Chemical Properties Of Products Research Articles

Gypsum-derived CaO catalytic pyrolysis of palm oil in a continuously packed bed reactor

This study employed a Gypsum-derived CaO catalyst with 10 wt% MgCO3 to convert palm oil into biofuel via pyrolysis in a continuous packed-bed reactor at atmospheric pressure without purge gas. The reaction occurred within the 500–550 °C temperature range, with varying catalyst calcination temperatures. ASTM D86 distillation to separate the pyrolytic oil into biogasoline (75–150 °C), biokerosene (150–250 °C), and biodiesel (250–330 °C) was conducted. The physical and chemical properties of products and catalysts using various techniques were determined. Notably, calcination temperature changes minimally affected the final oxygen content in the product but significantly influenced the textural properties of the catalyst. At a reaction temperature of 525 °C, the 10% MgCO3 catalyst calcined at 850 °C yielded the highest volume of distilled product distilled from pyrolytic oil, accounting for 100% of pyrolytic oil (equivalent to 66.44 vol% of palm oil). It implies that 100% of pyrolytic oil could be converted to distilled oil completely by the distillation process. The primary constituents of the pyrolytic oil were aliphatic and olefinic compounds, with a notable presence of ketones, mainly in the C5 to C33 range. C17 ketones were prominent, constituting approximately 5 wt% of the pyrolytic oil (equivalent to 2.92 wt% of palm oil). These ketones likely resulted from the decarboxylation of carboxylic acids and aldol condensation reactions facilitated by CaO or MgO catalysts. CaO decarboxylation was confirmed by the presence of CaCO3 in the spent catalyst. Additionally, the pyrolytic oil exhibited an acidity of approximately 5.72 mg KOH/g, primarily attributed to phenolic compounds, confirmed through GCxGC-FID, GCxGC-TOFMS, and 1H NMR spectroscopy.

Tapioca quality observation based on physical and chemical properties of products

PT Sinar Pematang Mulia, located in the Mataram Udik area, Central Lampung, is a company engaged in the tapioca flour industry with a production capacity of 500 tons/day. The purpose of the observation in this practical work is to determine whether the tapioca flour product of PT Sinar Pematang Mulia II is following the SNI for the quality of tapioca flour. The methods used include data collection and interviews. The analysis carried out as a determinant of the quality of the finished goods product is the analysis of water content, pH, retain a sample of 100 mesh, impurities mesh 325, SO2, ash content, starch content, whiteness, acid degree, and viscosity. Data were collected by analyzing for seven days and comparing the value of the analysis results with the standard of SNI tapioca flour and PerKBPOM no. 36 of 2013. It can be seen that in all the results of the analysis carried out, none of them exceeds the maximum limit.

Utilization of whey in bakery products-A review

Whey is a vast repository of valuable nutrients and serves as a key ingredient in the bakery sector. Whey being a significant by product of the dairy industry is necessary to be utilized to reduce the burden of its disposal on the environment, which is attributed to the high BOD of whey. Whey based ingredients find an ocean of application in foods. Whey based ingredients have superior functional properties attributable to whey proteins which results in enhancement of textural and chemical properties of products they are applied in. Whey proteins are used as fat replacers, emulsifiers, flavour and appearance enhancers etc in a wide category of bakery products. Whey based ingredients can negate the use of dough conditioners due to high water binding capacity which aids in developing improved texture and fine even crumb. Whey ingredients can boost levels of protein, calcium, potassium and other minerals in bakery products. With increasing demand for clean label products and low fat products with the same textural attributes as full fat ones the demand for whey ingredients is surging. In this article we review the applications of whey based ingredients in bakery products.

Promotion effect of activated carbon, coal char and graphite on lignite microwave dehydration process

Activated carbon, graphite, fast pyrolysis char and slow pyrolysis char produced by pyrolysis of the same lignite were selected as additives to promote the microwave dehydration process of lignite. The influences of those four additives on the lignite dehydration process of microwave heating and physical and chemical properties of products after microwave drying were studied in detail and compared. Based on the performance of different additives, this paper aimed to find the optimal carbon material additives to promote the microwave dehydration process of lignite. Moreover, lignite chars were tested to promote the microwave dehydration process to avoid the adverse effects of impurities caused by additives on the subsequent utilization of upgraded coal. Additives accelerated the microwave dehydration process of lignite and achieved higher moisture removal; the surface hydrophobicity of solid products was enhanced, and its combustion characteristics were improved; the concentration of organic and inorganic matter in liquid products increased. The effect of additives on the lignite microwave heating dehydration process is in the following order: active carbon <fast pyrolysis char <slow pyrolysis char <graphite. With the increased promotion effect of additives, these above changes became more significant.

Problems of training scientific and pedagogical staff in chemistry in pre-revolutionary universities of Ukraine (19th – early 20th centuries)

The article identifies a number of problems that arose in the process of training students in chemistry at Ukrainian universities in the 19th – early 20th centuries. There were not enough chemistry teachers during this period, but they did a lot of work to find ways to stimulate students’ research, although chemical laboratories were insufficiently equipped and staffed. The role of university professors in public life and everyday problems of the population of Ukraine is shown. They participated in the preparation of literature for the population of Kharkiv and Odessa, provided assistance in studying the physical and chemical properties of products and non-product substances. During this period, new areas of focus emerged in the study of chemistry (agrochemistry, thermochemistry, electrochemistry, etc.). The problems of various scientific schools in chemistry, which led to conflicts among lecturers, university administrations and the Ministry of Public Education, are considered. During this period, the authorities tightened control over the national factor of university teachers. At the end of the 19th century the Ministry of Public Education demanded to strengthen the Russian element in the teaching staff, refrained from hiring teachers of the Jewish and Catholic religion. The article also considers the problems of scientific trips of teachers abroad and the use in teaching students of foreign experience in teaching chemistry.

Relationship of Properties, Phase Composition, and Microstructure of Clinker Brick

Clinker brick was obtained on the basis of polymineral raw materials, including low-melting and refractory clays, loams, and granitoid screenings in the plastic method of manufacturing. The interrelation of the physical and chemical properties of products was determined as a function of the mass content of the components and the oxide composition of the charge, and the optimal temperature_time regimes of firing were determined — 1150 ± 5°C with exposure of 4 h at an optimal temperature. The data obtained on the oxide and mineral composition make it possible to predict the composition of the charge for producing clinker brick, the heat-treatment regimes, and the properties of the products.

Composting: A Better Alternative of Chemical Fertilizer

Increases in the different types of pollution and their harmful impacts divert the concern of humans toward the environment and also the measures to control these pollutions. Research proved that there is a strong connection between human activities and pollution. Steps should be taken to minimize these pollutions. Already lots of study is done in this area but much more is needed to be done. As chemical fertilizers can increase the plant growth rapidly but this growth does not develop good characters in plants. The chemicals of these plants assemble in human body when used. One of the ways of improvement is to use the natural material in agriculture instead of synthesized chemicals because these chemicals show long term negative impact on the environment as well as on human health. By doing the traditional composting practice we can minimize pollution and provide the natural bio-fertilizers to the plants which are safer for the environment and the human. This paper is the overview of composting discussing its process, different types and the physical and chemical properties of product “compost”. It also focused on the types of organic wastes that can be used for composting. The process of composting depends on different parameters for its maturity and stability.

Revealing new patterns in resource­saving processing of chromium­containing ore raw materials by solid­phase reduction

The physical and chemical properties of products from the carbon-thermal reduction of oxide chromo-containing ore raw materials have been investigated. This is necessary to determine the parameters that reduce the loss of Cr in the processing of ore materials and the use of metallized chromium doping additives in steelmaking. It has been determined that the increase in processing temperature from 1,250 K to 1,450 K led to an increase in the manifestation of Cr 23 C 6 and (Cr, Fe) 7 C 3 . In this case, the diffraction maxima of Cr 2 O 3 corresponded to the trend of weakening and, having been treated at 1,450 K, had a residual character. Cr 3 C 2 on the diffractograms was only evident after processing at 1,250 K. The phase of the metallic Cr was traced in the samples after processing at 1,350 K and 1,450 K with the increased intensity of manifestation when the heating temperature rose. It has been determined that the microstructure of reduction products is heterogeneous with the presence of particles of different sizes and chemical compositions. The increase in the reduction temperature from 1,250 K to 1,350 K and 1,450 K and the development of reduction processes were accompanied by particle sintering with the formation of a spongy microstructure. We have detected regions that characterized inclusions and the phases where Cr content amounted to 65.10 % by weight, Fe ‒ to 16.13 % by weight. Some local areas with particles with a relatively high content of ore impurities and carbon have also been found. It follows from the results of our study that the most acceptable temperature for reduction is 1,450 K. In this case, the reduction is ensured with a predominance in the phase composition of the metal Cr and carbides (Cr, Fe) 7 C 3 and Cr 23 C 6 relative to the oxide component of Cr 2 O 3 . In this case, the lower residual carbon content was due to the higher efficiency of the reducer compared to other temperature regimes. The spongy microstructure allows for a faster dissolution compared to standard ferroalloys, thereby reducing the duration of smelting

Pengaruh Jenis Pemanis yang Berbeda terhadap Sifat Kimia Kopi Lengkuas

Galangal coffee is a local agricultural commodity food product in Sumenep Regency. This product is produced based on the preference of people for coffee drinks. Galangal coffee is a mixture of coffee powder and galangal powder which has a different aroma and taste. The use of sugar as an additional ingredient in galangal coffee product is used to increase product quality in the composition of nutrients, storability, and health effects on the body. Sweetener commonly used in food products is sucrose, such as cane sugar, palm sugar, and corn sugar which are sweeteners but have a lower glycemic index than cane sugar. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the use of sweetener: cane sugar, palm sugar and corn sugar on the chemical properties of galangal coffee product. The design used in this study is a completely randomized design (CRD) non-factorial pattern with 3 replications. The method used is an experimental method of chemical parameters: carbohydrate content, water content, fat content, protein content, and ash content. Result of ANOVA at a significance level of 5% showed that the use of different types of sweeteners significantly affected total carbohydrate content, water content, ash content, and fat content. The parameter values ??of the chemical properties of the product in this study were: carbohydrate content of 64.47-82.60%, the water content of 5.19-17.08%, the ash content of 1.74 - 4.17%, fat content of 3.25 - 6.79%, and protein content from 4.96 to 7.5%.&#x0D;

PEGlated graphene as nanoadditive for enhancing the tribological properties of water-based lubricants

Dispersion of Graphene in water is conducive to their practical applications as lubricating additive in water-based fluids due to their safety, low cost and environmental-friendliness. But owing to its hydrophobicity, it is difficult to achieve stable aqueous graphene suspension. Here, we use the Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate as bridging agent between hydrophilic Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) and ethanolamine to prepare the amino-containing PEG (PEG-NH2), followed by covalently grafting PEG-NH2 onto the surface of carboxylaed graphene (G-COOH) nanosheets to synthesize the PEGlated graphene (PEG-G) via facile amidation under mild conditions. The physical, chemical properties of product were characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectra (FTIR), Raman spectra, X-ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS) and so on. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning probe microscope (SPM) were utilized to observed the morphology of G-COOH and PEG-G. The frictional properties of PEG-G as nanoadditive of water-based lubricant were characterized by UMT-3 tribometer, following with analyzes on wear surfaces by 3D laser scanning confocal microscopy. Based on the results of characterization, the PEG-G was prepared successfully and the dispersion shows superior friction-reducing and anti-wear properties owing to the formation of fluid adhesive film and carbon protective film, especially the concentration of PEG-G in water is 0.05 wt%.

Controllable and SDA-free synthesis of sub-micrometer sized zeolite ZSM-5. Part 1: Influence of alkalinity on the structural, particulate and chemical properties of the products

In this work, the influence of alkalinity, A = [Na 2O/H 2O] b (b = batch), of the reaction mixture on structural, particulate, morphological and chemical properties of the crystalline end products obtained by hydrothermal treatment (heating at 483 K for 2 h) of the TPA-free reaction mixture: 1.0Al 2O 3/100SiO 2/ xNa 2O/4000H 2O seeded by silicalite-1 nanocrystals (260 nm, 4 wt.% of silica in gel mixture), was investigated by different characterization methods such as powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning-electron microscopy (SEM), particle size distribution (PSD) measuring by laser light scattering (LLS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The obtained results showed that, when silicalite-1 having the size of 260 nm was used as seed, fully crystalline product (silicalite-1/ZSM-5) having the size in the range of 400–600 nm and Si/Al ratio of 10–18 can be obtained for 0.006 ⩽ A ⩽ 0.01, in less than 2 h. However, the product obtained at low ( A ⩽ 0.005) or high ( A ⩾ 0.011) alkalinities possess amorphous and/or phillipsite impurities, respectively. The influence of alkalinity, A, on the mentioned properties of the crystalline end product was discussed in relation to the influence of alkalinity on the relevant critical process of zeolite ZSM-crystallization in the absence of organic templates.

Novel Silica Fillers — Preparation and Physicochemical Evaluation

Precipitation of silicas in the emulsion medium from sodium silicate with hexane as the organic phase and hydrochloric or sulphuric(VI) acids as the precipitation agent, has been studied. The effect of the conditions of the reaction of precipitation on the physical and chemical properties of the products has been analysed and the optimum conditions have been established. Synthetic silicas made of spherical particles have been obtained, showing high uniformity for certain contents of the emulsifiers used. By adjusting the amount of the emulsifiers and with hydrochloric acid as the precipitating agent, uniform silicas have been obtained showing a low tendency towards aggregate and agglomerate formation. The physical and chemical properties of the precipitation products obtained have been observed to deteriorate with sulphuric(VI) acid as the precipitating agent, as indicated by particle size distribution curves and SEM images. Agglomeration of the silicas enhances their sedimentation in water, as follows from the sedimentation profiles taken.

Effects of mercury emission control technologies using halogens on coal combustion product chemical properties

Fly ash and spray dryer absorber (SDA) material samples collected during mercury emission control technology tests that incorporated the use of halogens were evaluated for select chemical composition and leachability. Corresponding samples were also collected under standard operating conditions and examined using the same protocols. Included in these evaluations were pH and total and leachable concentrations of the mercury control technology (MCT) halogen of interest (Br, Cl, or I) and Hg, As, Cr, and Se. The use of a MCT using halogens decreased the pH values of coal combustion products (CCPs) collected in fabric filters compared with that of the corresponding standard CCPs. In many cases, the total As, Cr, and Se concentrations were similar between the standard and MCT test CCPs. However, at least a slight increase in total Se was noted in each sample set from the standard to the MCT test CCPs. Short-term leaching was performed on all samples, and long-term leaching was performed on most highly alkaline samples. On the basis of percentage of maximum leachability, the MCT additive halogens were more mobile than the other elements evaluated. The Hg in fly ash and SDA material samples was stable. Generally, more As and Se leached from the MCT test CCPs than the standard CCPs. Cr leachate results were more variable. The data indicate a need to further examine the effects of MCT using halogens applications on CCPs.

Synthesis and characterization of single-crystalline CdS nanorods prepared by γ-irradiation

Under γ-irradiation, thiacetamide (TAA) releases S2−in acidic solutions (e.g., pH = 3), and the S2−can react with available Cd2+in soft templates to form CdS nanorods. Single-crystalline CdS nanorods were prepared in this study. The effects of various synthesis parameters on the crystalline type, morphology, average particle size, and photoelectric properties were thoroughly investigated, including the concentrations of reactants, dose of irradiation, and the type and dosage of templates. The structure and selected physical and chemical properties of products were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and photoluminescence (PL) spectrophotometer techniques. Results indicated that the ratio of reactants to templates greatly affected the morphology of CdS nanorods; the types of soft templates also had significant effects on the morphology and crystalline type of the nanorod products.

Generation Process of Nanometric Machined Surfaces of Monocrystalline Cu

A three-dimensional model of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was employed to study the generation process of nanometric machined surfaces of monocrystalline copper. The model included the utilization of the Morse potential function to simulate the interatomic force between Cu-C and Cu-Cu. By analyses of the MD simulation snapshots of the various stages of the nanometric cutting process and local radial distribution function (RDF), the structure of the bulk and the machined surface with no change and that of the chip with minimal change were observed. Potential energy had significant fluctuations due to generation and propagation of dislocations around the tool. The elastic recovery along the machined surface of the work material was observed after the tool passed. Because the state of machined surface was an important influence on the performance and the physical and chemical properties of product, the effects of surface relaxation on the machined surface state were investigated under the vacuum condition.

Phase-controlled and gas-washing fractionations during the formation of petroleum reservoirs

By PVT fractionation experiments to model phase-controlled and gas-washing fractionations during the formation of petroleum reservoirs, the authors measured the physical and chemical properties of products formed in different fractionation stages and made a correlative analysis of the influence of depressurization and gas washing on oil/gas molecular composition and the rule of fractionation. The analytical results showed that gas washing is an important factor affecting the physical properties of crude oils, and also can be regarded as a good genetic interpretation of marine wax-high oils in the Tarim region, Xinjiang, China. Phase-controlled and gas-washing fractionations can lead to the formation of condensates and their differences in chemical composition from crude oils are a direct reflection of evaporating fractionation. Phasecontrolled and gas-washing fractionations have a great influence on the composition of molecular compounds and relevant parameters. So phase-controlled and gas-washing fractionations during the formation of petroleum reservoirs are not only favorable to identifying different processes of formation of petroleum reservoirs, but also to the scientific application of routine geochemical parameters.

The reaction of uraniun hexafluoride with silver fluoride in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride and the chemical properties of the product Ag2UF8

Abstract UF6 reacts with AgF dissolved in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride to precipitate Ag2UF8. Ag2UF8 has some unexpected properties: On reaction with water it produces O2 and reduced uranium. No adequate explanation could be found of why UF6 and AgF combined in this manner should produce a powerful oxidant. Raman spectra and chemical properties of the solid products are given.