Chemical Pretreatment Research Articles

Designing protein-tannin nanohesives for rapid, universal, and robust wet-adhesion with on-demand debonding

Establishing the adhesion between soft yet wet materials remains challenging due to the interfacial water, the dilution of polymer strands, and the lubrication of the interface. Herein, nanohesives based on the grape seed protein and tannic acid (GSP-TANHs) were reported to adhere various hydrogels (including polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylamide, poly 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane-sulfonic acid, and chitosan) with each other. Due to the rapid formation of widely available short-range forces between nanoparticles and hydrogel surfaces, GSP-TANHs could establish the initial adhesion around 10 s. Additionally, they served as universal hesives to a wide range of substrates without chemical modifications or pretreatments for adherents, such as plastics, cardboard, glass, iron, and rubber. The adhesion force for cardboard reached 11.37 N. Meanwhile, the adhesion force could be easily regulated by varying nanoparticle sizes and specific surface area. Thanks to the sensitivity of hydrogen bonding to heating, on-demand debonding was realized after increasing the temperature to 45 °C. Because of the reversible interactions, the adhesion was also repeatable. Due to the merits of grape seed protein and plant polyphenol, it could be completely biodegraded within 7 days. Bearing several merits, this strategy has promising applications in new implantable devices, E-skin, and biofabrication processes.

Characterization, pre-treatment, and potential applications of fine MSWI bottom ash as a supplementary cementitious material

With the development of waste recovery techniques, previous research has revealed that coarse fractions of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash (BA) after proper treatment could be applied in the construction sector, while the fines are seldom recovered in practice and normally landfilled. This study explores the potential application of fine MSWI BA (0–2 mm) as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in Portland cement (PC) mixtures. Mechanical and chemical pre-treatment approaches have been designed with various conditions to optimize the treating process. The chemical and mineralogical compositions, as well as the metallic Al content in BA were characterized before and after the pre-treatment. It was found that both methods are effective in removing the metallic Al content in BA, Moreover, BA derived from mechanical treatment exhibited more contribution to the hydration reaction in PC mixtures, as revealed by the amount of reaction products and mineral phases formed in hardened trial mixtures. BA obtained was further partially blended in PC mortars to evaluate the performance as compared to SCMs and inert fillers. It was found that treated BA resulted in a slight retarding effect on the reaction kinetics. Treated BA behaved better than the coal fly ash to contribute to the strength development, while the inclusion of BA did not lead to significant influences on the workability.

Reversible Surface Engineering of Cellulose Elementary Fibrils: From Ultralong Nanocelluloses to Advanced Cellulosic Materials.

Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are supramolecular assemblies of cellulose chains that provide outstanding mechanical support and structural functions for cellulosic organisms. However, traditional chemical pretreatments and mechanical defibrillation of natural cellulose produce irreversible surface functionalization and adverse effects of morphology of the CNFs, respectively, which limit the utilization of CNFs in nanoassembly and surface functionalization. Herein, this work presents a facile and energetically efficient surface engineering strategy to completely exfoliate cellulose elementary fibrils from various bioresources, which provides CNFs with ultrahigh aspect ratios (≈1400) and reversible surface. During the mild process of swelling and esterification, the crystallinity and the morphology of the elementary fibrils are retained, resulting in high yields (98%) with low energy consumption (12.4kJ g-1). In particular, on the CNF surface, the surface hydroxyl groups are restored by removal of the carboxyl moieties via saponification, which offers a significant opportunity for reconstitution of stronger hydrogen bonding interfaces. Therefore, the resultant CNFs can be used as sustainable building blocks for construction of multidimensional advanced cellulosic materials, e.g., 1D filaments, 2D films, and 3D aerogels. The proposed surface engineering strategy provides a new platform for fully utilizing the characteristics of the cellulose elementary fibrils in the development of high-performance cellulosic materials.

Enhanced humification via lignocellulosic pretreatment in remediation of agricultural solid waste

Stover and manure are the main solid waste in agricultural industry. The generation of stover and manure could lead to serious environmental pollution if not handled properly. Composting is the potential greener solution to remediate and reduce agricultural solid waste, through which stover and manure could be remediated and converted into organic fertilizer, but the long composting period and low efficiency of humic substance production are the key constraints in such remediation approach. In this study, we explore the effect of lignocellulose selective removal on composting by performing chemical pretreatment on agricultural waste followed by utilization of biochar to assist in the remediation by co-composting treatment and reveal the impacts of different lignocellulose component on organic fertilizer production. Aiming to discover the key factors that influence humification during composting process and improve the composting quality as well as comprehensive utilization of agricultural solid waste. The results demonstrated that the removal of selective lignin or hemicellulose led to the shift of abundances lignocellulose-degrading bacteria, which in turn accelerated the degradation of lignocellulose by almost 51.2%. The process also facilitated the remediation of organic waste via humification and increased the humic acid level and HA/FA ratio in just 22 days. The richness of media relies on their lignocellulose content, which is negatively correlated with total nitrogen content, humic acid (HA) content, germination index (GI), and pH, but positively correlated with fulvic acid (FA) and total organic carbon (TOC). The work provides a potential cost effective and efficient framework for agricultural solid waste remediation and reduction.

Advancements in chemical pretreatment techniques for enhancing bamboo fiber quality in textile applications: a critical review

Bamboo fiber has become a viable and environmentally beneficial option in the textile industry because of its sustainable qualities and appealing characteristics. Nevertheless, the inherent difficulties associated with untreated bamboo fiber, such as limited absorption of dyes and inadequate mechanical durability, need the use of efficient pretreatment methods to improve its suitability for textile purposes. This article critically analyses current improvements in chemical pretreatment procedures that seek to enhance the quality of bamboo fibers for textile applications. The usefulness of different pretreatment procedures, including alkali treatment, enzymatic treatment, bleaching, and mercerization, in changing fiber qualities is thoroughly assessed. This article examines the influence of pretreatment on many properties of bamboo fibers, such as their shape, mechanical strength, dye absorption, and process ability. In addition, the study outlines important areas of research that have not yet been explored and suggests future paths for the subject. It emphasizes the potential for innovation and cooperation to further enhance bamboo fiber pretreatment technology. In summary, this analysis enhances our comprehension of how chemical pretreatment improves the quality of bamboo fibers and encourages sustainable practices in the textile sector.

Pretreatments Applied to Wheat Straw to Obtain Bioethanol

This work is a comprehensive study focusing on various methods for processing wheat straw to enhance its suitability for bioethanol production. It delves into mechanical, physical, chemical, and biological pretreatments, each aimed at improving the enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation processes necessary for bioethanol production. Mechanical and physical pretreatments involve reducing the size of wheat straw to improve enzymatic hydrolysis. Physical methods include heating and irradiation, which alter the structural properties of wheat straw. Chemical pretreatments involve using acids, alkalis, and organic solvents to remove lignin and hemicellulose, making cellulose more accessible for hydrolysis. Biological pretreatments utilize microorganisms and fungi to degrade lignin and other complex compounds, enhancing the breakdown of cellulose. The study presents data on the effectiveness of these treatments in terms of lignin removal, sugar yield, and overall bioethanol production efficiency. The research is aligned with the global move towards renewable energy sources and emphasizes the importance of utilizing agricultural waste, like wheat straw, for sustainable energy production.

Carbon Molecular Sieve Membranes with Ultra-Thin Selective Skin Layer by Pyrolysis of Porous Hollow Fibers.

Translating carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes into highly scalable hollow fiber geometry with ultra-thin selective layer (<1µm) for gas separation remains as great challenge. The porous support layer of precursor hollow fiber membranes is prone to collapse during pyrolysis, which induces thick skin layer (15-50µm) of CMS hollow fiber membranes. Here, a novel strategy is present to obtain an ultra-thin selective skin layer by carbonization of hollow fiber membranes with porous skin. P84-based defect-free CMS hollow fiber membranes with ultra-thin selective skin layer (0.9µm) for gas separation are prepared without any coating or complex chemical pretreatment. Compared with the carbon membranes derived from defect-free fibers, the H2 permeance (93.9 GPU) of CMS membranes derived from the porous fibers increases ≈1353% with comparable selectivity of H2/CH4 (143) and higher H2/N2 (120). Furthermore, the porous fibers are pre-aged near the Tg in N2 conditions before carbonization, and the H2 permeance of the derived CMS hollow fiber membranes reached 147 GPU (increased 2180%). It is a new facile way to prepare CMS hollow fiber membranes with ultra-thin selective layer by porous fibers, demonstrating its versatile potential in gas separation or organic liquids separation.

A Study on the Potentiality of Bioethanol Production from Selected Weed Species of the Asteraceae Family

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Increasing population growth, industrialization, and the harmful impacts of fossil fuel burning on the environment fascinated the researchers to find a low-cost, environmentally friendly alternative substitute. A potential substitute feedstock for the synthesis of second-generation bioethanol is the lignocellulosic biomass from invasive weedy plants. The aim of this study was to determine the potential of bioethanol production from two weedy plant species using physical, chemical, and physiochemical pretreatment methods, as well as to optimize the pretreatment and culture conditions to obtain a higher reducing sugar amount and ethanol yield. The collected invasive weedy plants, Chromolaena odorata and Tridax procumbens, were cleaned, then pretreated with different acids and bases (4% v/v) at 121oC for 15 min. Then the filtrate was incubated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker‘s yeast) in the peptone yeast extract and nutrient medium (PYN) at room temperature, the pH was maintained at 5.0. T. procumbens plant substrate with the performic acid pretreatment agent produced a significant amount (0.2%) of ethanol, and further studies were conducted with the same substrate and the pretreatment agent. The conditions were optimized successively by changing one factor at a time while keeping the other variables constant. Several important hydrolysis factors were studied for the optimization, including performic acid concentration (0.2–5%), hydrolysis time (10–60 min), fermentation time (24–120 h), inoculum concentration (1.25–7.5 g/100 ml), and rotation speed (50–250 rpm). The maximum ethanol yield of 0.47% was observed at 0.6% performic acid concentration, 30 min of hydrolysis time, 48 h of fermentation time, 5 g/100 ml of inoculum concentration, and 100 rpm rotation speed with T. procumbens using S. cerevisiae.&#x0D; Keywords: Bioethanol, Lignocellulosic biomass, Acid hydrolysis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Polylactic Acid Polymer Matrix (Pla) Biocomposites with Plant Fibers for Manufacturing 3D Printing Filaments: A Review

The escalating global demand for polymer products and the consequent disposal challenge necessitate technological and sustainable solutions. Recent advances in the development of materials used in 3D printing equipment are described in this review, with a focus on new biocomposite materials. The investigation delves into biocomposites comprising PLA and its blends with other polymers, reinforced by plant fibers, with a particular focus on research conducted over the last five years. The information related to the raw materials’ physical, chemical, and processing properties necessary for creating biocomposite filament and printed parts were summarized. The best results in terms of tensile and flexural strength were presented and discussed, signposting future research avenues and desirable objectives. The findings elucidate that the inclusion of plant fibers led to a reduction in mechanical strength relative to pure PLA; however, when smaller particle sizes of plant fibers were added in volumes below 10%, it resulted in improved performance. Moreover, physical and/or chemical pretreatment of fibers, along with the isolation of cellulose fibrils, emerged as pivotal strategies for bolstering mechanical strengths. Noteworthy are the promising prospects presented by the incorporation of additives, while the refinement of printing parameters is key to improving the tensile and flexural strength of printed components.

SURFACE PRETREATMENT OF SELECTIVELY LASER MELTED 316L STAINLESS STEEL SUBSTRATE AND ITS EFFECT ON THE QUALITY OF THE VITREOUS ENAMEL COATING

This paper examines various surface pretreatments and their impact on the quality of vitreous enamel coating. In this case, 316L stainless steel was chosen as the base material and a premix enamel coating specially prepared for stainless steel for enamelling. Samples prepared by Selective Laser Melting (SLM) were used. Both mechanical (blasting, tumbling) and chemical (pickling) pre-treatments were applied. The surface variation of the differently prepared samples together with the interface between the vitreous enamel coating and the base material were examined by SEM. The results show that different surface pretreatments affect the final enamel coating and its quality.

Effects of particle size, storage conditions, and chemical pretreatments on carbon and oxygen isotopic measurements of modern tooth enamel

Isotopic analysis of human tooth enamel can provide life history information useful in forensic identification. These applications depend on the availability of reference data documenting isotopic values for individuals with known life history and on the comparability of data from reference and case work samples. Here we build on previous methodological research, which has largely focused on paleontological and archaeological samples, and conduct experiments using enamel from modern human teeth targeting three sample preparation variables (sample particle size, storage conditions, and chemical pretreatments). Our results suggest that differences in particle size affect the efficiency of sample reactions during pretreatment and analysis, with coarse particles giving reduced loss of enamel carbonate during acid pretreatments but producing slightly higher oxygen isotope values than fine particles during analysis. Data for samples stored in dry and ambient environments following pretreatment were indistinguishable, suggesting no exchange of oxygen between samples and ambient water vapor. Finally, chemical pretreatments with a range of commonly used reactants and conditions showed a pervasive, moderate oxygen isotope shift associated with acetic acid treatment, which may be caused by exchange of enamel hydroxyl groups with reagents or rinse waters. Collectively, the results emphasize the importance of methodological standardization to improve comparability and reduce potential for bias in the forensic application of tooth enamel isotope data.

Direct Photoreforming of Real-World Polylactic Acid Plastics into Highly Selective Value-Added Pyruvic Acid under Visible Light.

Although polylactic acid (PLA) represents a pivotal biodegradable polymer, its biodegradability has inadvertently overshadowed the development of effective recycling techniques, leading to the potential wastage of carbon resources. The photoreforming-recycling approach for PLA exhibits significant potential in terms of concepts and methods. However, the reaction faces enormous challenges due to the limited selectivity of organic oxidation products as well as the increased costs and challenging separation of organic products associated with alkali-solution-assisted prehydrolysis. Herein, we report an alkali-free direct-photoreforming pathway for real-world PLA plastics utilizing the Pd-CdS photocatalyst under visible-light illumination, obviating the need for chemical pretreatment of PLA. The devised pathway successfully produces H2 at a rate of 49.8 μmol gcat.-1 h-1, sustained over 100 h, and exhibits remarkable selectivity toward pyruvic acid (95.9% in liquid products). Additionally, experimental findings elucidate that Pd sites not only function as a typical cocatalyst for enhancing the photocatalytic evolution of H2 but also suppress competitive side reactions (e.g., lactic acid coupling or decarboxylation), consequently augmenting the yield and selectivity of pyruvic acid and H2. This investigation provides a straightforward and sustainable direct-photoreforming route capable of simultaneously mitigating and repurposing plastic waste into valuable chemicals, thus offering a promising solution to the current environmental challenges.

Cross-linked enzyme aggregates of xylanase, XynR8(N58D), for effective degradation of untreated lignocellulosic biomass

Enzymatic degradation of biomass is preferred over chemical methods for environmental protection. However, in most cases, a chemical pretreatment is still required to help improve enzyme accessibility of the biomass. Therefore, it is necessary to develop highly efficient enzymes for those reasons and to save costs accordingly. Costs can be further reduced if the enzymes are recycled. XynR8(N58D) is an engineered and highly active xylanase originating from the rumen fungus Neocallimastix patriciarum. In this study, XynR8(N58D) was extracellularly over-expressed by Pichia pastoris. The resulting crude enzyme solution, with a purity of XynR8(N58D) of over 80%, was used to prepare the cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) of XynR8(N58D). Specific activity of the crude enzyme solution was 11,599.39 IU/mg, and that of CLEA was 6129.42 IU/mg. The immobilization yield and the immobilization efficiency were 62.68 ± 16.20% and 84.31 ± 3.11%, respectively. The thermostability, stress tolerance, and shelf life of CLEA were significantly better than those of the free enzyme. The free enzyme and CLEA both effectively decomposed insoluble xylan and autoclaved corncob powders. Therefore, XynR8(N58D) made into CLEA not only maintained high activity, but also improved its stability and permitted its reuse or recyclability. Both forms of the enzyme can effectively degrade lignocellulosic biomass without relying on chemical pretreatment to reduce recalcitrance of the biomass structure. The application of XynR8(N58D) and its CLEA to biomass degradation can help establish an eco-friendly and more cost-effective process.

Extraction of cellulose nanofibrils from pine sawdust by integrated chemical pretreatment

Reducing energy consumption is major challenge in the industrialization of chemical pretreatments for the extraction of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF). In this study, an integrated chemical pretreatment with alkaline/acid-chlorite/TEMPO-oxidant was used for the nano-fibrillation of CNF from pine sawdust (WS). The alkaline and acid-chlorite pretreatments effectively eliminated the non-cellulosic components present in WS, resulting in the delamination of individual cell layers and swelling of the internal structures within the cellulose fiber bundles and cellulose microfibrils that form these layers. The spacing between CNF within the cellulose microfibrils increased from 3.7 nm to 5.5 nm. These loosely packed hierarchical structures facilitated the penetration of the reagent, which led to an increase in the specific surface area during the TEMPO-oxidant reaction and consequently accelerated the reaction rate. The WS was pretreated in a very dilute solution (1 % NaOH and 0.5 % NaClO2) under mild conditions (70 °C for 1 h), which resulted in a significant reduction of the TEMPO reaction time (from 3 h to 30 min) and a lower consumption of the reaction reagent (one fourth of the amount consumed compared to the direct oxidation of WS to achieve the same degree of cellulose nano-fibrillation).

Comparative study of chemical and enzymatic pre-treatments of Kitchen waste (KW) to generate fermentable sugars for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)

Kitchen waste (KW) production is anticipated to rise because of accelerated urban and economic growth, particularly in Asian nations. Therefore, applications/recycling of KW should be explored for its effective utilization to generate a sustainable source of energy that will ultimately avoid massive economic and energy losses. The main goal of this study was to investigate the combinational effect of thermochemical and enzymatic pre-treatment on synthetic KW to enhance the release of fermentable sugars for the synthesis of value-added products such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). The thermochemical pre-treatment of KW samples was performed using 4 N HCl, 4 N H2SO4, and 4 N NaOH at a concentration of 0–30% (v/v), 30–100 °C for 0–120 min. Furthermore, to enhance the total fermentable sugars, variable enzyme dosages were added after acidic or alkaline pre-treatments (0–1% v/v α-amylase and 0–1% v/v amyloglucosidase-AMG) while maintaining a constant pH 5, temperature 50 °C, and time 30 min. Pre-treatment of KW with acid (15% v/v 4 N HCl in water) at temperature 100 °C, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis, i.e., 0.6% (v/v) α-amylase and 0.4% (v/v) amyloglucosidase (at pH 5, 50 0C and 60 min) resulted in the maximum concentration of fermentable reducing sugars (46.13 g/L) in the hydrolysate.

Bacteria Living in Biofilms in Fluids: Could Chemical Antibiofilm Pretreatment of Culture Represent a Paradigm Shift in Diagnostics?

Biofilms are multicellular aggregates of bacteria immersed in an extracellular matrix that forms on various surfaces, including biological tissues and artificial surfaces. However, more and more reports point out the fact that even biological fluids and semifluid, such as synovial liquid, blood, urine, or mucus and feces, harbor "non-attached" biofilm aggregates of bacteria, which represent a significant phenomenon with critical clinical implications that remain to be fully investigated. In particular, biofilm aggregates in biological fluid samples have been shown to play a relevant role in bacterial count and in the overall accuracy of microbiological diagnosis. In line with these observations, the introduction in the clinical setting of fluid sample pretreatment with an antibiofilm chemical compound called dithiothreitol (DTT), which is able to dislodge microorganisms from their intercellular matrix without killing them, would effectively improve the microbiological yield and increase the sensitivity of cultural examination, compared to the current microbiological techniques. While other ongoing research continues to unveil the complexity of biofilm formation in biological fluids and its impact on infection pathogenesis and diagnosis, we here hypothesize that the routine use of a chemical antibiofilm pretreatment of fluid and semi-solid samples may lead to a paradigm shift in the microbiological approach to the diagnosis of biofilm-related infections and should be further investigated and eventually implemented in the clinical setting.

Municipal wastewater for energy generation: a favourable approach for developing nations

This study focuses on understanding municipal wastewater (MWW) constituents and assessing technological options to harness the energy content of wastewater in developing countries. There are numerous research studies related to water treatment technologies and wastewater energy value. However, it remains to be seen which perspectives actually make technology adoption feasible. This study explores and presents the potential for some viable and innovative MWW treatment plant (WWTP) systems as a paradigm shift towards resource recovery, energy neutrality and the production of renewable energy by WWTPs. Various cost-effective opportunities related to operational strategies, plant redesign and the upgrading of current WWTPs that can foster self-reliant communities were visualised. Thermal and chemical pretreatments, sequential batch reactors, anaerobic membrane fluidised bioreactors, ammonia-based aeration control and combined heat and power systems can collectively contribute to energy recovery by WWTPs, ranging from 85 to 111%. The study suggests that upgrading the system to become an energy self-reliant water treatment system outweighs the multimode costs associated with health and ecological damages by reducing diseases, pollution and poor productivity regimes.

Photosynthetic pretreatment increases membrane-based rejection of boron and arsenic

The metalloids boron and arsenic are ubiquitous and difficult to remove during water treatment. As chemical pretreatment using strong base and oxidants can increase their rejection during membrane-based nanofiltration (NF), we examined a nature-based pretreatment approach using benthic photosynthetic processes inherent in a unique type of constructed wetland to assess whether analogous gains can be achieved without the need for exogenous chemical dosing. During peak photosynthesis, the pH of the overlying clear water column above a photosynthetic microbial mat (biomat) that naturally colonizes shallow, open water constructed wetlands climbs from circumneutral to approximately 10. This biological increase in pH was reproduced in a laboratory bioreactor and resulted in analogous increases in NF rejection of boron and arsenic that is comparable to chemical dosing. Rejection across the studied pH range was captured using a monoprotic speciation model. In addition to this mechanism, the biomat accelerated the oxidation of introduced arsenite through a combination of abiotic and biotic reactions. This resulted in increases in introduced arsenite rejection that eclipsed those achieved solely by pH. Capital, operation, and maintenance costs were used to benchmark the integration of this constructed wetland against chemical dosing for water pretreatment, manifesting long-term (sub-decadal) economic benefits for the wetland-based strategy in addition to social and environmental benefits. These results suggest that the integration of nature-based pretreatment approaches can increase the sustainability of membrane-based and potentially other engineered treatment approaches for challenging water contaminants.

14C PREPARATION PROTOCOLS FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL SAMPLES AT THE LMC14, SACLAY, FRANCE

ABSTRACT The Laboratoire de Mesure du Carbone 14 (LMC14) has operated a radiocarbon dating laboratory for almost twenty years with ARTEMIS, the Accelerator Mass Spectrometer (AMS) based on a NEC 9SDH-2 Pelletron tandem accelerator. A first status report describing the chemical pretreatment methods was published in 2017 (Dumoulin et al. 2017). This article summarizes updates of the routine procedures and presents new protocols. The quality checks in place at the LMC14 and results obtained for the GIRI international inter-comparison are reported. New protocols developed by the laboratory over the last five years are described with the preparation of iron, lead white, cellulose, calcium oxalate, and mortar. This report also provides a summary of practical information for sample preparation and can help the laboratory users who provide samples and publish results to better understand all the work behind a 14C dating.

Chemical pretreatment of particle board industry wastewater and optimization by response surface method

Bu çalışmada yonga levha atık suyunun koagülasyon/flokülasyon yöntemiyle kimyasal ön arıtılabilirliği incelenmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan parametreler ve seviyeleri Yanıt Yüzey Yöntemi (YYY) kullanılarak tasarlanmış ve sonuçlar optimize edilerek model denklemleri türetilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında; koagülant olarak Flo30, flokülant olarak ise anyonik patates nişastası (APN, %1) kullanılmıştır. Bağımsız değişkenler olarak; başlangıç pH’sı (5-8), Flo30 koagülant dozu (6-12 ml/L), APN dozu (10-30 ml/L); bağımlı değişkenler olarak kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (KOİ,%), askıda katı madde (AKM,%) ve renk giderim verimleri (%) seçilmiştir. Her bir bağımlı değişkenin giderimini maksimum yapan şartlar ayrı ayrı belirlenmiş ve bu şartlarda doğrulama deneyleri yapılmıştır. Maksimum giderim şartlarında KOİ, AKM ve renk giderim verimleri sırasıyla; %56,83, %96,46, %83,2 olarak bulunmuştur. Elde edilen modellerin R2 değerleri ise sırası ile 0,9501, 0,9666 ve 0,9377 olmuştur. Yonga levha atık sularının ön arıtımında kimyasal arıtımın etkili bir metot olduğu belirlenmiştir.