Chen Internet Addiction Scale Research Articles

ASSESSMENT OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE LEVELS OF SITUATIONAL AND PERSONAL ANXIETY WITH PROBLEMATIC INTERNET USE IN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

Problematic Internet use characterized by loss of control. Over time spent on the internet obsessive, craving for various types of Internet activities, which often becomes a catalyst for the formation of a wide range of psychosocial and psychosomatic problems. Among them anxiety disorders occupy a special place. Anxiety affects all areas of a teenager's life, noticeably worsening his well-being relationships in family and society and reducing school performance. Purpose. To assess the relationship between the levels of situational and personal anxiety with problematic Internet use in high school students. Materials and methods. 165 students of both sexes of the senior classes of secondary school No. 84 in Krasnoyarsk took part in the study. The assessment of the level of Internet addiction was carried out using the "Chen Internet Addiction Scale" adapted by V.L. Malygin and K.A. Feklisov. The severity of personal and situational anxiety was carried out using the scale "State-Trait Anxiety Inventory" by C.D. Spielberger modified, by Y.L. Khanin. Results. The frequency of problematic Internet use in the general group was 10,3%. High levels of situational and personal anxiety were observed in 2,4% and 49,7% of the surveyed. At the same time girls with high levels of situational and personal anxiety were more common compared to boys. In most cases among high school students with an increase in the severity of the pattern of Internet addictive behavior, the number of people with low levels of both situational and personal anxiety decreased, while the number of respondents with a high level increased. Conclusion. The interrelationships of problematic Internet use with indicators of situational and personal anxiety among high school students are revealed.

Психофизиологические особенности студентов с разным уровнем риска интернет-зависимого поведения

Internet addiction is a behavioral problem that is rapidly growing increasingly widespread, especially among higher education students. This study aimed to profile psychophysiological characteristics of students at different levels of risk of developing behavior-modifying internet addiction. We invited 261 students and established their levels of internet addiction using the Chen Internet Addiction Scale, then formed two groups: group 1 — students showing no signs of internet addiction; group 2 — students prone to internet addiction. Students' mental and social health and quality of life were assessed. Compared to the participants from group 1, group 2 students were found to exhibit 1.7 times more intense compulsive symptoms, 1.5-fold stronger withdrawal and tolerance symptoms, and had intrapersonal/health issues and time management problems that were 1.3 and 1.4-fold more grave, respectively; all these factors contributed to their predisposition to internet addiction. The risk of internet addiction in group 2 externalized as greater irritability (1.5-fold higher than in group 1), resentment (1.4-fold higher), feelings of guilt and hostility (1.3-fold more intense), verbal aggression (1.2-fold), stress (1.3-fold), anxiety and negative emotional experiences (1.2-fold), and 1.2 times lower quality of life in terms of its psychological component. The resulting data suggest the need for prevention measures designed to reduce the risk of internet addiction through management of negative emotional states in students with the help of socio-psychological inventory.

Validation of the Russian version of the Social Media Disorder Scale (SMDS) questionnaire in adolescents

Introduction. An urgent medical and social problem at present is the need to develop nationally adapted versions of the questionnaire for assessing dependence on social networks, which is due to the avalanche-like increase in the prevalence of this phenomenon, especially among adolescents and youth, and often associated with disorders of the neuropsychic and somatic spectrum.Aim. Validation of the English-language Social Media Disorder scale (SMDS) questionnaire based on 9 criteria, including psychopathological aspects of engagement with social networking sites.Materials and methods. After the procedures of direct and reverse translation of the questionnaire, the psychometric validation of the test was carried out on a Russian-speaking sample of 3074 adolescents aged 11–19 years (46.1% of boys and 53.9% of girls, median age 14 (13–16) years) – students of 10 educational institutions in Krasnoyarsk. The external validity of the SMDS- RU questionnaire was assessed using the following methods: Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS) – to assess the presence of Internet addicted behavior; the Strengths and Challenges Questionnaire (SDQ) – to analyze the mental health of the subjects.Results. Expiratory and confirmatory factor analyzes demonstrated good agreement between the test components. The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed its single-factor structure (CFI = 0.9, TLI = 0.9, RMSEA = 0.06), an acceptable Cronbach’s Alpha value (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.7) indicates its sufficient internal consistency and reliability. The external validity of the SMDS-RU questionnaire was confirmed by established associations with the results of the Chen Internet Addiction Test (CIAS) and the Strengths and Challenges Questionnaire (SDQ) by R. Goodman. Test-retest reliability when measured at 6-month intervals also demonstrated acceptable results: the Spearman correlation coefficient between the sums of scores of two measurements was 0.66, p < 0.001.Conclusion. The Russian-language version of the Social Network Addiction Questionnaire (SMDS-RU) developed for teenagers has sufficient information content, reliability, internal and external validity and can be actively used in the Russian adolescent population.

Character Strengths of East Asia Adolescents and Their Relationships with Internet Addiction

With the advancement of technology, the use of the internet has become increasingly indispensable in daily life, leading to a growing concern over internet addiction among adolescents. This study aims to explore the relationship between character strengths and internet addiction in adolescents. A questionnaire survey was conducted with a sample of 310 Taiwanese high school students. The research instruments used were the “New Inventory of Adolescents’ Strengths”(NIAS) and the “chen internet addiction scale short version”(CIAS-10). Data analysis was performed using Pearson’s product–moment correlation, t-tests, and ANOVA. The results of the study revealed the following: (1) Adolescents scored highest in character strengths related to “Gratitude,” “Emotion Self-awareness,” and “Love,” while approximately 20.0% of students showed a tendency toward internet addiction; (2) Female participants demonstrated higher strengths in the dimensions of “Empathy,” “Gratitude,” “PersonMaking,” and “Love,” but no significant gender differences were found regarding internet addiction; (3) “Self-esteem,” “Emotion Self-awareness,” “Perseverance,” and “Self-control” exhibited a strong negative correlation with internet addiction. These findings provide a foundational basis for further research into the relationship between character strengths and internet addiction among adolescents. Strengthening specific character strengths may potentially contribute to reducing levels of internet addiction.
 Keywords: adolescents, character strength, internet addiction

Adverse childhood experience and young adult's problematic Internet use: The role of hostility and loneliness

BackgroundFew studies have explored the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and problematic Internet use (PIU) during young adulthood. Moreover, even fewer studies have explored the roles of loneliness (social and emotional) and hostility in this relationship. MethodsThis study used data from the Taiwan Youth Project (2011–2017). The analytical sample included 1885 participants (mean age = 31.3 years). PIU was measured using the short form of Chen's Internet Addiction Scale (2017). ACEs were assessed at the baseline of the adolescent phase (mean age = 14.3 years); this indicator has undergone recent revision. Hostility (three items from the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised) and loneliness (six items from the De Jong Gierveld scale) were measured in 2011 and 2014, respectively. ResultsACEs were associated with hostility and loneliness (emotional and social). Additionally, hostility (β = 0.62, p < .01) and emotional loneliness (β = 0.44, p < .01) were significantly associated with PIU. Most mediating paths (e.g., ACE → hostility → PIU) were significant, based on the bootstrapping results. ConclusionsThis study suggests that ACEs have a long-term shadow effect on PIU in young adults. ACEs show an indirect association with PIU through both hostility and loneliness, as well as involving the relationship between them.

Heart Rate Variability during Online Video Game Playing in Habitual Gamers: Effects of Internet Addiction Scale, Ranking Score and Gaming Performance.

Previous studies have demonstrated that individuals with internet gaming disorder (IGD) display abnormal autonomic activities at rest and during gameplay. Here, we examined whether and how in-game autonomic activity is modulated by human characteristics and behavioral performance of the player. We measured heart rate variability (HRV) in 42 male university student habitual gamers (HGs) when they played a round of League of Legends game online. Short-term HRV indices measured in early, middle and late phases of the game were compared between the players at high risk of developing IGD and those at low risk, as assessed by the revised Chen Internet addiction scale (CIAS-R). Multiple linear regression (MLR) was used to identify significant predictors of HRV measured over the whole gameplay period (WG), among CIAS-R, ranking score, hours of weekly playing and selected in-game performance parameters. The high-risk players showed a significantly higher low-frequency power/high-frequency power ratio (LF/HF) relative to the low-risk players, regardless of game phase. MLR analysis revealed that LF/HF measured in WG was predicted by, and only by, CIAS-R. The HRV indicators of sympathetic activity were found to be predicted only by the number of slain in WG (NSlain), and the indicators of parasympathetic activity were predicted by both CIAS-R and NSlain. Collectively, the results demonstrated that risk of developing IGD is associated with dysregulated autonomic balance during gameplay, and in-game autonomic activities are modulated by complex interactions among personal attributes and in-game behavioral performance of the player, as well as situational factors embedded in game mechanics.

INTERNET DEPENDENCE: RISK FACTORS AND INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ADOLESCENTS

Purpose: a review of domestic and foreign studies in the field of the formation of Internet addiction in adolescents.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The article presents a review of the literature and analyzes scientific research on the prevalence of Internet addiction, the formation of Internet addiction and the individual psychological characteristics of adolescents according to researchers from various countries. The authors of the article conducted a scientific search using the relevant keywords in PubMed and Google Scholar search engines, in databases for searching scientific information: RFBR Library, PsyJournals, PsyArxiv, Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Global Health, CyberLeninka, RSCI (eLIBRARY.RU) and others.&#x0D; Results. To study the presence of Internet addiction and its types, surveys are used in research ("Chen Internet Addiction Scale" (CIAS), "Game Addiction Scale for Adolescents" (GASA) and "The Social Media Disorder Scale" (SMDS), Russian-language versions of questionnaires), psychological testing and psychological observation. Significant risk factors for Internet addiction in adolescents are: high excitability (irritability, nervousness); decrease in self-control (decrease in the manifestation of one's own emotions and motivations for activity); emotional instability (mood swings, impulsiveness, inconsistency of actions); anxiety-depressive conditions; tendency to introversion according to a complex of personality traits; insufficient development of emotional (social) intelligence (perception, use, understanding and management of emotions), difficulties in the educational process.&#x0D; Conclusion. Early warning of the development of Internet addiction should be carried out in educational institutions. Personalized prevention of Internet addiction in the adolescent age group is the most effective and can significantly reduce the incidence. A qualified psychologist can identify a tendency to addictive behavior in adolescents. Educate children and adolescents in the reasonable use of technology. More research is needed in adolescents to better identify commonalities and different types of Internet content addiction.

Психометрическая проверка уточненной версии опросника «Невоплощенность в Интернете»

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The alienation of the individual's own physical body, which until recently was associated mainly with the sphere of psychiatry, is strongly associated by modern researchers with the practice of using the Internet. The lack of scientific psychological grounds for studying the technological disembodiment of a user causes a deficiency of tools designed to diagnose the corresponding phenomenology. The article presents a revised version of the questionnaire "Unembodiment on the Internet" (2021), the construct of which goes back to the clinical concept of unembodiment, which belongs to the famous British existential psychologist R. Laing. The item base of the methodology has been changed and expanded in order to be more relevant to the subject of study. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire was tested during a psychodiagnostic examination. It involved 200 Internet users (women and men equally). The mean age of the respondents was 20.72 years (SD=5.99). The scale of the previous version of the "Unembodiment on the Internet" questionnaire, &amp;ldquo;Unembodiment as Virtualization&amp;rdquo;, was supplemented by a new one, &amp;ldquo;Preference for Technological Disembodiment&amp;rdquo;, which specifies the user's attitude towards their special status in the cyberspace, and replaced the &amp;ldquo;Preference of the Internet&amp;rdquo; scale, which reflected a more general motivation. The &amp;ldquo;Vitality of the Embodied Self&amp;rdquo; scale in the refined questionnaire is divided into two: the scale of the same name, which implies broad manifestations of the embodied self, and the scale of the &amp;ldquo;Embodied Whole Self&amp;rdquo;, which implies the embodiment of the mental self in the physical body itself. The empirical construct in general corresponds to the theoretical one. The internal consistency scores of the questionnaire scales range from 0.82&amp;ndash;0.91 for different criteria. External convergent validity was confirmed by the Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS).&lt;/p&gt;

Validation of the Revised Chen Internet Addition Scale for Chinese Older Adults

Purpose: This study aimed to revise the Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS-R) among older adults in China. Method: 1,107 participants were recruited through an online survey. The factorial structure, reliability, and validity of the CIAS-R were tested. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was employed to distinguish individuals’ Internet addiction membership. Results: The first-order five-factor model was demonstrated to best explain the underlying structure of the CIAS-R among the elderly in China. Time spent online, sense of loneliness, and depression provided evidence for the criterion validity of the CIAS-R. The magnitude of the correlation coefficients indicated Internet addiction may lead to psychological problems. LPA analysis showed the elderly could be clustered into four types based on their Internet addiction severity. Conclusion: The CIAS-R is a reliable and valid measure of Internet addiction among the elderly. This study offers a feasible way to intervene in the addicted aged for social workers and clinicians.

Polymorphism of the &lt;i&gt;MAOA&lt;/i&gt; Gene (rs1137070) and Internet Addiction in Adolescents

Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) catalyzes the degradation of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, i.e. neurotransmitters involved in the pathogenesis of pathological addictions, including internet addiction (IA). Gene MAOA has been actively studied in terms of genetic predisposition to the development of aggressive behavior potentially involved in the formation of IA. The study included 602 adolescents (9–18 years old, mean age = 14.6, SD 1.7) from the Angara-Yenisei macroregion (Russians n = 329, Tuvans n = 158, Khakasses n = 158). The type of IA was assessed according to the Chen scale (Chen Internet Addiction Scale, CIAS), gene polymorphism was detected using real-time PCR. The distribution of the TT genotype of MAOA rs1137070 polymorphism associated with low activity of the monoamine oxidase A enzyme and aggressive behavior affected by IA, was found to be significantly higher in Tuvan adolescents compared with Russians (31.1/21.2% p = = 0.02). Pathological internet addiction (more than 65 points by Chen scale) often observed among Khakass adolescents compared to Russian (26.4/15.5%, p = 0.03). Thus, the allelic variant T of MAOA rs1137070 polymorphism appears to be potential marker for dependent and aggressive behavior to form, Asian representatives being more susceptible to the development of pathological addictions than Caucasian populations.

LEVELS OF SITUATIONAL AND PERSONAL ANXIETY IN YOUNG MEN WITH INTERNET ADDICTION STUDYING AT A MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

Purpose. To study the influence of Internet addiction on indicators of situational and personal anxiety in young men studying at a medical university.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The study included 66 male students enrolled in the 3rd year of the Medical Faculty of the Medical University. To assess the level of Internet addiction, we used the CIAS scale (Chen Internet addiction Scale) adapted by V.L. Malygin and K.A. Feklisov To identify and assess the severity of situational (reactive) and personal anxiety, we used the STAI (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) scale of self-assessment of the anxiety level by C.D. Spielberger in the modification of Yu.L. Khanin.&#x0D; Results. Among the young men studying at the medical university – 94,8% of the surveyed had different levels of personal anxiety, among which the share of persons with high levels accounted for more than a third – 36,2%. A pronounced and stable pattern of Internet addictive behavior according to the CIAS scale was found in 6.9% of the surveyed young men studying at a medical university. It was found that all young men (100%) with a pronounced and stable pattern of Internet addiction noted high levels of personal anxiety.&#x0D; Conclusion. High levels of personal anxiety were revealed in young men with a pronounced and stable pattern of Internet addiction

Sleep quality and internet addiction among junior college students; The mediating role of depression: A cross-sectional study

This study investigated the mediating effect of depression on the relationship between sleep quality and internet addiction in Taiwanese junior college students. We recruited 590 (53 males, 537 females) students, aged from 15 to 22 years from a day school of a junior college in northern Taiwan. We used a cross-sectional study design. The Chen Internet Addiction Scale, Chinese Version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Adolescent Depression Scale were used as measurement instruments. Using the IBM SPSS Statistics 26 software package, descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and inferential statistics were used to evaluate the participants' demographics and relationships between the study variables. The mediation model was tested using the Z test. The prevalence of internet addiction in junior college students was 21.2 %. The indirect effects were determined using Sobel's test and bootstrapping confirming that depression completely mediated the relationship between sleep quality and internet addiction. The findings would help to build holistic and comprehensive prevention and intervention programs that should be developed to reduce the addictive behaviors of adolescents.

Sexual stigmas among lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals with problematic internet use and depression.

Sexual stigma causes psychological distress among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals. LGB individuals are more likely to exhibit both problematic Internet use (PIU) and significant depression than are heterosexual individuals. Whether the severities of sexual stigma varied among LGB individuals with various statuses of comorbid PIU and depression warrants study. The present study aimed to investigate the differences in the experiences of familial sexual stigma (FSS), internalized sexual stigma (ISS), and sexual orientation microaggressions (SOMs) among LGB individuals with various statuses of comorbid PIU and depression. In total, 1,000 self-identified LGB young adult individuals participated in the study. The level of PIU was assessed using the Chen Internet Addiction Scale, depression was assessed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, the experience of FSS was assessed using the Homosexuality-Related Stigma Scale, the experience of ISS was assessed using the Measure of Internalized Sexual Stigma for Lesbians and Gay Men, and the experience of sexual orientation microaggression was assessed using the Sexual Orientation Microaggression Inventory. The differences in the levels of FSS, ISS, and SOMs among the four groups [i.e., the groups with both PIU and depression (comorbid group), only depression, only PIU, and neither PIU nor depression (neither group)] were investigated using multivariate analysis of covariance. The results indicated that LGB individuals with comorbid PIU and depression reported higher levels of ISS and SOMs than did those with depression only and PIU only, respectively. Moreover, LGB individuals with PIU or significant depression had higher levels of FSS and SOMs than did those with neither PIU nor depression. The results of this study supported that the experiences of FSS, ISS, and SOMs were significantly associated with various levels of PIU and depression in LGB individuals.

Indicators of the psycho-emotional status of adolescents khakassia with different online behavior

Excessive use of the Internet in adolescents is often accompanied by a violation of their psychoemotional state, often in combination with other comorbid psychosomatic disorders and a high risk of their transformation into chronic types of pathology, which indicates the relevance of this problem. The purpose of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the features of psycho-emotional characteristics of teenagers in Khakassia with different online behavior. Materials and methods. In the period from April to October 2021, random samples of students from 3 schools in the city of Abakan were examined in the amount of 393 people (46.3% boys and 53.7% girls) aged 12-18 years (average age 14.5±1, 3). The type of online behavior was verified by the Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS) by the value of the total CIAS score. The level of distress, depression, anxiety and somatization was determined according to the 4DSQ questionnaire, personal and reactive anxiety — according to the questionnaire of Ch.D. Spielberger — Yu.L. Khanin. The indicators were analyzed in 3 groups of adolescents: with adaptive Internet use (AIU), non-adaptive Internet use (NIU) and pathological Internet use (РIU). The data were processed in the program «Statistica 12».Results. According to the study, it was found that AIU is typical for 53.2% of adolescents in Abakan, NIU — for 32.8% and Internet addict (РIU) — for 14.0%. The structure of psycho-emotional status disorders includes the presence of low levels of distress (76.8%), depression (75.8%), anxiety (85.2%) and somatization (81.7%) in the examined adolescents; moderately elevated levels of distress (16.0%), depression (12.5%), anxiety (6.9%) and somatization (16.0%); high levels of distress (7.1%), depression (11.7%), anxiety (7.9%) and somatization (2.3%). Psycho-emotional state disorders of adolescents are associated with the peculiarities of their online behavior. PIU and NIU are associated with a higher incidence of high levels of distress, depression, anxiety and somatization, a higher level of personal and reactive anxiety. Conclusion. Assessing the prospects for using the obtained results, we came to the conclusion that it is expedient to assess the psycho-emotional state and correct its disorders in adolescents with maladaptive network behavior in order to reduce the risk of developing psychosomatic disorders in this group.

ASSESSMENT OF THE ROLE OF CHRONOBIOLOGICAL PERSONALITY TYPE IN THE FORMATION OF INTERNET-ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOR IN SCHOOLCHILDREN

The purpose of the study. To evaluate the role of chronobiological personality type in the formation of Internet-addictive behavior in schoolchildren.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The study involved 25 students of both sexes of the 6th grade of secondary school No. 84 in Krasnoyarsk. The chronobiological personality type was determined using the Morningness-Evningness Questionnaire. The Chen Internet addiction Scale was used to assess the level of Internet addiction.&#x0D; Results. The most common chronobiological type among students was the daytime chronotype. A pronounced and stable pattern of Internet addictive behavior on the CIAS scale was detected in 8,0% of the surveyed schoolchildren, among whom there were only girls. The frequency of gaming addiction was higher in boys, while the frequency of social media addiction was 3 times higher among girls compared to boys. Internet addiction was observed mainly in adolescents with a daytime chronotype. The frequency of gambling addiction was twice as high among the representatives of the evening chronotype, while dependence on social networks was twice as common among schoolchildren of the daytime chronobiological type.&#x0D; Conclusion. It was found that Internet addiction was observed mainly in students with a daytime chronobiological type.

Facebook addiction and its related factors among medical students; a cross- sectional study in Bangladesh.

There is mounting evidence that Facebook Addiction is associated with poor mental health, physical symptoms, social dysfunction, and despair among the adolescent and youth population. The current study set out to identify the prevalence of Facebook Addiction among Bangladeshi medical students as well as its influencing factors. This cross-sectional survey was conducted on 720 randomly selected medical students from eight public medical colleges from January to June 2022. Data were obtained using a semi- structured, self-reported questionnaire and analyzed using the SPSS v.23 programs. The Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale BFAS was used to assess Facebook Addiction, while the Generalized Anxiety Disorder GAD-7, Patient Health Questionnaire PHQ-9, Perceived Stress Scale PSS10, Chen Internet Addiction Scale CIAS, and Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index PSQI was used to assess anxiety, depression, perceived stress, internet addiction, and sleep quality. Binary logistic regression was used to evaluate the influence of several demographic, psychological, and behavioral characteristics on the likelihood of respondents being addicted to Facebook. Facebook Addiction was observed in 29.4% of medical students. According to data, 63.7% of medical students reported mild to severe anxiety, 29.3% moderate to severe depression, and 84.9% moderate to high perceived stress. Lack of personal income [OR with (95% CI), 1.82 (1.13, 2.96)], poor academic performance [2.46 (1.45, 4.15)], moderate anxiety [2.45 (1.22, 4.92)], moderate perceived stress [5.87 (1.92, 17.95)], and moderately severe depression [2.62 (.97, 7.08)] were all found to play a significant role in the development of Facebook Addiction. However, living with parents [OR with (95% CI), .37 (.14, .95)] and positive family relationships [.40 (.18, .87)] reduces the likelihood of becoming addicted to Facebook. An integrated participative Behavioral and psychological intervention should be devised to reduce the risks of Facebook addiction in medical students while also improving their mental health-related quality of life.

Anxiety predicts internet addiction, which predicts depression among male college students: A cross-lagged comparison by sex.

Internet addiction has become an increasingly serious public health issue, putting young people at particular risk of psychological harm. This study aimed to analyze the interactions between college students' depression, anxiety, and Internet addiction and explore how these interactions differ between men and women. A 6-month follow-up study was conducted on 234 college students using the Self-Rating Depression Scale, Self-rating Anxiety Scale, and Revised Chen Internet Addiction Scale. Depression, anxiety, and Internet addiction were positively correlated (p < 0.01). Anxiety can predict Internet addiction and that Internet addiction can predict depression. Moreover, anxiety had a significant predictive effect on Internet addiction among men. Anxiety predicts Internet addiction, and Internet addiction predicts depression among male college students. These findings may better inform future Internet addiction intervention strategies. Particularly, interventions may better address Internet addiction by focusing on the role of anxiety, especially among men.

Internet addiction and suicidal behavior among vocational high school students in Hunan Province, China: A moderated mediation model.

Vocational education is an important part of high school education in China. However, there is little research on high school students' mental health. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of suicidal behavior (SB) among this population and the mediating role of insomnia, depression, anxiety, and stress in the relationship between Internet addiction (IA) and SB using a structural equation model. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among several vocational high school students in Hunan Province, and 7,968 valid questionnaires were obtained. General demographic data and data from the Dual-Mode Self-Control Scale, Athens Insomnia Scale, Depression Anxiety Stress scale-21, and Revised Chen Internet Addiction Scale were collected. A structural equation model was used to explore the different pathways from IA to SB. Among the participants, 37.7, 15.7, and 21.8% reported suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts, respectively. The structural equation model confirmed that IA was indirectly related to SB and was mediated by insomnia and/or depression, anxiety, and stress. First, we only recruited students from vocational schools in Hunan Province, therefore, the sample may not represent the entire population of vocational students in China. Second, self-report scales were used in this study, and clinical diagnosis required professional interviews. Third, since this study had a cross-sectional design, the causal relationship between the variables could not be determined. The prevalence of SB among vocational high school students in China was significantly high. The prevention of SB related to IA can be attributed to the improvement of insomnia and emotional problems.

A Mixture Modeling of the Predictors of Internet Addiction: Cognition and Dissociation.

This study aimed to explore the heterogeneity in the symptoms of pathological Internet use. The predictive role of online cognitions and online dissociative experiences on pathological Internet use were investigated. Three hundred and ninety Turkish undergraduate students (261 females) participated in the study. Latent class analysis (LCA) was performed. Items responses on the 26-item Chen Internet Addiction Scale were subjected to LCA. The LCA identified three latent classes: (1) Normal Internet Users (n = 141, 36.15%), (2) Problematic Internet Users (n = 148, 37.95%), and (3) Pathological Internet Users (n = 101, 25.90%). The multinomial regression analysis showed that online cognitions, anxious arousal, and online dissociation were significantly associated with pathological Internet use. Our findings showed that the online dissociation as measured by the Van Online Dissociative Experiences Schedule and mental dissociation as indexed by the Dissociative Experiences Scale are qualitatively different constructs in relation to addictive behaviors on the net. Online dissociation and online cognitions seem to be crucial vulnerability factors for pathological Internet use.

Relationship between adverse childhood experiences and problematic internet use among young adults: The role of the feeling of loneliness trajectory.

Given problematic Internet usage's (PIU) negative impact on individual health, this study evaluates how adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) affect young adults' PIU and the possible underlying mechanism of the "feeling of loneliness" (FOL) trajectory. Analyzing a retrospective cohort sample from the Taiwan Youth Project, 2,393 adolescents were interviewed from the average ages of 14-28. We constructed ACE in 2000 using six categories (e.g., abuse and low family socioeconomic status) and 5-item PIU in 2017 from Chen's Internet Addiction Scale. FOL trajectories measured eight times, at average ages 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 25, 28 years-old. Overall, 12.65% ofthe participants did not have ACEs, and 12.78% exhibited PIU. FOL trajectory analyses yielded threegroups: "constant low" (reference group: 53.25%); "moderate decline" (36.81%); and "increasing" (9.94%). Regression models showed a dose-response association between ACE and young adults' PIU(adjusted odds ratio = 1.12; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02-1.23) and the two risky lonelinessgroups (moderate decline: relative risk ratio [RRR] = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.32-1.54; increasing: RRR=1.52, 95% CI = 1.37-1.71). Structural equation modeling further found that ACEs increase young adults' risk of being in the increasing group, and consequently, the risk of PIU. We demonstrated that ACE may be associated with 1) adults' PIU, 2) FOL from adolescence to emerging adulthood, and 3) young adults' PIU through its association with FOL trajectories.