafter completely shorten the risk of invalidation chewing device.

The micromechanical behavior of implant-abutment connections under a dynamic load protocol.

The implant-abutment connection (IAC) is known to be a key factor for the long-term stability of peri-implant tissue. The aim of the present in vitro study was to detect and measure the mechanical behavior of different IACs by X-ray imaging. A total of 20 different implant systems with various implant dimensions and IACs (13 conical-, 6 flat-, and 1 gable-like IAC) have been tested using a chewing device simulating dynamic and static loading up to 200 N. Micromovements have been recorded with a high-resolution, high-speed X-ray camera, and gap length and gap width between implant and abutment have been calculated. Furthermore, X-ray video sequences have been recorded to investigate the sealing capacity of different IACs. Out of the 20 implant systems, eight implant systems with a conical IAC showed no measurable gaps under static and dynamic loading (200 N). By contrast, all investigated implant systems with a flat IAC showed measurable gaps under dynamic and static loading. X-ray video sequences revealed that a representative conical IAC had sufficient sealing capacity. Within the limits of the present in vitro study, X-ray imaging showed reduced formation of microgaps and consecutive micromovements in implants with conical IAC compared to flat IACs.

Availability of dentures and the need for orthopedic dental care for residents of the Southern Federal District of the Russian Federation

The dental examination of 3329 (1760 men and 1569 women) adults aged from 18 up to 102 years living in the cities and rural areas of the Southern Federal District of the Russian Federation was carried out. Taking into account age (young, average, elderly, senile, long-livers), a floor and the place of residence indicators of security and needs in the dentoprosthetic help are studied, and also the frequency of occurrence of functional pathology of the chewing apparatus is determined. It is established that with age needs in a denture it isn’t dependent on a floor and the place of residence it is enlarged. Among living in rural areas larger needs in the orthopedic dental help during all age periods became perceptible that it is bound to remoteness of the treatment and prevention facilities giving dentoprosthetic help from places accommodation of residents of the village. Security with dentures was higher at residents of the cities. Duration of use of dentures at residents and the village made from 6 months to 15 years. At the same time, at residents of the cities of full-fledged dentures whom they use, more, than at residents of the village. Inferiority of the replacing dental designs was bound to their functional and esthetic inferiority, and also the increased wear or their defects. Dentures on artificial legs were taped only residents in 2,1–6,5% of cases that demands organizational measures for approach of modern methods of after treatment of the chewing apparatus to inhabitants of rural areas. In all age groups, it isn’t dependent on the place of residence, there was a high frequency of functional pathology of the chewing device.

Genome-wide association study unravels the genetic control of the apple volatilome and its interplay with fruit texture.

Fruit quality represents a fundamental factor guiding consumers' preferences. Among apple quality traits, volatile organic compounds and texture features play a major role. Proton Transfer Reaction-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS), coupled with an artificial chewing device, was used to profile the entire apple volatilome of 162 apple accessions, while the fruit texture was dissected with a TAXT-AED texture analyzer. The array of volatile compounds was classed into seven major groups and used in a genome-wide association analysis carried out with 9142 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Marker-trait associations were identified on seven chromosomes co-locating with important candidate genes for aroma, such as MdAAT1 and MdIGS. The integration of volatilome and fruit texture data conducted with a multiple factor analysis unraveled contrasting behavior, underlying opposite regulation of the two fruit quality aspects. The association analysis using the first two principal components identified two QTLs located on chromosomes 10 and 2, respectively. The distinction of the apple accessions on the basis of the allelic configuration of two functional markers, MdPG1 and MdACO1, shed light on the type of interplay existing between fruit texture and the production of volatile organic compounds.

&lt;i&gt;In Vitro&lt;/i&gt; Chewing Simulation Model Influence on the Adhesive-Tooth Structure Interface

Loss of hard dental tissues of the posterior teeth during caries removal represents an important issue for conservative dentistry. The use of direct dental biomaterials in this case have to satisfy the requirements of the restored area. The studies have shown higher values of chewing forces at the molar teeth level (20-120N) compared to other teeth [1,2]. Thus, for a long-term clinical success the dental biomaterials have to assure a good marginal sealing and a high resistance to thermal and mechanical stresses developed in the lateral zones of the oral cavity [3]. The aim of this study was carried out to assess the effect of an in vitro chewing simulation model on the adhesively-bonded resin composite restorations. Standardized extended proximal cavities were prepared and restored in forty five sound human third molars. Three in vitro aging methods: a chewing simulation model (mechanical cycling and periodontal ligament simulation) (MC+PDL), thermocycling (TC) and distilled water storage (WS), were used to test the marginal sealing behavior of two adhesive techniques (an adhesive-free flowable resin composite and a self-etch all-in-one adhesive system). A weight-controlled dual-axis chewing device (CS-4.2, SD Mechatronik, Germany) was used for mechanical testing (MC) of the samples. Significantly higher marginal leakage values were observed for the chewing simulation model (MC) compared to TC and WS groups (p&lt;0.05). No statistical correlations were found with regard to aging methods for the tracer’s infiltration of the two adhesive techniques. The dual-axis chewing simulator (CS-4.2) due to its facile mechanical adjustment system may be used for different other in vitro aging models or simulated clinical settings.

Two-body wear simulation influence on some direct and indirect dental resin biocomposites - A qualitative analysis.

The aim of this study was to qualitatively assess the outcomes of two in vitro aging methods, thermal-cycling and twobody wear simulation accomplished with a dual-axis chewing device, on the surface characteristics of eight direct and indirect dental resin biocomposites. Eighty mesial-occlusal-distal dental cavities were restored with four direct nanohybrid composite materials and with four nano- and micro-hybrid lab-fabricated resin composite inlays. After the restored teeth were subjected to thermal-cycling and wear simulation based on mechanical loading, the surface texture features of the restorations were separately analysed for each of the methods, on epoxy resin models using a digital camera, computer-aided-design system, optical stereo-microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. All the dental restorative resin based composites used in this investigation displayed different cyclic wear patterns after undergoing mechanical loading. After thermal-cycling, the group of resin composite inlays showed a better adaptation, a smoother and more polished occlusal surface compared with direct restorative materials. Only two of direct nanohybrid resin composites performed better after two aging methods. One nanohybrid and the other two microhybrid resin inlays did not perform as expected when they were subjected to simulated wear compared to the rest of test materials. The use of the two-body wear simulation method revealed important information about the behavior of the dental resin-based composites when multiple oral factors are involved in a lab-simulated condition. Furthermore, the macro- and micro-morphological analysis showed different abrasion patterns among the materials being tested according to the filler percentage and distribution of the particles within the resin matrix.

Chilling-Induced Changes in Aroma Volatile Profiles in Tomato.

Fruit and vegetables are regularly stored by consumers in the refrigerator at temperatures that may be well below the recommended storage temperatures. Apart from causing visible symptoms such as watery, sunken areas on the skin, chilling may also induce changes in fruit textural properties and flavour. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of low temperature storage on tomato flavour and off-flavour production. To more closely mimic the real-consumer aroma perception while eating, in addition to the standard solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SPME/GC-MS) analysis, volatiles were also measured using a chewing device connected to a proton-transfer reaction–mass spectrometer (PTR-MS). Aroma volatiles were assessed in red ripe tomatoes of the cvs Cappricia RZ (round truss) and Amoroso RZ (cocktail truss) stored at refrigerator temperature (4 °C) and at higher temperatures (16 and 22 °C) for 20 days. The changes in aroma production were also monitored when the fruit was brought from room to refrigerator temperature and vice versa. After bringing the fruit from room to refrigerator temperature, the abundance of most volatiles was greatly reduced within 3 to 5 h, closely following the decrease in fruit temperature. When temperature was restored to room temperature following varying times of cold storage, the abundance of most volatiles increased again, but generally not to the original levels. Overall, the effects of low temperature storage on the decrease in volatile abundance were more pronounced in cv Cappricia RZ than in cv Amoroso RZ. On the contrary, the production of off flavours following prolonged cold storage was more pronounced in cv Amoroso RZ than in cv Cappricia RZ. Apart from changes in the overall abundance of the volatiles, marked changes in the volatile profile were observed in fruit stored for longer times in the cold and this may at least in part explain the negative effect of cold storage on overall tomato flavour.

Dynamic volatile organic compound fingerprinting of apple fruit during processing

The aroma profile in apple was investigated during artificial processing operated with a device imitating the human consumption. The system, composed by a “chewing device” coupled with a Proton Transfer Reaction – Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS), allowed an accurate dynamic volatile organic compound (VOC) fingerprinting suitable to study the volatile kinetics of three apple cultivars (‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Fuji’, and ‘Granny Smith’) during shelf-life ripening.The obtained results demonstrate the complementarity between the dynamic VOC assessment during “mastication” and the usual static headspace analysis. The great advantage of such analytical approach was the possibility to study the kinetics of the volatiles released during eating and the possibility to consider their concentration similar to in vivo condition resulting to an improved characterization of the aroma profile. Moreover, differences in textural properties of apple flesh revealed a possible direct role of the cell wall architectural structure in the regulation of VOC release during consumption. This strategy may be ideal for VOC assessment addressed to investigate fruit quality aspects impacting the consumer appreciation.

Aroma volatile release kinetics of tomato genotypes measured by PTR-MS following artificial chewing

The aim of this study was to develop an analytical system to study the tomato aroma profile. An artificial chewing device coupled to a PTR-MS was developed to mimic, as close as possible, the release of volatiles during chewing in the human mouth and the retronasal olfaction perception.VOC profiles of 9 tomato lines, selected based on flavor characteristics by a sensory panel, were acquired by both a PTR-MS system following artificial chewing and by SPME–GC–MS and compared to the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) measured by the trained sensory panel.Based on multivariate statistical analysis, data obtained by the PTR-MS system showed a better correlation to the outcome of the QDA than SPME–GC–MS, especially for the descriptive parameters “tomato fragrance” and “tomato flavor”.The great advantage of such an analytical system was the possibility to study the release kinetics of volatiles during eating and the possibility to consider volatile concentration similar to in vivo condition resulting to an improved characterization of the aroma profile.

Can seeds help mice with the daily grind?

Some laboratory mice gnaw food pellets without ingesting much of the gnawed material, resulting in the production of waste material called 'orts'. The fact that this food grinding behavior is not seen in all individuals of a particular strain suggests that it might be abnormal, and thus indicate a welfare concern. Furthermore, the increased rate of feed consumption and cage soiling is undesirable from a husbandry perspective. To try to determine possible motivations for the behavior, and identify potential treatments, outbred Crl:CD1(Icr) mice exhibiting food grinding were selected for one of three treatments placed in the feeder: no enrichment, a chewing device, or sunflower seeds. Both enrichment groups showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in ort production when compared with baseline measurements, but only mice provided with sunflower seeds maintained the decreased rate of food wastage after the treatment was withdrawn. A relationship between body weight and ort production was also found, in that cages with greater average body weights had lower levels of ort production. This suggests that a simple need to gnaw cannot alone explain food grinding, and that a nutritional motivation may also be involved.

Use of a chewing device to perform a mass balance on chewing gum components

AbstractA mechanical device was fabricated to simulate mastication of chewing gum; this device allowed us to perform a mass balance on the volatiles and non‐volatiles added to chewing gum during simulated mastication. Model volatiles (ethyl butyrate, isoamyl acetate and limonene) released from the gum into the gas phase were quantified using a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR‐MS). The chewing device was equipped to simulate salivation (saliva in) and swallowing (saliva out) using water as simulated saliva. The model compounds released into simulated saliva were extracted and quantified using gas chromatography. Sugar alcohols (sorbitol and xylitol) and glycerin were quantified using HPLC‐MS. High‐potency sweeteners (acesulfame‐K, sucralose, rebaudioside A and sodium saccharin) were quantified using UPLC‐MS. The model volatiles initially added to the chewing gum were distributed in two or three fractions: the masticated gum (43–84%); the simulated saliva (ethyl butyrate and isoamyl acetate were recovered from the water at 9–11% and 14–17%, respectively) and the gas phase (ethyl butyrate and isoamyl acetate were recovered from the gas phase at 7–10% and 29–40%, respectively). Limonene could not be detected in the simulated saliva, and &gt;80% remained in the gum after mastication. Almost all (&gt;90%) of the water‐soluble polyols and high‐potency sweeteners were extracted from the gum into the simulated saliva by mastication. Given the presented validation of the device, we feel the device could be used to evaluate and potentially screen and evaluate ingredients in chewing gum formulations. By using a device to circumvent the variability of human subjects, a more consistent and efficient throughput of samples could be achieved.

A linkage chewing machine for food texture analysis

A chewing machine is required to provide objective measurements of food texture. To do this it must closely simulate human chewing behaviour in terms of kinematics and force application to the food. A linkage chewing machine is developed to reproduce human chewing trajectory in 2D space. This research aims at enhancing this chewing machine so it is suitable for food texture analysis. An ATI force sensor is installed to measure 3D force dynamically. A spring-mass system is developed for feed forward force control. A SimMechanics simulation model including linkage mechanism, velocity control system, spring-mass system and food resistance model is created. The model validates the design of spring-mass system, provides the dynamic force profile on teeth and will benefit the design of feedback force control to implement human occlusal force profiles in the chewing machine. The chewing device will be a useful tool to quantify texture in foods.

Mechanism, design and motion control of a linkage chewing device for food evaluation

Abstract A linkage-based chewing device is proposed to perform standardised chewing for use in food evaluation. The linkage for chewing is firstly specified in terms of the trajectory of the first molar and the chewing force, according to the in vivo measurements of the human chewing ranging from grinding (or lateral chewing) to crunching (or vertical chewing). A four-bar linkage is synthesized to achieve the lateral chewing trajectory of the molar, and by adjusting the ground link length to achieve any trajectory between the lateral and vertical chewing. A six-bar crank-slider linkage is then designed to guide the molar teeth moving in a set orientation while still following the chewing trajectory produced by the four-bar linkage. The chewing device based on the six-bar linkage is constructed with inclusion of anatomically correct teeth for reducing the food particle size, a food retention device for collecting the food particles being chewed and a shock absorber for preventing excessive chewing force. The linkage chewing device is evaluated by simulations of kinematics and dynamics and actual measurements of the trajectory and chewing force. For the motion control of the actuator, the chewing velocity along the trajectory is also profiled for occlusal phase and opening/closing phase of the chewing, and the variations of the chewing for different foods are set in a GUI (graphical user interface) in Labview. The device is finally validated by chewing on a cereal bar and comparing the resulting particle size of the bolus with those by human subjects.

Preparation and evaluation of release characteristics of 3TabGum, a novel chewing device

A new chewing gum device in the form of a three layers tablet ( 3TabGum) has been developed. The new drug delivery system is obtained, at room temperature, by direct compression using conventional pharmaceutical equipment. Basically, the resulting chewing gum tablets comprise a gum core combined with two protective antiadherent external layers, which prevent gum adhesion to the punches of the tableting machine. Drug release from a dosage form is the critical step in drug absorption and bioavailability, thus an experimental protocol has been designed to evaluate the efficiency of this kind of therapeutic system by verifying its capability to release the drug dose and by assessing the delivery rate. Simple diffusion into the medium causes the release of only a small percentage of the drug contained in the medicated chewing gum, while the delivery of the major part of the dose occurs during mastication. The results obtained in this study suggest that water soluble drugs are freely and easily released by chewing gums, while for actives characterized by reduced water solubility the release rate depends on the chewing time although all the drugs tested are completely released after a reasonable mastication time.