Chemical Oxygen Demand Parameters Research Articles

Performance of Dairy Factory Wastewater Treatment Plant (Case Study of Pasuruan Dairy Factory East Java)

The 'ILP' company produces bottled milk with chocolate, melon, strawberry, and vanilla flavors in colorless HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene) plastic bottles and aluminum foil covers. The 'ILP' dairy industry wastewater treatment process stages include bar screen, grease trap, equalization tank, flocculation-coagulation, primary clarifier, aeration tank/activated sludge, and secondary clarifier. The research aims to determine the performance of the dairy factory's WWTP (Wastewater Treatment Plant) in terms of TSS (Total Suspended Solids) and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) parameters. This field-scale research was carried out for approximately 5 weeks (35 days) at the wastewater treatment plant of the ILP company. Wastewater sampling is carried out at the inlet point, equalization tank, primary sedimentation, aeration tank, and outlet point of WWTP. Wastewater examination conducted in the company's internal laboratory, including temperature, pH, total suspended solids (TSS), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The dairy factory WWTP (wastewater treatment plant) can generate TSS (total suspended solids) effluent of 22 mg/L and COD (chemical oxygen demand) of 26.8 mg/L to meet the applicable wastewater quality standards. The treatment efficiency of the dairy industry WWTP for TSS is 94.7% and COD is 98.1%.

Performance Evaluation of Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetland for Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Synthetic Wastewater

The removal efficiency of pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater treatment can be significantly influenced by seasonal variations and the presence of vegetation. This study evaluates the removal efficiencies of five pharmaceutical compounds – Cefadroxil (CFL), Ciprofloxacin (CIP), Cefpodoxime (CFD), Atenolol (ATN) and Avil-25 (AVL) – in non-planted (CW2) and planted (CW1) constructed wetlands across various parameters including Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Alkalinity, Nitrate, and Phosphate during winter and summer seasons. Results indicate that CW1 consistently outperforms CW2 in all parameters and seasons. For example, CW1 achieved 54.28% BOD removal for CFL in winter compared to CW2's 39.67%, with summer values reaching 79.6% and 69.7%, respectively. The superior performance of CW1 was also observed for COD and other parameters, with phosphate removal reaching 94% in summer. The results of HPLC analysis indicated that CW1 showed better removal efficiencies of Cefadroxil (56.94%), Ciprofloxacin (90%), and Avil-25 (99.7%) than CW2. Even though Cefpodoxime showed low removal efficiency in both systems, CW1 still performed slightly better (13.99% vs. 0.7%). Atenolol removal was particularly notable in CW1 (93.79%), significantly outperforming CW2. Hazard quotient assessments revealed lower risks associated with pharmaceutical residues in CW1. For example, Ciprofloxacin's hazard quotient was reduced from 16% in CW2 to 10% in CW1, underscoring the effectiveness of vegetation in mitigating environmental risks. Atenolol showed a significant hazard quotient reduction from 2% in CW2 to less than 0.5% in CW1, while Avil-25's hazard quotient was negligible in CW1 compared to 4% in CW2. It was also concluded that vegetation positively influenced the treatment efficacy of constructed wetlands for pharmaceuticals with reduced eco-toxicity and the associated risks.

Accurate prediction and intelligent control of COD and other parameters removal from pharmaceutical wastewater using electrocoagulation coupled with catalytic ozonation process.

In this study, we employed the response surface method (RSM) and the long short-term memory (LSTM) model to optimize operational parameters and predict chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal in the electrocoagulation-catalytic ozonation process (ECOP) for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment. Through RSM simulation, we quantified the effects of reaction time, ozone dose, current density, and catalyst packed rate on COD removal. Then, the optimal conditions for achieving a COD removal efficiency exceeding 50% were identified. After evaluating ECOP performance under optimized conditions, LSTM predicted COD removal (56.4%), close to real results (54.6%) with a 0.2% error. LSTM outperformed RSM in predictive capacity for COD removal. In response to the initial COD concentration and effluent discharge standards, intelligent adjustment of operating parameters becomes feasible, facilitating precise control of the ECOP performance based on this LSTM model. This intelligent control strategy holds promise for enhancing the efficiency of ECOP in real pharmaceutical wastewater treatment scenarios. PRACTITIONER POINTS: This study utilized the response surface method (RSM) and the long short-term memory (LSTM) model for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment optimization. LSTM predicted COD removal (56.4%) closely matched experimental results (54.6%), with a minimal error of 0.2%. LSTM demonstrated superior predictive capacity, enabling intelligent parameter adjustments for enhanced process control. Intelligent control strategy based on LSTM holds promise for improving electrocoagulation-catalytic ozonation process efficiency in pharmaceutical wastewater treatment.

Chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand analysis of discharge waters from laundry industry: monitoring, temporal variability, and biodegradability

In Europe, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) are used as organic indicators for the analytical characterization of laundry water. However, the values of these indicators are derived from one-off analytical measurements at a defined frequency. In addition, there are few data on the temporal variability of COD and BOD5 parameters and on water biodegradability beyond 5 days. In this work, samples of physicochemical treated wastewater were collected for 1 year and their content in COD and BOD5 measured, with BOD monitored over 35 days. The results showed that, for the 24 samples studied, the average and standard deviation values were 835 ± 176 mg/L for COD and 445 ± 114 mg/L for BOD5, indicating a biodegradability index of 2.0 ± 0.4. The interpretation of the data also indicated that the concentrations were close to emission limit value, particularly for BOD5. BOD21 values were particularly high compared to the initial COD, indicating the biodegradability of water. Laundry effluents were also rich in substances very quickly biodegradable, which has been demonstrated by the values of the ratio between BOD7 and BOD5. However, a significant proportion of surfactants is not degraded, as shown by measurements of total organic carbon and anionic surfactant analysis. The results of this study could help the industrial partner involved in our project to guide its choice of the complementary method to better treat wastewater and to reduce its organic load.

Water Quality Modelling with Industrial and Domestic Point Source Pollution : a Study Case of Cikakembang River, Majalaya District

Rapid industrial development is one of the leading causes of environmental degradation. The textile industries and the domestic activities in Majalaya District produce wastewater directly discharged into the Cikakembang River. As a result, the Cikakembang River’s water quality has decreased to the point that the water quality cannot be used for daily needs. This study modeled three main parameters in water quality modelling, namely Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Using MATLAB, the three-water quality governing equations originating from the Advection-Dispersion Equation were solved using the Runge Kutte-4 discretization scheme. The numerical modelling was carried out along 2.36 km of the Cikakembang River. All water quality coefficients, such as the DO Saturation (DOsat), the Reaeration Rate (ka), the Dispersion Coefficient (D), the Deoxygenation Rate (kd), and the Decomposition Rate (kc), for the Cikakembang River were estimated using equations developed by existing studies. The estimation of ka and D coefficients requires hydraulic parameters, which in this study were estimated using the HEC-RAS simulation. Meanwhile, kd and kc values were obtained from the calibration and verification process. The Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) objective function was used to evaluate the results of water quality modelling at three sampling points. In the calibration process, the resultsof water quality modelling produced RRMSE values for the DO, BOD, and COD parameters of 1.99%, 0.36% and 0.92%, respectively. Meanwhile, for the verification process, the RRMSE values for the DO, BOD, and COD parameters are 1.95%, 1.02% and 1.86%. All water quality parameters produce small RRMSE values in the calibration and verification processes. Hence, the water quality model created has good accuracy and stability.

Bicarbonate Alternatives in the Neutralization Phase of Leather Tanning to Ensure Sustainability

The post-tanning procedure involves neutralizing the iso-electric point, which ensures that there is no imbalance between carboxylic groups and amino groups. This balance allows for the penetration of dyes, fatliquoring agents, and other chemical materials. Bicarbonate is used during the neutralization phase, and to eliminate it, 4 metric tons of water are needed for each metric ton of leather. Additionally, this leads to an elevation in both Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). The objective of the research was to substitute bicarbonate with sodium borate, sodium acetate, and sodium formate, and neutralise syntan to decrease the quantities of pollutants generated from this process, minimize the consumption of water, and improve the quality of the produced leather. Each experimental group's BOD, COD, microscopic micrographs, physical, chemical, and organoleptic parameters were determined. The use of sodium borate, neutralizing syntan, sodium acetate, and sodium formate resulted in a significant decrease in the discharge of BOD, COD, and water consumption. Furthermore, the use of 2.5% sodium borate has proven to be the most effective neutralizing agent in reducing water consumption by 80%, total oxygen demand by 39% and costs of neutralization chemicals by 0.62%. Also, the physical and chemical properties of the leather product were similar to those of the control. Therefore, the leather that has been neutralized with sodium borate is considered to have the best organoleptic characteristics compared to the control.

Bioaugmentation with Advenella kashmirensis for the treatment of a kraft pulp effluent by aerated lagoon

Brazil is considered a world leader in paper production. It is estimated that the sector contributes 46.5% of the national gross domestic product, and its effluents have high concentrations of organic matter and recalcitrant compounds which can cause coloration and ecotoxicity, generating impact if not properly treated. A potential strategy for the treatment of this wastewater is bioaugmentation with native bacteria isolated from the industrial sludge and effluent, which, due to their potential metabolism adapted to adverse environmental conditions, may favor the removal of specific compounds. When associated with immobilization techniques, the inoculum can develop as a biofilm adhered to a support medium, which provides surfaces for adhesion, growth and survival of bacteria. We therefore investigated the treatment of Kraft pulp effluent by bioaugmentation with the autochthonous bacterium Advenella kashmirensis both immobilized in a spongy support medium - Aqua Porous Gel (APG) - and in free-swimming (planktonic) form, denominated Phase I and II, respectively. The investigation was performed in a bench-scale aerated lagoon system with untreated industrial effluent. The effect of the use of bacteria in bioaugmentation was assessed by the removal parameters of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Color, Total Phenolic Compounds (TPC) and Lignin Compounds (LC). The results indicate that both Phases I and II were efficient for the treatment of COD, BOD5 and color parameters. However, the biofilm form provided better stability to the biological system in the treatment of the Kraft pulp effluent.
 Keywords: adhered, kraft effluent, SEM, suspended solids.

Analysis of Water Pollution in The Musi River Due to Community and Industrial Activities Using Onlimo

The Musi River is a natural resource which is one of the main trade routes and the largest air supplier for the people of South Sumatra. However, the condition of the Mus River has undergone changes due to dense settlements and industry. Water quality is an important factor in the sustainability of an ecosystem. Ecosystem damage can start from declining air quality which results in industrial waste that pollutes the Musi River. Water quality measurement parameters include measurements of oxygen, TSS, COD, BOD. Observation station sampling was carried out using Onlimo telemetry technology. Onlimo is a remote, online and real-time air quality monitoring technology developed by BPPT. Sampling was carried out during the transition season on the Musi River which was divided into station 1 located in the Musi River (PDAM Tirta Randik area, Balui Air Unit, Sanga Desa District). On May 10, 2023 there was a pollution index of 7.32 with moderate contamination with the critical parameters Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). There was an increase in the Pollution index of 7.51 due to an increase in Nitrate from 16 May 2023 to 17 May 2023 due to input from anthropogenic waste caused by differences in sampling time, besides that season and rainfall are reported to play an important role in dissolving a number of components in the waters. For this reason, to prevent and improve the function of the Musi River, namely the government must act decisively on violations committed by factories or companies or the public who dispose of waste carelessly

Efektivitas Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah Berdasarkan Parameter COD, BOD, TSS, pH (Studi Kasus Industri Tahu di Dusun Janten Ngestiharjo Kasihan Bantul)

The liquid waste generated from tofu production process contains high Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS) as well as low pH levels or acidity. Therefore, the tofu waste needs to be treated before being discharged into the environment to prevent negative impacts on the surrounding environment. Thus, this study aimed to test the effectiveness of the tofu wastewater treatment plant by monitoring the parameters of COD, BOD, TSS and pH using the closed reflux titrimetry, gravimetri and pH meter methods. The sampling was carried out with triple sampling (triplo) at each testing point, which were the equalization tank, anaerobic baffle reactor tank, anaerobic filter tank, and final settling tank. The sample testing was conducted at the "Balai Laboratorium Kesehatan dan Kalibrasi Yogyakarta". The results of the testing were used to determine the reduction in COD and the increase in pH between the wastewater treatment plant tanks, and then the effluent of the wastewater treatment plant was compared with the wastewater quality standards. The results of this study indicate that the average reduction of COD in the effluent is 94%, BOD is 93%, and TSS is 87%. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the effluent from the wastewater treatment plant is not yet effective in meeting the wastewater quality standards. However, it is worth noting that the pH parameter meets the wastewater quality standards, with an increase of +1.38 compared to the influent pH level. Therefore, in terms of this parameter, the wastewater treatment plant can be considered effective in raising the pH.

Reduction of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Suspended Solid (TSS) Levels in Rubber Wastewater Using Biosand Filter Reactor with Activated Carbon Media Based on the Effect of Residence Time

Wastewater from the rubber industry that is not treated optimally can be one of the causes of environmental damage. Initial concentration of COD waste rubber liquid 711 mg/l and TSS 407 mg / l. Biosand Filter with activated carbon can eliminate pathogenic bacteria by passing the sand in the filter and activated carbon will absorb organic substances. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of concentration reduction, COD and TSS, using a reactor with BioSand Filter reactor dimensions used measuring 12 cm x 12 cm x 120 cm and its effect on residence time. Filter Media used are sand, gravel, pumice and activated carbon. The research variable is the residence time in the reactor (10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 minutes). Removal efficiency after being processed using Biosand Filter technology with activated carbon media lowered the concentration of COD and TSS parameters to 93% for COD and 79% for TSS. Test the effect of residence time to reduce the levels of COD and TSS is done by regression test has a value of R2=0.7014 for COD and R2=0.681 for TSS, with tcount > ttable. the results show that the residence time of rubber wastewater in the reactor affect the decrease levels of COD and TSS, and quite effective in eliminating COD and TSS parameters.

The different units’ performance and bed length effect of constructed wetland on the removal of organic substances, solids and nutrients from municipal wastewater: a case study, Iran

This study investigated the overall performance and bed length effect of the horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (CW) process for full-scale municipal wastewater treatment. 168 samples were collected, including 84 samples in the hot and 84 in the cold season. Seven sampling points were selected as follows: (1) inlet raw wastewater, (2) effluent from an anaerobic pond, (3) from the first 5 m of the selected reed bed, (4) 5 m second, (5) 5 m third, (6) 5 m fourth, and (7) 5 m fifth from the reed bed. The evaluation parameters included biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP). The results showed that the removal efficiency for the BOD5, COD, TSS, TN, and TP was equal to 90.6%, 90.1%, 94%, 50.2%, and 35.4%, respectively. In the final treated effluent, the concentration of all studied parameters was less than the maximum allowable amount for discharge to the receiving water. The results showed that although the treatment plant’s pollution load for BOD5 and COD parameters in winter was significantly higher than in summer, the treatment plant efficiency in winter was not significantly different from summer. The results also showed that a 15-m bed in the CW system is suitable for achieving the standard of the environmental protection organization of Iran for municipal wastewater treatment in the hot season; however, it seems not to be enough in the cold season. So, 25 m of reed bed length will be required in practice. Finally, it can be concluded that the Qasr-e-Shirin wastewater treatment plant has the proper capability to remove municipal wastewater pollutants in different temperature conditions and the quality of the final effluent indicates the accuracy of the design criteria for this system.

Bioremediation Tofu Liquid Waste Based on Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Parameters

Background and Objective: The majority of liquid waste generated by the tofu industry in Semarang exceeds the recommended limit. This condition disturbs the ecology of the surrounding environment. so a solution is needed to manage it. The use of bacteria in bioremediation technology has been proven to reduce pollutants produced by the tofu industry. The purpose of this study was to identify specific bacteria and test their ability to bioremediate pollutants from tofu wastewater using the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) parameter.
 Methodology: Methodology: The study was exploratory and experimental in nature, with the variable ability of degradative bacteria degrading tofu industrial wastewater based on COD parameters. Bacterial identification was performed using the 16S-rRNA Gene Analysis method, genomic DNA extraction with the Quick-DNA Bacterial Miniprep Kit, PCR amplification, and bi-directional sequencing. 
 Results: The results of the identification of the selected bacteria show that they are molecules of the type nucleic acid with a query length of 1394. with a lineage report and a 93% phylogenetic tree as Bacillus subtilis, Bioremediation test shows that tofu waste can be degraded. The degradation percentage is 17%.
 Conclusion: Bacillus subtillis, a bacterium that degrades tofu industrial wastewater, was found as an indigenous bacteria.

Vertical green system for gray water treatment: Analysis of the VertiKKA-module in a field test

This work presents a modular Vertical Green System (VGS) for gray water treatment, developed at the Bauhaus-Universität Weimar. The concept was transformed into a field study with four modules built and tested with synthetic gray water. Each module set contains a small and larger module with the same treatment substrate and was fed hourly. A combination of lightweight structural material and biochar of agricultural residues and wood chips was used as the treatment substrate. In this article, we present the first 18 weeks of operation. Regarding the treatment efficiency, the parameters chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorous (TP), ortho-phosphate (ortho-P), total bound nitrogen (TNb), ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N), and nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) were analyzed and are presented in this work. The results of the modules with agricultural residues are promising. Up to 92% COD reduction is stated in the data. The phosphate and nitrogen fractions are reduced significantly in these modules. By contrast, the modules with wood chips reduce only 67% of the incoming COD and respectively less regarding phosphates and the nitrogen fraction.

Dampak pariwisata terhadap pencemaran air danau batur kabupaten bangli

This study aims to determine the impact of tourism on water pollution in Lake Batur. This study uses a qualitative descriptive analysis method. The samples taken include 5 points on Lake Batur which represent tourism locations on Lake Batur, namely the pier, restaurants, tourist attractions in Terunyan Village, hot spring attractions and the middle of the lake. Collecting data using observation methods, laboratory test methods and documentation studies. The research begins with direct observation to 3 key informants who can represent the condition of tourism in Lake Batur, namely the surrounding community, business and visitors. Furthermore, water sampling in Lake Batur and continued with laboratory testing for parameters of pH, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), oil and fat. Next is a documentation study on the situation and condition of Lake Batur and the last is collecting secondary data as supporting data. Furthermore, the data were analyzed de qualitatively to determine the impact of tourism potential on the water quality of Lake Batur.
 Based on the results of laboratory testing, Lake Batur is polluted in the restaurant and pier area. The restaurant area is characterized by high BOD parameters, while the pier area is characterized by high COD parameters. Based on this, it can be seen that tourism has an impact on increasing the value of pollutants in the waters of Lake Batur. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian laboratorium Danau Batur mengalami pencemaran pada daerah restoran dan dermaga. Pada daerah restoran ditandai dengan tingginya parameter BOD sedangkan daerah dermaga ditandai dengan tingginya parameter COD. Berdasarkan hal tersebut dapat dilihat bahwa pariwisata memberikan dampak terhadap peningkatan nilai pencemar pada perairan Danau Batur

LAKE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT IN UNIVERSITI SELANGOR BESTARI JAYA CAMPUS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY

Water quality study on the main lake of Universiti Selangor (UNISEL) Bestari Jaya Campus was conducted on weekly basis for twelve weeks. The level of pollution in the lake was classified according to Interim National Water Quality Standard (INWQS) and Water Quality Index (WQI). Three sampling stations were chosen and the concentration of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Ammonia-Nitrogen (AN) were determined. Water samples were analyzed physically and chemically. The physical water quality parameter, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), temperature and pH were measured in situ and the chemical parameter of BOD, COD, TSS and AN were analyzed in the laboratory according to the APHA Method. Throughout the study period, the water temperature was recorded in the range of 28.0 oC to 29.1 oC and pH of the water was recorded at neutral level. Based on INWQS, COD, TSS, pH and AN parameters were classified in Class II. DO parameter was classified in Class III which indicate that the lake was slightly polluted and BOD parameter was classified Class V which is heavily polluted. Analysis of water parameter according to WQI showed the main lake was classified in Class IV. Based on these two water quality standards, this can be concluded that the main lake in UNISEL Bestari Jaya Campus were polluted and further actions need to be taken by the management of the university in order the improved the water quality of the lake.

Dampak penerapan protokol kesehatan Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) mencuci tangan terhadap kualitas air permukaan Kota Palangkaraya pada era new normal

Palangka Raya City is one of the cities affected by COVID-19, where on November 11, 2021, and 13104 people were confirmed positive for COVID-19. The Health Protocol continues to be carried out in this New Normal era. The Health Protocol by washing hands with soap is an environmental issue that needs attention, namely the use of hand soap which reduces surface air quality. Hand soap contains chemicals that can increase the concentration of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). There is a need for laboratory testing of the COD parameters of surface water around handwashing facilities in public facilities in the era of new habits. The research was divided into laboratory tests on surface water parameters, namely pH, temperature, and COD as well as field surveys on the use of handwashing facility. The results of laboratory tests show that the quality of surface water on the COD parameter is below the quality standard. The use of handwashing facilities is not justified, because its use is only 19%. Along with the low use of handwashing facilities, hand washing facilities do not have an impact on decreasing surface water quality on the COD parameter, it can be an action to maintain surface water quality.

Pengukuran Kadar COD, TDS, dan Logam Kromium Heksavalen Sebagai Pemantauan Kualitas Badan Air Sungai Bengawan Solo di UPT Laboratorium Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Gresik

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kadar Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Dissolve Solid (TDS) dan Logam Kromium Heksavalen (Cr VI) dari air Sungai Bengawan Solo sebagai pemantauan dan pengawasan untuk mengetahui kondisi kualitas air. Analisis kadar COD dengan metode refluks tertutup secara Spektrofotmetri UV-Vis diperoleh hasil sebesar 188,4 mg/L. Analisis kadar TDS dengan metode gravimetri diperoleh hasil sebesar 5.134 mg/L dan analisis kadar Cr-VI secara spektrofotometri UV-Vis dan diperoleh hasil -2,645 mg/L. Kadar negatif dikarenakan hasilnya dibawah MDL sehingga sampel tersebut tidak dapat dideteksi. Berdasarkan Perda Provinsi Jawa Timur Nomor 02 Tahun 2008 standar baku mutu air sungai kelas III untuk parameter COD sebesar 100 mg/L dan TDS sebesar 2.000 mg/L dan untuk parameter Cr-VI sebesar 1 mg/L. Kadar COD dan TDS melebihi standar baku mutu air sehingga air Sungai Bengawan Solo tersebut tidak dapat digunakan sebagai pembudidaya ikan air tawar, peternakan, pengairan dan/atau peruntukan lain.

Comparison of ozonation, Fenton, and photo-Fenton processes for the treatment of textile dye-bath effluents integrated with electrocoagulation

This study aims to investigate treatment efficiency and evaluate the energy efficacy of integrated electrocoagulation system combined with ozonation, Fenton, and photo-Fenton processes for successful textile dye-bath effluents' treatment. In this regard, the characterization of physicochemical parameters such as pH, turbidity, salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), electrical conductivity (EC), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was analyzed to estimate removal efficiency of each treatment process. Moreover, the electrical energy consumption of all aforementioned processes was measured individually to work out cost-effectiveness. Fenton process appeared to be ineffective for reducing COD and other parameters. While the overall performance of ECS alone showed far better results, COD and color removal efficiencies were 57.4%, and 40%, respectively. However, the application of ECS/O3 resulted in complete decolorization and almost 99.7% COD removal under optimized operating conditions including ozone flow 300 mg/h, pH 7.1, Temperature 25 °C. ECS/photo-Fenton process resulted in COD, and color removal of 95.6%, and 97%, respectively. Electrical Energy per Order of ECS was found 1.58 kWh/m3 for minimum removal of dyes and COD. ECS/Ozonation is responsible for 100% decolorization but at a very high cost. ECS/photo-Fenton process proved to be the second-best option in terms of treatment and energy consumption. Hence, an integrated treatment system of ECS with AOPs appeared to be the most feasible and eco-friendly. That could lead to the treated wastewater for reuse and recycling purposes within the industry.

Determining Key Factors Affecting Surface Water Quality in Soc Trang Province, Vietnam

This study evaluates the quality and identify key variables influence on surface water quality in Soc Trang province, Vietnam. Water parameters of total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), nitrite (N-NO2-), nitrate (N-NO3-), ammonium (N-NH4+), orthophosphate (PO43--P), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP), turbidity (turb), pH; temperature (T), sulfate (SO42-), electrical conductivity (EC), chloride (Cl-), coliform, and iron (Fe) were used for the assessment. The findings revealed that most of the water parameters of TSS, DO, BOD, COD, TOC, N-NH4+, N-NO2-, Cl-, Fe, and coliforms exceeded the limits of QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT, column A2, B1. The water quality in Hau River was better than the other locations. Saline intrusion has become the concern for surface quality in the study area. PCA showed that five PCs explained 87.9% of the variation of surface water quality in the study area and the parameters including BOD, N-NH4+, TN, TOC, Cl-, TSS, SO42-, Fe and coliforms were the main variables influencing surface water quality in the study area. Potential sources of water pollution are saline intrusion, hydrological regime, runoff, agriculture, industry, and domestic activities.

Development of an Open Channel That Also Functions as a Wetland to Reduce Domestic Wastewater

Besides accommodating rainfall-runoff, the drainage channel of the Dukuh Menanggal area in Surabaya also accommodates domestic wastewater. The objective of developing the function is to degrade domestic wastewater pollution that flows into the drainage channel. The wetland is applied in the drainage channel with coarse sand media, Caladium (Caladium), and Water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L) plant according to land size planning based on existing discharge, detention time, the porosity of the planting medium, and the root zone of the applied plants. The observed properties of domestic wastewater were Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), and detergents. The result is that the treatment of domestic wastewater passes through the artificial wetland in the drainage channel. The constructed wetland can reduce the contamination content of domestic wastewater for the parameters of BOD, COD, and detergents with efficiency levels of 46%, 61.8%, and 69%, respectively.