Chemical Mutagens Research Articles

Changes of immune function mediated by Gasdermin-E in the immune microenvironment of primary oral squamous cell carcinoma

In primary oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the tumor microenvironment (TME) constitutes a highly intricate ecosystem comprised of cellular and acellular elements. The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is characterized by the presence of a broad of immune cells, while there is a scarcity of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) intratumorally. Consequently, the recruitment of a larger cohort of CTLs to infiltrate the tumor core has emerged as a pressing scientific challenge. Gasdermin E (GSDME), as a pivotal effector protein in pyroptosis, plays a significant role in anti-tumor therapy. Here, primary OSCC was induced by Gsdme knockout (KO) mice and wild type (WT) mice of the same strain respectively, using the chemical mutagen 4-Nitroquinoline N-oxide (4-NQO). Through comparative analysis of immune function between the two kinds of mice, intriguing observations have been elucidated, the presence of GSDME was instrumental in augmenting the infiltration of lymphocytes towards the neoplastic site, effectively ameliorating the TIME. Our findings elucidated that the absence of GSDME promotes the development of primary OSCC, accompanied by a notable increase in malignancy. Furthermore, our data delineated a positive inter-relationship between the presence of GSDME and the host organism’s immunological reactivity, which enhances the TIME in primary OSCC.

Determination of mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency of gamma rays and EMS in Coriander

Coriander is a dual purpose vegetable used as leaf as well as a spice, along with medicinal properties. Owing to its compound umbel and difficulty in crossing programme, mutation breeding is the available source to create variability. Mutagenesis is a well-recognized tool to expand genetic variability. The present investigation involves mutagenesis in coriander cv. Sindhu with physical (gamma rays) and chemical mutagens (EMS) and their combinations. The mutation frequency, mutagenic effectiveness and mutagenic efficiency were calculated for the gamma rays, EMS and their combination doses. In gamma rays, a drop in mutagenic effectiveness was observed at 10Kr followed by increase with higher concentration. Mutagenic effectiveness due to gamma rays, ranged from 6.5 to 8.51 due to EMS ranged from 42.09 to 49.55 and due to combination treatments ranged from 12.17 to 18.80 (5kr+0.2% EMS) in coriander variety, Sindhu. The mutagenic efficiency based on survival ranged from 1.78 to 4.0, injury ranged from 3.83 to 8.2, sterility ranged from 2.37 to 5.18 indicating differential response to different mutagens. The combination of gamma rays and EMS at lower and moderate doses expressed its worth to create higher mutation frequency by manifesting higher efficiency than the individual mutagens single-handed.

Evaluating the Lethal Dose (LD50) and Mutagenic Effects of Sodium Azide on Germination and Quality Traits in Two Varieties of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)

Study’s Excerpt Lethal dose (LD50) of sodium azide for two distinct tomato varieties, Beefsteak and San Marzano was quantified. The optimal mutagen doses that can be leveraged for enhancing quality traits in tomatoes is determined. Sodium azide has potential to improve crop resistance and productivity in tomato breeding programs. Full Abstract Sodium azide is a chemical mutagen that has been used to produce resistance in various susceptible crops to improve their yield and quality traits against harmful pathogens. The lethal dose and mutagenic effects of sodium azide on the germination percentage of two varieties of tomatoes (Beefsteak and San Marzano) were investigated with the aim of optimizing a suitable mutagen concentration with variability that could be exploited in the improvement of quality traits in Tomato plants. This study was carried out in the Green House at the Department of Biotechnology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ebonyi State (AE-FUNAI). The two varieties of tomato seeds were collected locally as fresh seeds from the taxonomic department and were treated with sodium azide at different concentrations of 0.0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% w/v. The seed was sown and monitored for 30 days with everyday documentation of germination percentage, survival percentage, and lethal dose. Statistical analysis using significant difference (LSD) at 95% probability level was employed to analyze the effects. The results obtained from this study show that there is a steady decrease in germination and survival percentage with increased concentration of sodium azide in both varieties of tomatoes when compared with the control. The lethal dose (LD50) was determined upon germination and survival of the tomato varieties. The highest LD50 was calculated by linear regression to be 0.950 for the beefsteak variety, which was significantly higher than 0.794 for the san marzano variety at 50% germination was recorded under treatment 0.6% NaN3. These concentrations are therefore considered as the LD50 values. Sodium azide via mutation at low concentrations improves some important quality traits of tomatoes.

Recovery of Novel Sequence Variants in Chemically Mutagenized Seed and Vegetatively Propagated Coffea arabica L.

The negative effects of climate change impact both farmers and consumers. This is exemplified in coffee, one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world. Yield loss in high-quality Coffea arabica L., due to the spread of coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix), results in lower income for subsistence farmers and volatile prices in markets and cafes. Genetic improvement of crops is a proven approach to support sustainable production while mitigating the effects of biotic and abiotic stresses and simultaneously maintaining or improving quality. However, the improvement of many species, including coffee, is hindered by low genetic diversity. This can be overcome by inducing novel genetic variation via treatment of seeds or cells with mutagens. To evaluate this approach in coffee, mutant populations created by incubating seed or embryogenic calli with the chemical mutagens ethyl methanesulphonate or sodium azide were subject to reduced-representation DNA sequencing using the ddRADseq approach. More than 10,000 novel variants were recovered. Functional analysis revealed hundreds of sequence changes predicted to be deleterious for gene function. We discuss the challenges of unambiguously assigning these variants as being caused by the mutagenic treatment and describe purpose-built computational tools to facilitate the recovery of novel genetic variation from mutant plant populations.

Standardization of EMS doses for mutagenesis in strawberry (Fragaria x Ananassa Duch) cv. winter dawn

Abstract Induced mutation by Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (EMS) has been found to be a very useful technique for crop improvement. Chemical mutagens, such as EMS, have been widely used to induce a variety of practical variations in several fruit crops. Therefore, a study was undertaken to determine the LD50 and the effects of mutagens on growth-related, yield-related, and quality-related observations, as well as the mortality percentage of runners derived from the Winter Dawn variety of strawberry using EMS to create variability for desirable traits. The runners were treated with EMS. The treated runners, along with a control group, were planted for growth in pots under a polytunnel. Based on the probit curve derived from the survival of the treated plant, the LD50 dose for EMS was found to be 3%. The 0.1% and 0.2% EMS doses showed good results in terms of growth, yield, and quality. An increase in the concentration of EMS resulted in a decrease in plant survival rate. Keywords: EMS, Chemical mutagen, strawberry

Improvement of thermostable productivity ?-amylase from local isolate Bacillus licheniformis H14.

(28)Bacterial local isolates of Bacillus sp. were obtained from soil samples. Isolates were tested for thermostable alpha- amylase production on solid media; fifteen isolates were able to develop clear zone around the bacterial growth after floating the plates with iodine reagent (Lugol's solution). There were further tested in submerged culture which led to selection of Bacillus sp. H14since it was the most efficient .Microbial and biochemical tests showed that the local isolate Bacillus sp.H14was refered to the species B.licheniformis that signed as H14 was refered to the species B.licheniformis H14 .,To get ahigher yield of alpha – amylase(48.70unit/mg protein) production from the local isolate B.licheniformis H14 . This study used different mutation ways such as physical way by using the physical mutagen (ultraviolet light) and chemical way by using the chemical mutagen (nitrosoguanidine). Physical mutation results showed that the local isolate B.licheniformis HM14 get higher yield of alpha – amylase production(102.10 unit/mg protein) according to killing percentage (90%) while the chemical mutation results showed that the local isolate B.licheniformis HM4 get higher yield of alpha –amylase production(100.94 unit/mg protein) from the two mutant local isolates (HM14 and HM4)were the best carbon source starch (1.5%), peptone (1.5%) as nitrogen source, calcium chloride (0.02%), sodium chloride (0.05%), magnicium phosphate (0.05%), sodium di –hydrogen phosphate (0.16%), at initial pH (5) and inoculum size 1*108 cfu/ml at (50?C) For (72) hours, using shaking incubator at (150) rpm.

Effect of Gamma Irradiation and Ems on Germination and Survival of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) cv Arka Nikita

The present investigation was devised to observe different doses of chemical and physical mutagen on the germination and survival percentage of okra variety Arka Nikita. Seeds of okra variety Arka Nikita were treated with different doses of gamma rays and EMS. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with thirteen treatments and three replications. It was clearly observed that germination and survival percentage decreased with increase in doses of gamma rays and EMS. Results revealed that among different treatments, treatment T1 (Control) recorded maximum germination (85) and survival per cent (98.82) and observed dose-dependent reduction in biological factors such as germination and survival, the LD50 values for gamma rays and EMS were 0.4% and 60 kR, respectively.

Induction of low-temperature tolerant yeast mutants by chemical mutagens and evaluation of their performance

Induction of low-temperature tolerant yeast mutants by chemical mutagens and evaluation of their performance

A Hybrid Metaheuristic based Feature Selection Framework for In-silico Mutagenicity Prediction

Mutagenicity is both a toxic risk to humans and an indicator of carcinogenicity. Hence, estimating mutagenicity in the early stages of drug design is crucial to minimize last-stage failures and withdrawals in drug discovery. Recently, in-silico methods have started to play critical and essential roles in the drug development process because they are low cost and low effort procedures. This study aims to predict mutagenicity of chemicals using in-silico methods. To achieve this goal, a two-phased flexible framework was proposed: 1) searching the effective and representative descriptors subset with Butterfly Optimization Algorithm (BOA) and Particle Swarm Optimization and 2) predicting mutagenicity of chemicals by the selected descriptor using gradient boosted tree-based ensemble methods. The study used two datasets: one including 8167 compounds for descriptor selection and modelling, and another containing 716 external compounds to validate the efficacy of our models. The datasets comprise 162 descriptors calculated using PaDEL. The results of both the cross-validation and the external data showed that descriptors reduced by nearly one-third by BOA (51 descriptors) yielded similar or slightly better predictive results than results obtained with the entire data set. The accuracy range attained by the proposed approach using BOA is approximately 91.9% to 97.91% for the external set and 83.35% to 86.47% for the test set. This research contributes that using optimization techniques for improving early drug design and minimizing risks in drug discovery can be considered as a valuable insights and advances in the field of drug toxicity prediction, based on the findings.

Enhancing floral diversity: A review of mutation breeding techniques in flower crops

Flower crops encompass a wide range of ornamental annuals and perennials that are commercially cultivated for aesthetic appeal of their floral displays. Mutation induction has been used since the early 20th century to increase genetic diversity and develop new flower varieties with improved yield, quality, adaptation and market value. Mutation experiments have successfully created genetic variability and novel phenotypes in diverse floral species. Mutation breeding, which involves the induction of genetic variations via physical and chemical mutagens, has emerged as a vital technique for enhancing ornamental plant traits, such as flower color, shape, disease resistance and stress tolerance. It explores the types and applications of physical mutagens, such as gamma rays and ion beams and chemical mutagens, such as ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) and sodium azide (SA). This review provides detailed insights into mutation breeding research conducted on major flower crops (e.g., rose, carnation, chrysanthemum and gerbera). This study also highlights achievements in the development of novel flower varieties, highlights the key challenges faced in mutation breeding programs and identifies gaps in research, particularly concerning the comparative efficacy of different mutagens, environmental impacts and genetic stability of mutated varieties. Furthermore, the impact of mutation breeding on the global flower market is discussed, emphasizing its role in expanding trait diversity, catering to niche markets and enhancing the commercial value of flower crops. Mutation breeding offers significant promise in the development of sustainable and climate-resilient ornamental crops that can meet the needs of emerging markets. This review serves as a valuable resource for students, scientists and breeders interested in leveraging mutation breeding for floral crop improvement.

Optimizing and Determination of Natural Bio-catharantin Mutagen in Polyploidization of Triploid Lembah Palu Shallot (Allium wakegi Araki)

Induction of polyploidy can be achieved using chemical mutagen or antimitotic compounds that affect cell division, resulting in doubling number of chromosomes. A new inducer for chromosome doubling mutation agent – bio-catharantin – may be used. This report determined the mortality rate of bio-catharantin used for mutation induction experiments in shallot plants. Two sets of experiments were arranged in a two factorial randomized block design, i.e. five levels of bio- catharantin concentration treatment (0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 15.0%) combined with soaking periods of 6-, 12-, and 24-h. Each combination was repeated three times, with five seed bulbs in each combination. The result shows that the mortality rate of shallot tends to increase with increasing concentration and soaking time. A high percentage of the mortality rate was found at all concentrations other than control at 24-h soaking time. Hence, the mortality rate of prolonged soaking (24 h) is greater at higher concentrations. However, at lower concentrations of 2.5 and 5% for 6- and 12-h soaking time the mortality rate was low (13 and 27%, 7 and 60%, respectively). Meanwhile, at 10%, the result shows relatively high mortality rates (13 and 73%, respectively). Administration of bio-catharantin at 5 and 10% with a 12-h soaking period causes optimal mortality rate, whereas the germination rate shows the opposite trend. To find the accuracy of the efficacy of bio-catharantin concentration between 5–10%, we introduced 7.5% in the second experiment. The concentration of 7.5% has a significant effect on leaf diameter, where it becomes smaller as inhibited by increased concentration (2.5 and 5.0%) but becomes larger again at 7.5% (0.59 mm) nearing control (0.70 mm) and drops again to 0.23 mm (10%). This is not usually the trend of inhibition when a larger concentration is used except when polyploidization has taken effect, presumably at 7.5% bio-catharantin with a 12-h immersion period.

A Study on Mutation Breeding for Crop Improvement

Despite the tremendous changes happening in the world of agriculture, food insecurity is still an issue. To meet the 70% increase in food consumption by 2050 predicted by the global population, it is essential to improve crop varieties in order to make them more resistant to climate change, efficient with inputs, provide more nutrient-dense food, and operate better in different agro-ecosystems without negatively impacting the environment. A total of 3,362 mutant plant kinds have been published from more than 75 different nations as a result of the very popular breeding method known as mutation breeding, sometimes known as induced mutation. Genetic diversity in crops has been enhanced by the application of physical, chemical, and hybrid mutagens. Of these, 82 are indigenous to Africa and 959 are native to Asia, the Pacific, Australia, Europe, Latin America, and North America. Other notable crop types that have resulted from mutation breeding and forced mutation include 1602 cereals, 501 legumes, and 86 oil seed mutant. Raising agricultural productivity and ending global hunger, this method improves quantitative and qualitative characteristics across a wide range of crops. Developments in biotechnology, genetics, and plant breeding have enabled this improvement.

Induction of variability in golden rod (Solidago canadensis L.) by physical and chemical mutagens

Induction of variability in golden rod (Solidago canadensis L.) by physical and chemical mutagens

Development and evaluation of imiquimod-loaded nanoemulsion-based gel for the treatment of skin cancer

BackgroundThe human skin, as the body’s largest organ, is particularly sensitive to many chemical mutagens and carcinogens encountered in daily life. Skin cancer has become a notable global health concern, partly due to increased exposure to environmental pollutants and UV rays. Various treatments are available to treat skin cancer. Imiquimod is approved for the treatment of actinic keratosis and basal cell carcinoma. The present investigation aimed to develop nanoemulsion-based gel with imiquimod (2.5% w/w) and carbopol ultrez 10 NF using a modified method to enhance the solubility, permeation, and therapeutic effectiveness of imiquimod to treat skin cancer. Combinations of rose oil and oleic acid, with Tween 20/Propylene glycol as Smix, were used in the formulation. The formulation underwent evaluation for parameters such as % drug content, in vitro drug diffusion studies, viscosity, skin irritation, in vitro cytotoxicity assay (MTT assay) and the DMBA/ croton oil skin cancer in vivo model.ResultsThe formulation showed a minimum globule size of 118 nm, a zeta potential– 56.26 mV, a PDI of 0.378 and a drug content of 99.77%. In vitro drug release exhibited 45.00% of imiquimod release within 8 h, while approximately 34.32% release was found from the commercial cream. The imiquimod-loaded nanoemulsion-based gel showed significant cytotoxicity (p < 0.001) against the A431 cell line compared to Imiquad cream. The IC50 value of the imiquimod-loaded nanoemulsion-based gel was noted to be 10.76 ± 2.54 µg/mL. In vivo results showed a significant reduction in tumor incidence (16.66%), tumor volume (140.26 ± 3.48 mm3), tumor burden (5.50 mm3) and tumor mass (0.66 ± 0.05 g) compared with the DMBA/croton oil carcinogen treatment control group. Histopathological finding showed the absence of keratinized pearls, epidermal hyperplasia, and acanthosis in the formulation treated group.ConclusionThe results revealed that the nanoemulsion-based gel, with half the IMQ concentration of the commercial cream and incorporating Carbopol Ultrez 10NF, is a promising method for treating skin carcinogenesis. It potentially reduces dose-dependent side effects and demonstrating enhanced efficacy.Graphical abstract

Evaluation of the Impact of Chemical Mutagens on the Phenological and Biochemical Characteristics of Two Varieties of Soybean (Glycine max L.).

Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency are the most important factors determining the success of mutation breeding, a coherent tool for quickly enhancing diversity in crops. This study was carried out at Lovely Professional University's agricultural research farm in Punjab, India, during the year 2023. The experimental design followed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The experiment aimed to assess the effect of three chemical mutagens, sodium azide (SA), ethyl methyl sulphonates (EMSs), and methyl methane sulfonate (MMS), at three different concentrations (0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6%), in SL958 and SL744 soybean varieties to select the mutant exhibiting the highest yield. The data were collected and analysed using a two-way ANOVA test through SPSS software (version 22), and the means were separated using Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT) at the 5% level of significance. Between the two varieties, the highest seed germination percentage (76.0% seedlings/plot) was recorded in SL958 (0.4% SA), while the lowest (30.33% seedlings/plot) was observed in 0.6% MMS as compared to the control (53% and 76% in SL744 and SL958 at 10 days after sowing, respectively). Several weeks after sowing, the average plant height was observed to be higher (37.84 ± 1.32 cm) in SL958 (0.4% SA) and lower (20.58 ± 0.30 cm) in SL744 (0.6% SA), as compared to the controls (SL958: 26.09 ± 0.62 cm and SL744: 27.48 ± 0.74 cm). The average leaf count was the highest (234.33 ± 3.09 tetrafoliate leaves/plant) in SL958 (0.4% SA) while it was the lowest (87 leaves/plant) in 0.6% MMS as compared to the control (SL744 180.00 ± 1.63 and SL958 160.73 ± 1.05). The highest total leaf areas recorded in the SL958 and SL744 M1plants were 3625.8 ± 1.43 cm2 and 2311.03 ± 3.65 cm2, respectively. Seeds of the SL958 variety treated with 0.4% SA resulted in the development of tetrafoliate leaves with a broad leaf base and the maximum yield (277.55 ± 1.37 pods/plant) compared to the narrow pentafoliate leaves obtained through the treatment with EMS. Meanwhile, in the SL744 variety, the same treatment led to tetrafoliate leaves with a comparatively lower yield of 206.54 ± 23.47 pods/plant as compared to the control (SL744 164.33 ± 8.58 and SL958 229.86 ± 0.96). The highest protein content (47.04 ± 0.87% TSP) was recorded in the SL958 (0.4% SA) M2 seeds followed by a content of 46.14 ± 0.64% TSP in the SL744 (0.4% SA) M2 seeds, whereas the lowest content (38.13 ± 0.81% TSP) was found in SL958 (0.6% MMS). Similar observations were recorded for the lipid and fibre content. The 0.4% SA treatment in SL958 proved to be efficient in generating the highest leaf area (tetrafoliate leaves) and a reasonable yield of M1 (the first generation after mutation) plants.

In Situ Synthesis, Characterization and Photocatalytic Efficacy of Silver-Enhanced MXene and Graphene Nanocomposites

The emergence of 2D materials has significantly expanded the wide range of nanomaterials with diverse applications. Notably, their high conductivity, catalytic efficiency, and hydrophobicity have fueled heightened research interests for water treatment applications. This research aimed to investigate the synthesis and characterization of MXene and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposites with silver nanoparticles (Ag) for enhanced catalytic activity in the decomposition of Direct Blue-24 dye. In this study, we employed well-established methods, previously documented in the literature, to prepare two distinct nanocomposites. Novel nanocomposites, namely reduced graphene oxide–silver nanoparticles (rGO–Ag) and MXene–silver nanoparticles (MXene–Ag), were synthesized using the hydrothermal and direct reduction method with an ammoniacal solution (aqueous solution). Comprehensive characterization using advanced tools revealed that the introduced Ag particles integrated seamlessly onto the parent nanofilms of the Carbon derivatives, forming a secondary phase with enhanced catalytic functionality. These nanocomposites demonstrated significant improvements in the catalytic decomposition reactions in simulated wastewater. Verification involved the reduction reaction of Direct Blue-24 dye at known nanocomposite concentrations. The results indicated that MXene–Ag exhibited a superior catalytic activity of 98% in 10 min compared to the rGO–Ag nanocomposite films, which achieved 96% in 35 min. The results indicated that MXene–Ag nanocomposites exhibited a 20–25% increase in catalytic efficiency compared to the rGO–Ag nanocomposites. The outcomes of this research hold promise for practical applications in textile wastewater management and various industrial sectors dealing with mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals containing azo and/or phthalocyanine products.

Mutation Breeding and Its Importance in Modern Plant Breeding: A Review

A mutation is an abrupt, heritable alteration in a living cell's DNA that is not brought about by genetic recombination or segregation. The deliberate use of mutations in plant breeding is known as "mutation breeding." Mutation breeding provides the advantage of improving a fault in an otherwise excellent cultivar without sacrificing its agronomic and qualitative features, in contrast to hybridization and selection. There is no simpler solution than mutation breeding to enhance seedless crops. These benefits have led to the development of a market for mutation breeding in plant breeding since the initial release of mutant cultivars derived from fundamental mutation research in Europe. Both physical and chemical mutagens have improved methods for inducing mutations in major crops, and strategies for selecting mutant populations have been detailed. A broad range of mutations that have not been previously documented have been detected, and new mutagenic factors like cosmic rays and ion beam radiation are being studied. However, ionising radiation and alkylating chemicals continue to be widely used. The efficiency of mutant breeding has increased as a result of the advent of reliable in vitro methods for numerous crop species. In vitro methods are particularly effective because they can manage sizable mutagenized populations in a small area, have a quicker progeny turnover rate in vegetatively propagated species, and can screen for a variety of biotic and abiotic stress factors in the culture environment. Over the last ten years, there have been significant advancements in mutant screening, with reverse genetic methods now being prioritised. Thus, the combination of molecular methods and mutation techniques is opening up new and intriguing possibilities for contemporary plant breeding.

DeepRA: A novel deep learning-read-across framework and its application in non-sugar sweeteners mutagenicity prediction

Non-sugar sweeteners (NSSs) or artificial sweeteners have long been used as food chemicals since World War II. NSSs, however, also raise a concern about their mutagenicity. Evaluating the mutagenic ability of NSSs is crucial for food safety; this step is needed for every new chemical registration in the food and pharmaceutical industries. A computational assessment provides less time, money, and involved animals than the in vivo experiments; thus, this study developed a novel computational method from an ensemble convolutional deep neural network and read-across algorithms, called DeepRA, to classify the mutagenicity of chemicals. The mutagenicity data were obtained from the curated Ames test data set. The DeepRA model was developed using both molecular descriptors and molecular fingerprints. The obtained DeepRA model provides accurate and reliable mutagenicity classification through an independent test set. This model was then used to examine the NSSs-related chemicals, enabling the evaluation of mutagenicity from the NSSs-like substances. Finally, this model was publicly available at https://github.com/taraponglab/deepra for further use in chemical regulation and risk assessment.

Induction of genetic diversity in gepak kuning soybean cultivar and M.1.1.3 line using ethyl methane sulfonate in M1 generation

Abstract Genetic diversity is the main determining factor in plant breeding activities. Various breeding methods can be used to induce plant variability, including mutation breeding. The chemical mutagen commonly used for mutagenesis is Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS). This study explores the effects of EMS mutagen on the morphological and agronomic diversity of gepak kuning cultivar and M.1.1.3 soybean line. The research was conducted in Tambon Tunong Village, North Aceh District, Indonesia, using a single-factor Randomized Block Completely Design (RCBD). Concentrations of 0%, 0.05%, 0.075%, and 0.1% EMS were tested on the gepak kuning cultivar and M.1.1.3 line. Treating gepak kuning soybeans with EMS significantly impacted various variables, including harvesting age, pod number, seed weight, leaf appearance, and production. Additionally, the treatment resulted in changes in the morphology of the plant, particularly in the shape of its branches. The EMS treatment on M.1.1.3 line also significantly affected various variables like plant height, flowering age, harvesting age, and yield components. However, it led to sterile plants in the line.

EFEKTIVITAS AUKSIN DAN GIBERELIN TERHADAP UMUR BERBUNGA DAN PANEN TANAMAN KORO PEDANG (Cannavalia ensiformis)

The aim of this research was to determine the effect of the growth regulator substances auxin and gibberellin as chemical mutagens on flowering time and harvest time of jack bean. This research was carried out in the Greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Bachelorwiyata Tamansiswa University, Yogyakarta City. This research was carried out from August to December 2023. The research was carried out using the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method. Consisting of 4 replications, each replication contained 3 treatments. So 12 experimental units were obtained, namely: P1 = IAA 2 ppm + GA 10 ppm, P2 = IAA 4 ppm + GA 10 ppm, P3 = IAA 6 ppm + GA 10 ppm. The collected data was analyzed using 5% ANOVA and further tested using 5% Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The influence of the growth regulators auxin and gibberellin as chemical mutagens showed varying results at concentrations of IAA 4 ppm and GA 10 ppm which affected the day of harvest. However, there was no difference in flowering age between all treatments.