Cherenkov Light Lateral Distribution Function Research Articles

Simulation of Lateral Distribution Function of Cherenkov Light in Extensive Air Showers for Yakutsk Array

The simulation of Cherenkov light Lateral distribution function (LDF) for primary particles like primary protons, Iron nuclei, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Calcium, Neutron and Argon have been performed with CORSIKA code for conditions and configuration of Yakutsk array in the energy range 1014-1016 eV for four zenith angles 0o, 5o, 10o and 15o. The results of this simulation are compared with the measurements of Yakutsk array for the same particles and energyrange

Parametric analysis of the Lateral Distribution Function of Cherenkov light for Yakutsk EAS Array in the Energy Range 1–20 PeV

In this research, the simulation of lateral distribution function (LDF) of Cherenkov radiation was performed using CORSIKA software for two hadronic models QGSJET and GHEISHA. This simulation was performed for several elementary particles such as protons, iron nuclei, electrons and gamma quanta, in the range of energies 1-20 PeV for three zenith angles 0°, 20° and 30°. A parameterization of Cherenkov light LDF was performed for that simulated curves using Lorentzian function. The comparison between the obtained results for LDF of Cherenkov light with that measured with Yakutsk EAS array gave a good agreement within the distances of 100-1000 m from the shower axis.

Spatial and temporal structure of EAS reflected Cherenkov light signal

A compact device lifted over the ground surface might be used to observe optical radiation of extensive air showers (EAS). Here we consider spatial and temporal characteristics of Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation (“Cherenkov light”) reflected from the snow surface of Lake Baikal, as registered by the SPHERE-2 detector. We perform detailed full direct Monte Carlo simulations of EAS development and present a dedicated highly modular code intended for detector response simulations. Detector response properties are illustrated by example of several model EAS events. The instrumental acceptance of the SPHERE-2 detector was calculated for a range of observation conditions. We introduce the concept of “composite model quantities”, calculated for detector responses averaged over photoelectron count fluctuations, but retaining EAS development fluctuations. The distortions of EAS Cherenkov light lateral distribution function (LDF) introduced by the SPHERE-2 telescope are understood by comparing composite model LDF with the corresponding function as would be recorded by an ideal detector situated at the ground surface. We show that the uncertainty of snow optical properties does not change our conclusions, and, moreover, that the expected performance of the SPHERE experiment in the task of cosmic ray mass composition study in the energy region ∼ 10 PeV is comparable with other contemporary experiments. Finally, we compare the reflected Cherenkov light method with other experimental techniques and briefly discuss its prospects.

Approximating the Lateral Distribution Function of Cherenkov Radiation as a Function of the Particle Type for Tunka-133 Array

The main interest of the present work is in analyzing the lateral distribution function (LDF) of Cherenkov radiation from particles that produced in Extensive Air Showers (EAS). The simulation of Cherenkov radiation LDF is fulfilled by utilizing the CORSIKA program at 1 PeV of the primary energy around the knee region for many primaries for vertical showers for Tunka-133 array conditions. Depending on the numerical simulation results of Cherenkov light LDF, sets of parameterized polynomial functions are resetted for several particles as a function of primary particle type. The comparison between the approximated LDF of Cherenkov radiation with the LDF which has been simulated using CORSIKA program for Tunka-133 array is verified for several primary particles for vertical EAS cascade.

Parametric analysis of Cherenkov light LDF from EAS in the range 30–3000 TeV for primary gamma rays and nuclei

A simple 'knee-like' approximation of the Lateral Distribution Function (LDF) of Cherenkov light emitted by EAS (extensive air showers) in the atmosphere is proposed for solving various tasks of data analysis in HiSCORE and other wide angle ground-based experiments designed to detect gamma rays and cosmic rays with the energy above tens of TeV. Simulation-based parametric analysis of individual LDF curves revealed that on the radial distance 20-500 m the 5-parameter 'knee-like' approximation fits individual LDFs as well as the mean LDF with a very good accuracy. In this paper we demonstrate the efficiency and flexibility of the 'knee-like' LDF approximation for various primary particles and shower parameters and the advantages of its application to suppressing proton background and selecting primary gamma rays.

Demonstrating of Cosmic Ray Characteristics by Estimating the Cherenkov Light Lateral Distribution Function for Yakutsk Array as a Function of the Zenith Angle

Cherenkov light lateral distribution function (CLLDF) in Extensive Air Showers (EAS) for different primary particles (e-, n , p, F, K and Fe) was simulated using CORSIKA code for conditions and configurations of Yakutsk EAS array with the fixed primary energy 3 PeV around the knee region at different zenith angles. Basing on the results of CLLDF numerical simulation, sets of approximated functions are reconstructed for different primary particles as a function of the zenith angle. A comparison of the parametrized CLLDF with that simulated with Yakutsk EAS array is verified.The parameterized CLLDF also is compared with that measured on the Yakutsk EAS array.

Demonstrating of Cosmic Ray Characteristics by Estimating the Cherenkov Light Lateral Distribution Function for Yakutsk Array as a Function of the Zenith Angle

Cherenkov light lateral distribution function (CLLDF) in Extensive Air Showers (EAS) for different primary particles (e-, n , p, F, K and Fe) was simulated using CORSIKA code for conditions and configurations of Yakutsk EAS array with the fixed primary energy 3 PeV around the knee region at different zenith angles. Basing on the results of CLLDF numerical simulation, sets of approximated functions are reconstructed for different primary particles as a function of the zenith angle. A comparison of the parametrized CLLDF with that simulated with Yakutsk EAS array is verified.The parameterized CLLDF also is compared with that measured on the Yakutsk EAS array.

Parameterization of Cherenkov Light Lateral Distribution Function as a Function of the Zenith Angle around the Knee Region

Cherenkov light lateral distribution function (CLLDF) simulation was fullfiled using CORSIKA code for configurations of Tunka EAS array for different zenith angles. The parameterization of the CLLDF was carried out as a function of the destance from tehe shower core in extensive air showers (EAS) and zenith angle on the basis of the CORSIKA simulation for primary proton around the knee region with the energy 3.1015 eV at different zenith angles. The parametrized CLLDF is verified in comparison with the simulation that performed using CORSIKA code for two zenith angles.

Parameterization of Cherenkov Light Lateral Distribution Function as a Function of the Zenith Angle around the Knee Region

Cherenkov light lateral distribution function (CLLDF) simulation was fullfiled using CORSIKA code for configurations of Tunka EAS array for different zenith angles. The parameterization of the CLLDF was carried out as a function of the destance from tehe shower core in extensive air showers (EAS) and zenith angle on the basis of the CORSIKA simulation for primary proton around the knee region with the energy 3.1015 eV at different zenith angles. The parametrized CLLDF is verified in comparison with the simulation that performed using CORSIKA code for two zenith angles.

Investigating the Cherenkov light lateral distribution function for primary proton and iron nuclei in extensive air showers

The lateral distribution function (LDF) of Cherenkov radiation in extensive air showers (EAS) was simulated by CORSIKA program for the conditions of Yakutsk Cherenkov array at the high energy range (1013–1016) eV for two primary particles (p and Fe) for different zenith angles. By depending on Breit-Wigner function for analyzing of Cherenkov light LDF, a parameterization of Cherenkov light LDF was reconstructed by depending on CORSIKA simulation as a function of primary energy. The comparison between the estimated Cherenkov light LDF with the LDF that measured on the Yakutsk EAS array gives the ability of particle identification that initiated the shower and determination of particle’s energy around the knee region. The extrapolation of approximated Cherenkov light LDF for energies 20 and 30 PeV was obtained for primary particles (p and Fe).

Estimating of Cherenkov Radiation in Extensive Air Showers Using CORSIKA Code for Tunka133 EAS Cherenkov Array

The simulation of Cherenkov light Lateral distribution function (LDF) in Extensive Air Showers (EAS) initiated primary particles such as primary calcium, argon, proton iron nuclei, neutron and nitrogen have been performed using CORSIKA program for conditions and configurations of Tunka133 EAS Cherenkov array. The simulation was fulfilled at the high energy range 1014-1016eV for four different zenith angles 0o, 10o, 15oand 30o. The results of the simulated Cherenkov light LDF are compared with the measurements of Tunka133 EAS array for the same particles and energy range mentioned above. This comparison may give the good ability to reconstruct the energy spectrum and mass composition of the primary cosmic ray particles in EAS. The main feature of the given approach consists of the possibility to make a library of Cherenkov light LDF samples which could be utilized for analysis of real events which can be detected with different EAS arrays and reconstruction of the primary cosmic rays energy spectrum and mass composition of EAS particles.

Study of Cherenkov light lateral distribution function around the knee region in extensive air showers

The Cherenkov light lateral distribution function (LDF) was simulated with the CORSIKAcode in the energy range (1013 - 1016) eV. This simulation was performed for conditions and configurations of the Tunka EAS Cherenkov array for the two primary particles (p and Fe). Basing on the simulated results, many approximated functions are structured for two primary particles and different zenith angles. This allowed us to reconstruct the EAS events, which is, to determine the type and energy of the primary particles that produced showers from signal amplitudes of Cherenkov radiation measured by the Tunka Cherenkov array experiment. Comparison of the calculated LDF of Cherenkov radiation with that measured at the Tunka EAS array shows the ability to identify the primary particle that initiated the EAS cascades by determining its primary energy around the knee region of the cosmic ray spectrum.

Extension of Cherenkov Light LDF Parametrization for Tunka and Yakutsk EAS Arrays

The Cherenkov light Lateral Distribution Function (LDF) from particles initiated Extensive Air Showers (EAS) with ultrahigh energies (E > 1016 eV) was simulated using CORSIKA program for configuration of Tunka and Yakutsk EAS arrays for different primary particles (p, Fe and O2) and different zenith angles. By depending on the Breit–Wigner function, a parametrization of the Cherenkov light LDF was reconstructed on the basis of this simulation as a function of the primary energy. The comparison of the approximated Cherenkov light LDF with that measured on Tunka and Yakutsk EAS arrays gives the possibility of identification of energy spectrum and mass composition of particles initiating EAS about the knee region of the cosmic ray spectrum. The extrapolation of approximated Cherenkov light LDF for energies 20, 30 and 50 PeV was obtained for different primary particles and different zenith angles.

Extension of Cherenkov Light LDF Approximation for Yakutsk EAS Array

The simulation of the Cherenkov light lateral distribution function (LDF) in extensive air showers (EAS) was performed using CORSIKA code for configuration of Yakutsk EAS array at high energy range for different primary particles (p, Fe, and O2) and different zenith angles. Depending on Breit-Wigner function a parameterization of Cherenkov light LDF was reconstructed on the basis of this simulation as a function of primary energy. A comparison of the calculated Cherenkov light LDF with that measured on the Yakutsk EAS array gives the possibility of identification of the particle initiating the shower and determination of its energy in the knee region of the cosmic ray spectrum. The extrapolation of approximated Cherenkov light LDF for high energies was obtained for primary proton and iron nuclei.

PRIMARY ENERGY SPECTRUM AND MASS COMPOSITION DETERMINED WITH THE TUNKA EAS CHERENKOV ARRAY

New results of 300 hours of operation of the TUNKA array are presented. An improved parametrization of the Cherenkov light lateral distribution function (LDF), based on CORSIKA Monte Carlo simulations and the experiment QUEST, has been used for the reconstruction of EAS parameters. The corrected energy spectrum in the knee region is obtained. The mean depth of the EAS maximum has been derived both from the analysis of LDF steepness and the FWHM of Cherenkov light pulse. The mean mass composition around the knee is estimated.