Cherry Fruit Fly Research Articles

The Main Pests Are Insects and Diseases of Agricultural Crops in the South of Kyrgyzstan

In the south of Kyrgyzstan, the largest areas are occupied by agrocenosis of vegetable, fruit, industrial, and grain crops. The article presents the main pests and pathogens of agricultural crops in the south of Kyrgyzstan. The purpose of the research is to identify the dominant pests and diseases of agricultural crops and to find effective biological measures to combat them in the conditions of southern Kyrgyzstan. In recent years, outbreaks of mass reproduction of tomato mining moth (Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917)) on tomatoes, cherry slimy sawfly (Caliroa cerasi (Linnaeus, 1758)) and cherry fly (Rhagoletis cerasi (Linnaeus, 1758)) on cherries and cherries, Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineataSay), late blight (Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary) on potatoes, powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum f. cucurbitacearumPot.) on vegetables, corn moth (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner, 1796), bread beetle (Zabrus tenebrioides (Goeze, 1777)) and bug (Eurygaster integriceps Puton, 1881) on cereals, mite (Tetranychus urticae), aphid (Aphidoidea) and cotton scooper (Helicoverpa armigera Hübner) on cotton, phytonomus (Phytonomus variabilis) on perennial grasses, winter scooper (Agrotis segetum (Denis et Schiffermüller) 1775), apple moth (Carpocapsa pomonella (Linnaeus, 1758)), apple moth (Hyponomeuta malinellus (Zeller, 1838)), unpaired silkworm (Lymantria dispar Linnaeus, 1758), curly leaves (Taphrina deformans (Berk.) Tul.), bacterial burn (Erwinia amylovora (Burrill, 1882) Winslow et al., 1920), scab (Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G. Winter) and powdery mildew on fruit crops, epiphytotic rust diseases (Puccinia) of cereals, oatmeal (Avena fatua) and sunflowers (Barbarea vulgaris) on cereals. An overview of drugs used in crop protection systems is also given. Chemical pesticides still remain the main means of protecting agricultural crops from pests and diseases, in the future, the use of the latest technologies in plant protection, the introduction of new biological preparations into plant protection practice should be used.

An Evaluation of Insecticidal Trunk Injections for the Control of the European Cherry Fruit Fly Rhagoletis cerasi L. (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Cherry productivity is challenging in Europe due to the presence of the cherry fruit fly (Rhagoletis cerasi). Trunk injection is an alternative method of insecticide delivery that may improve pesticide performance in controlling pests. In our study, four pesticides (abamectin, acetamiprid, flupyradifurone, and cyantraniliprole) were investigated for trunk injection against R. cerasi. Acetamiprid trunk injection in a minimum dose of 0.56 g/tree was suitable for protection against the pest, the efficacy of the control was over 95%, and the pesticide residue concentrations in the fruits were below the maximum permissible limit in each experiment. The trunk injection and foliar spray of the same dose of acetamiprid were equally effective. In the case of the other three active ingredients (abamectin, flupyradifurone, and cyantraniliprole), the trunk injection method did not prove suitable for practical use due to various reasons, which are detailed in the manuscript.

The Relationship between the Adult Population and Damage Rate of Cherry Fruit Fly, Rhagoletis cerasi L. (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The Relationship between the Adult Population and Damage Rate of Cherry Fruit Fly, Rhagoletis cerasi L. (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Study on the control effect of Empedobacte brevis on cherry fruit fly

Abstract: Fruit fly is a major boring pest of cherry fruits during the color change and maturity period. It causes serious damage and affects the quality and economic benefits of cherry fruits. In order to clarify the control effect of Empedobacter brevis on cherry fruit fly and provide basis for guiding scientific medication use. The test adopts the conventional spray method, and uses 60g•L-1 spinetoram suspension as a control to compare and analyze the control effects of different dosages of Empedobacter brevis suspension on cherry fruit fly. The results show that on the three cherry varieties of Red lantern, Tieton and Napoleon, the control effects of Empedobacter brevis 600 times and 800 times and spinetoram 1000 times are better, and the control efficiency reaches more than 78-80%. There is no significant difference in control effects among the three, and they are safe for cherry trees. In cherry production, Empedobacter brevis can be promoted and applied as an effective biological agent to control fruit flies.

Mortality of Western Cherry Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Immature Stages in Cherries Submerged in Hypoxic Water

Mortality of Western Cherry Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Immature Stages in Cherries Submerged in Hypoxic Water

Adana İli Meyve Bahçelerinde Farklı Rakımlarda Rhagoletis cerasi L., Ceratitis capitata Wied.(Diptera: Tephritidae), Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) ve Zaprionus indianus (Gupta) (Diptera: Drosophilidae)’un Popülasyonlarının İzlenmesi

ABSTRACT
 In recent years, fruit flies (Diptera: Drosophilidae and Tephritidae) have become an increasingly severe problem in fruit production in Turkey. Ceratitis capitata Wied., Rhagoletis cerasi L. (Diptera: Tephritidae), Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) and Zaprionus indianus (Gupta) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) are the leading pests that cause worms in fruits. Using adult trapping, we studied the population dynamics of this four pests at different altitudes fruit orchards of Adana, during 2019 and 2020. R. cerasi adults emerged after the second week of May, and the last adult emergence was seen with the completion of the harvest. Adult population density was found at low levels. D. suzukii adults appeared at 113m (Balcalı) in April, and their emergence times were observed to be a little later as the altitude increased, and it was determined that they continued their existence in nature until the end of December. It has the highest populations in late June - mid-July and late October - November. The time of occurrence of C. capitata and Z. indianus adults in nature in both years was after cherry fruits were harvested. It has been observed that in different orchards, they appear in direct proportion as the altitude increases (from 113 m to 1510 m), the earliest in a low altitude place and the longer their duration in nature.

Diapause of the Western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens (Diptera: Tephritidae): metabolic rate and overwintering adaptations.

The Western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens (Curran), is a Tephritid fly in the Pacific Northwest and is known to infest native bitter cherry, Prunus emarginata (Douglas ex Hooker), which is distributed throughout the Cascade Mountain range. This species occupies temperate to alpine climates and exhibits overwintering adaptations of diapause and supercooling. Isothermal and differential scanning calorimetry were used to determine the effects of diapause chilling duration and post-chilling warm rearing on the metabolic rate and supercooling point of R. indifferens. Previous studies have included the effects of chilling duration on post-diapause development and emergence as well as on the levels of metabolic reserves. Metabolic rate of R. indifferens, was used to calculate the ability of this species to remain in diapause for more than 1 yr as well as predicting the potential effects of climate change on the future abundance and distribution. It was determined that R. indifferens could diapause for more than 1 yr based on the levels of metabolic reserves and metabolic rate.

The efficacy of protection by modern insecticides in the industrial cherry plantations against cherry fruit fly pest

Goal. To investigate an efficacy of the insecticides Aktelik 500 ЕС, (pyrymyphos-methyl 500 g/l), Calipso 480 SС (thiacloprid, 480 g/l), Proclaim 50 SG (emamectyn benzoat, 50 g/ kg), Movento 100 SC (spirotetramate, 100 g/l), Exirel, СЕ (cyantraniliprole, 100 g/l) and bio products Actofit, EC (aversektyn С, 0.2%), bitoxybacilyn — BTU, (insecticide), (Bacillus thuringiensis. endospores, endotoxyn, exotoxyn) and Lepidocyd-BTU, (insecticide), (Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstaki, endospores, endotoxyn) on a reduction of a number and a harmfulness of cherry fruit fly (Rhagoletis cerasi L.) it impact on yields in industrial cherry orchards.
 Methods. A field method, in the industrial orchards in educational production department of university. A type of cherry trees — Regina and Alfa. Planting scheme — 4.0 × 5.0 m. Year of planting — 1996. Crown shape — sparsely (improved) — tiered. Rootstock — antipka. Phases of plant development at application timing — «fruit development, (fruits about 90% of the final size)» (BBCH 81) and («fruits ripening phase») (BBCH 85). Soil — shallow, low — humus dusty — loamy podzolic leached black soils: humus content — 1.3—2.5%; pH 4.8—5.2; mobile compounds Р2О5 — 130—180 mg/kg and К2О — 8.9—9.2 mg/kg (by Chirikov method). The measures for care of the experimental site — loosening a soil in the stem strips during the growing period, an application of organic and mineral fertilizers, a pruning, a splaying of grass between the rows (row spacing), a protection from pests and diseases. The technical effectiveness of applications was determined in different rates against blood-red aphids and their impact on yields in commercial apple orchards. Calculations were made according to generally accepted methods in in horticulture, plant protection and entomology.
 Results. The use of insecticides Aktelik 500 ЕС, Calypso 480 SС), Proclaim 50 SG, Movento 100 SC Exirel, СЕ against cherry fruit fly helped to decrease number of pests on 91.4—98.9% — 93.7—97.6% accordingly. It allowed to obtain a high — grade cherries product with a yield of 1.7—1.9 times and 1.4—2.1 times higher comparing to control. The outcome of non-standard products did not exceed 0.4—0.6% compared to 34.9—44.3% in the control (water treatment). The efficacy of bio products was 32.9—40.4%. It confirms their low efficacy against this pest.
 Conclusions. The use of insecticides Aktelik 500 ЕС, Calypso 480 SС, Proclaim 50 SG, Movento 100 SC, Exirel, СЕ allows to achieve high efficacy of cherry fruit fly control in industrial plantations, to manage it number and population during whole month (the period of larva development). A limitation of pest number in cherry orchard by using the studied treatments provided a yield increase and a marketable quality of the obtained fruit products.

Deep Learning Object Detection for Image Analysis of Cherry Fruit Fly (Rhagoletis cerasi L.) on Yellow Sticky Traps

Insect populations appear with a high spatial, temporal and type-specific diversity in orchards. One of the many monitoring tools for pest management is the manual assessment of sticky traps. However, this type of assessment is laborious and time-consuming so that only a few locations can be controlled in an orchard. The aim of this study is to test state-of-the art object detection algorithms from deep learning to automatically detect cherry fruit flies (Rhagoletis cerasi), a common insect pest in cherry plantations, within images from yellow sticky traps. An image annotation database was built with images taken from yellow sticky traps with more than 1600 annotated cherry fruit flies. For better handling in the computational algorithms, the images were augmented to smaller ones by the known image preparation methods “flipping” and “cropping” before performing the deep learning. Five deep learning image recognition models were tested including Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (R-CNN) with two different methods of pretraining, Single Shot Detector (SSD), RetinaNet, and You Only Look Once version 5 (YOLOv5). R‑CNN and RetinaNet models outperformed other ones with a detection average precision of 0.9. The results indicate that deep learning can act as an integral component of an automated system for high-throughput assessment of pest insects in orchards. Therefore, this can reduce the time for repetitive and laborious trap assessment but also increase the observed amount of sticky traps

Fitness cost of Rhagoletis cerasi (Diptera: Tephritidae) adults emerged from pupae with different dormancy regimes: the case of prolonged chilling.

The European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a univoltine species that overwinters at pupal stage. Under optimum overwintering conditions pupae will develop into adults the next spring. Shorter or longer than optimum chilling periods induce prolonged pupae dormancy. Pupae that enter prolonged dormancy due to a short chilling period exhibit high emergence rates after a second cycle of cold/warm periods. Adults found to be larger and less fecund compared to their counterparts from pupae with annual diapause. On the other hand, extreme long chilling periods at pupal stage results in high mortality rates. However, for one Greek population, a substantial number of adults emerged following prolonged chilling of pupae (ca. 18 consecutive months). In this study, we used three R. cerasi populations in order to address possible geographical variation in fitness cost of adults from pupae with prolonged dormancy. In addition, the fitness traits of these adults emerging after prolonged pupae chilling were compared with that of their counterparts from pupae with annual diapause or prolonged dormancy. Our results reveal no population-specific variation in fitness cost of adults from pupae with prolonged dormancy. Within a population, lifetime fecundity did not differ between adults emerged from pupae with prolonged dormancy and those emerged after prolonged pupae chilling. Adults emerged from pupae exposed to prolonged chilling suffer an additional reduction in adult longevity compared to adults from pupae with prolonged dormancy. Hence, fitness of R. cerasi adults is regulated by diapause regimes of pupae.

Evaluation of Mass Trapping Devices for the Control of the European Cherry Fruit Fly [Rhagoletis cerasi (L.)

Rhagoletis cerasi (L.) is the most damaging pest of cherries in Europe and Western Asia and it has been recently introduced in North America. Females sting the ripening cherries and tolerance of damaged fruit is very low (<2%). The management of this pest is mainly based on insecticide applications near harvest. Only a few insecticides are authorized for this use in Europe, and repeated use of them likely entails environmental risks, resistance to insecticides and residues in the fruit. Therefore, alternative tools are needed. Trap-attractant combinations were compared on searching an efficient and economical device for a viable mass trapping method against R. cerasi on a large-scale use. A folded yellow sticky trap with a homemade ammonium acetate dispenser was the most efficient and also the cheapest one. The efficacy of mass trapping using this device was evaluated in farm-scale trials. With low pest pressure, mass trapping was sufficient to obtain commercially acceptable fruit. With high pest pressure, mass trapping reduced the number of insecticide (spinosad) applications while keeping damage below the economic threshold. Therefore, mass trapping can be a useful tool for managing R. cerasi and reducing insecticide application.

Metabolic reserves of diapausing western cherry fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) pupae in relation to chill duration and post-chill rearing conditions.

How different macronutrients are utilized at various stages of pupal diapause and the effects of winter length on nutrient reserves remain poorly studied for most insects. Western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a specialist on cherries in higher latitudes or elevations in western North America that exhibits a obligate pupal diapause requiring chilling before adult development can occur. We determined the relationship between metabolic reserves and diapause status in R. indifferens pupae, testing the hypotheses that lipids are the primary reserves utilized during diapause and that long periods of warmth deplete these reserves more than periods of cold. Effects of 0- to 20-week durations at 3°C and subsequent exposure to 23°C and 16:8 L:D (warm rearing conditions) for 0 to 7 weeks on lipid, protein, soluble carbohydrates, and glycogen reserves of R. indifferens pupae were determined. During diapause, lipid reserves were the primary source of energy utilized by R. indifferens, while protein and soluble carbohydrates levels were stable throughout diapause and thus less utilized. At post-diapause, glycogen levels fluctuated the most, indicating that lipid reserves were utilized to produce glycogen to support metabolism for adult fly development. Unchilled pupae did not deplete lipid reserves, unlike chilled pupae, likely because unchilled pupae remained in diapause. Rhagoletis indifferens may have evolved a nutrient utilization strategy typical of rigid diapausing insects in higher latitude environments.

Evaluation of Organic, Food-Grade Hydrophobic Coatings for Suppressing Oviposition and Increasing Mortality of Western Cherry Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Newer organic options for protecting fruit from tephritid fruit fly attack are needed to reduce extensive insecticide use. Here, we evaluated organic, food-grade hydrophobic coatings that help protect sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) from water-induced cracking for suppressing attack on cherries by western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephtitidae), as well as for their effects on fly mortality. Three formulations of coatings called HydroShield 13.20, 13.22, and 13.28 that form invisible elastic barriers on cherries and that consist of complex carbohydrates, fatty acids and occlusive agents, solvents, emulsifiers, emollients, surfactants, and other ingredients were tested. In the laboratory, fly visits on and oviposition in HydroShield-coated cherries were 66.1-92.8% and 59.1-99.5% lower, respectively, than in controls. The mean number of dead female flies exposed to HydroShield-coated cherries was 69.4-94.6% greater than of females exposed to control cherries. In the field, three sprays of HydroShield 13.22 and 13.20 on sweet cherry trees in 2020, when fly densities were high, reduced larval infestations in cherries by 32.1% and 31.8%, respectively. In the field in 2021, when fly densities were lower, three sprays of HydroShield 13.22 and 13.28 reduced infestations in cherries by 90.5% and 86.8%, respectively, but sprays also reduced cherry size and toughened cherries. HydroShield formulations show promise in protecting sweet cherry from attack by R. indifferens, but further testing is needed to improve formulations so that they suppress fly oviposition without affecting cherry quality.

Electroantennographic and Behavioural Responses of European Cherry Fruit Fly, Rhagoletis cerasi, to the Volatile Organic Compounds from Sour Cherry, Prunus cerasus, Fruit.

Simple SummaryThe larvae of European cherry fruit flies are developing in sweet and sour cherry fruit. Non-insecticidal methods to control this pest are needed since most of the conventional insecticides used have been banned in Europe. Mass trapping is one of the environmentally friendly methods, however, it requires highly effective pest attractants. Three volatile compounds were identified as attractive to females of this species.European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (Diptera: Tephritidae), is the most important pest of sweet and sour cherry fruit. This fly is difficult to control by insecticide application since most of the conventional insecticides used have been banned in Europe. Traps are used for both the pest’s mass trapping and the detection of the beginning of the flight period. Data on flies’ reactions to host-plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be used to search for new attractants. VOCs were collected from the headspace of sour cherry, P. cerasus, fruit. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) resulted in the identification of 51 compounds. Terpenes and esters predominated in two aspects: in the highest diversity of the compounds, and the amount of the total VOC emissions (62.3%). Among the single VOCs, ethyl octanoate prevails, followed by (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene. GC–electroantennographic detection (GC–EAD) revealed 14 EAG-active compounds and those were identified. In Y-tube olfactometer tests, EAG-active compounds ((E)-β-ocimene, linalool, and (Z)-3-hexenyl 3-methylbutanoate) attracted R. cerasi females in a similar way to the odour of sour cherry fruit.

Volatiles Produced by Yeasts Related to Prunus avium and P. cerasus Fruits and Their Potentials to Modulate the Behaviour of the Pest Rhagoletis cerasi Fruit Flies.

Yeast produced semiochemicals are increasingly used in pest management programs, however, little is known on which yeasts populate cherry fruits and no information is available on the volatiles that modify the behaviour of cherry pests including Rhagoletis cerasi flies. Eighty-two compounds were extracted from the headspaces of eleven yeast species associated with sweet and sour cherry fruits by solid phase micro extraction. Esters and alcohols were the most abundant volatiles released by yeasts. The multidimensional scaling analysis revealed that the odour blends emitted by yeasts were species-specific. Pichia kudriavzevii and Hanseniaspora uvarum yeasts released the most similar volatile blends while P. kluyveri and Cryptococcus wieringae yeasts produced the most different blends. Combined gas chromatographic and electroantennographic detection methods showed that 3-methybutyl acetate, 3-methylbutyl propionate, 2-methyl-1-butanol, and 3-methyl-1-butanol elicited antennal responses of both R. cerasi fruit fly sexes. The two-choice olfactometric tests revealed that R. cerasi flies preferred 3-methylbutyl propionate and 3-methyl-1-butanol but avoided 3-methybutyl acetate. Yeast-produced behaviourally active compounds indicated a potential for use in pest monitoring and control of R. cerasi fruit flies, an economically important pest of cherry fruits.

Investigation of Distribution, Population Development, Flight Period, Infestation and Damage Rate of Cherry Fruit Fly, Rhagoletis cerasi L. (Diptera: Tephritidae), Associated with Cherry and Sour Cherry Orchards

Investigation of Distribution, Population Development, Flight Period, Infestation and Damage Rate of Cherry Fruit Fly, Rhagoletis cerasi L. (Diptera: Tephritidae), Associated with Cherry and Sour Cherry Orchards

Rhagoletis indifferens (western cherry fruit fly)

Rhagoletis indifferens (western cherry fruit fly)

Rhagoletis indifferens (western cherry fruit fly)

This datasheet on Rhagoletis indifferens covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Prevention/Control, Further Information.

First report of the American eastern cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis cingulata (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Lithuania

First report of the American eastern cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis cingulata (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Lithuania

Genome analyses of four Wolbachia strains and associated mitochondria of Rhagoletis cerasi expose cumulative modularity of cytoplasmic incompatibility factors and cytoplasmic hitchhiking across host populations

BackgroundThe endosymbiont Wolbachia can manipulate arthropod reproduction and invade host populations by inducing cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). Some host species are coinfected with multiple Wolbachia strains which may have sequentially invaded host populations by expressing different types of modular CI factor (cif) genes. The tephritid fruit fly Rhagoletis cerasi is a model for CI and Wolbachia population dynamics. It is associated with at least four Wolbachia strains in various combinations, with demonstrated (wCer2, wCer4), predicted (wCer1) or unknown (wCer5) CI phenotypes.ResultsWe sequenced and assembled the draft genomes of the Wolbachia strains wCer1, wCer4 and wCer5, and compared these with the previously sequenced genome of wCer2 which currently invades R. cerasi populations. We found complete cif gene pairs in all strains: four pairs in wCer2 (three Type I; one Type V), two pairs in wCer1 (both Type I) and wCer4 (one Type I; one Type V), and one pair in wCer5 (Type IV). Wolbachia genome variant analyses across geographically and genetically distant host populations revealed the largest diversity of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in wCer5, followed by wCer1 and then wCer2, indicative of their different lengths of host associations. Furthermore, mitogenome analyses of the Wolbachia genome-sequenced individuals in combination with SNP data from six European countries revealed polymorphic mitogenome sites that displayed reduced diversity in individuals infected with wCer2 compared to those without.ConclusionsCoinfections with Wolbachia are common in arthropods and affect options for Wolbachia-based management strategies of pest and vector species already infected by Wolbachia. Our analyses of Wolbachia genomes of a host naturally coinfected by several strains unravelled signatures of the evolutionary dynamics in both Wolbachia and host mitochondrial genomes as a consequence of repeated invasions. Invasion of already infected populations by new Wolbachia strains requires new sets of functionally different cif genes and thereby may select for a cumulative modularity of cif gene diversity in invading strains. Furthermore, we demonstrated at the mitogenomic scale that repeated CI-driven Wolbachia invasions of hosts result in reduced mitochondrial diversity and hitchhiking effects. Already resident Wolbachia strains may experience similar cytoplasmic hitchhiking effects caused by the invading Wolbachia strain.